With two major works on the Auschwitz concentration camp, French pharmacist Jean-Claude Pressac attempted to refute revisionists with their own technical methods. Whereas his first work remained rather obscure, Pressac's second book on "The Technique of Mass Murder" was praised by the main- stream in Europe, who proclaimed victory over the revision- ists. They did not reckon with the revisionists' rebuttal...
In Auschwitz: Plain Facts, Pressac's works are subjected to a detailed and devastating critique by leading revisionist scholars. Although Pressac deserves credit for having made accessible many hitherto unknown documents, his writings could not refute the revisionists, because Pressac violated many scientific principles: He made claims that he either could not prove or which contradict the facts. Many docu- ments he quoted do not state what he claimed they do. Most importantly, he did not pay any attention to "the technique" of the mass murder at issue, as his books claim. They neither contain references to technical or scientific literature, nor any technical consideration at all. In fact, he reveals such a mas- sive technical incompetence that his works belong to the cat- egory of novels rather than history. Despite these deficiencies, Pressac is still hailed as the savior of the Auschwitz-Holocaust by the mainstream. A uschwitz: Plain Facts is a must read for all those who want to argue against the lies and half truths of established historiography.
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A Response to Jean- Claude Pressac
With Contributions by Robert Faurisson, I!arlo Mattogno, Germar Rudolf, and Serge Thion
AUSCHWITZ: PLAIN FACTS
Auschwitz: Plain Facts
A Response to Jean-Claude Pressac
Edited by Germar Rudolf
With Contributions by Robert Faurisson, Carlo Mattogno, Germar Rudolf, and Serge Thion
Theses & Dissertations Press PO Box 257768, Chicago, Illinois 60625
September 2005
HOLOCAUST Handbooks Series, vol. 14:
Germar Rudolf (ed.):
Auschwitz: Plain Facts. A Response to Jean-Claude Pressac. The contribution by C. Mattogno (Italian) was translated by Anne Sharp, the contributions by R. Faurisson (French) and Germar Rudolf (German) by Mi- chael Humphrey, the contribution by Serge Thion by himself and Mark We- ber.
Chicago (Illinois): Theses & Dissertations Press, Imprint of Castle Hill Publishers, September 2005 ISBN: 1-59148-020-5 ISSN: 1529-7748
© for each contribution by the individual authors
Distribution Australia/Asia: Peace Books, PO Box 3300,
Norwood, 5067, Australia
Distribution Rest of World: Castle Hill Publishers
UK: PO Box 1 1 8, Hastings TN34 3ZQ USA: PO Box 257768, Chicago, IL 60625
Set in Times New Roman.
www.vho.org www.tadp.org
If these sites are being censored, try it with www.anonymizer.com
Cover illustrations: top: Jean-Claude Pressac; left: title page of J.-C. Pressac's second book, original French edition; bottom: photo of the disinfestation facil- ity in the gypsy camp at Auschwitz; right: letter by the Topf company to the Central Construction Office Auschwitz re. gas testers (see 183 of this book).
Table of Contents
Page
Preface 9
By Germar Rudolf
1. The End of Jean-Claude Pressac 9
2. Should there Be Freedom for Revisionism? 10
3. Unrestricted Research and Revision: Basis of Science 11
4. Toward Freedom of Expression 15
5. Battle Zone "Common Knowledge" 16
6. On the Defense of Human Rights 18
Pressac and the German Public 21
By Germar Rudolf
1. The Claim 21
1.1. The Media 21
1.2. The Judicial System 24
1.3. The Historians 26
2. The Reality 27
2.1. The Scientific Basis 27
2.2. Technology and Physical Science 28
2.3. Historiography 29
3. The Evaluation 29
3.1. The Press 29
3.2. Justice 32
3.3. Historians 33
4. The Freedom of Science 33
History by Night or in Fog? 37
By Serge Thion
The Reception of Pressac 48
Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 59
By Robert Faurisson
Note to the Reader 59
Foreword 60
1. Introduction 63
1.1. Neither a Photograph nor a Drawing 63
1.2. Nothing of a Novelty 63
1.3. Auschwitz: 800,000 Dead Instead of Nine Million 64
1.4. Pressac no Longer Believes in "Wannsee," but he still Believes in Hitler 65
1.5. The Theory of "Casual Gassings" 65
1.6. Pressac's Promises and Reality 66
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
2. The Obvious Facts that Pressac Could not Ignore 68
2.1. "Wannsee" is no Longer "Wannsee" 68
2.2. Not much Could be Secret about Auschwitz 68
2.3. The Archives Have Survived in Very Great Number 69
2.4. 1972, the two Chief Architects Had to Be Acquitted 69
2.5. Typhus Epidemics Combated through the Use of Zyklon B 70
2.6. Cremation: a Hygienic Measure 72
2.7. Crematories Planned without Homicidal Gas Chambers 72
2.8. Other Obvious Facts that he Could not Fail to Mention 73
3. Realities that Pressac Never Mentions 74
3.1. Neither a Photograph nor a Plan of Crematory 1 74
3.2. No Photograph of the "Gas Chamber" of Crematory II 74
3.3. Not a Word about the Forensic Studies 75
3.4. Not one Complete Photograph from The Auschwitz Album 75
3.5. Not a Word about the Aerial Reconnaissance Photos 76
3.6. Not a Word about the Morgue Corpse Register (Leichenhallenbuch) 76
3.7. Other Documents Passed over in Silence 77
3.8. Other Silences 77
4. Expedients that Pressac Borrows from other Historians 78
4.1. Unsubstantiated Assertion 78
4.2. Recourse to Unverified Testimonies 79
4.3. Deciphering the Code 82
4.4. The "Slips" and "Bungles" of the SS 83
5. Deceits that are Pressac's own 86
5.1. Improper Insertions 86
5.2. Marrying a Big Lie to a Small Truth 87
5.3. Tampering with Plans and Maps 88
5.4. Deceptive Wording even in the Titles 88
5.5. Substitution of "(Homicidal) Gas Chamber" for "Morgue" 89
5.6. Substitution of "(Homicidal) Gas Chamber" for "Disinfection Chamber" 89
5.7. Documents with no Bearing on the Elements to Be Proved 90
5.8. Use of Fictitious References 91
5.9. A Deliberately Maintained Confusion 92
5.10. The Tightrope Walker and the Hoaxer 93
5.1 1. A Concentrate of Deceptions: the Two Accounts of Homicidal Gassings 93
5.12. A Hail Storm of Deceptions 94
6. The Ramblings of the Novelist 96
7. Conclusion 100
8. Appendix: Document NI-99 12 103
9. Three Further Notes to my Reply to Jean Claude Pressac 1 12
9.1. Jean Claude Pressac and Robert Jan van Pelt 112
9.2. Fundamental Questions about Auschwitz 113
9.3. Ten Years Ago, Jean-Claude Pressac's Capitulation 114
Table of Contents 7
Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 117
By Carlo Mattogno
1. Introduction to this New Edition 117
2. Introduction 118
3. The Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau According to Jean- Claude Pressac 121
3.1. Capacity: The Facts 123
3.2. The Coke 127
3.3. The Ovens 127
3.4. The Flames 130
3.5. The Pits 130
4. The Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau According to Cremation Technology 131
4.1. Coke Consumption 131
4.2. Capacity 132
4.3. The Reason For Constructing Large Crematories 133
4.4. Number of Cremations in 1943: Estimate of the SS 133
4.5. Number Cremated in 1943: Coke Consumption 134
4.6. Cremation Capacity of the Crematories in 1943 134
4.7. The Duration of the Fireproof Brick of the Cremation Ovens 135
4.8. The Deportation and "Extermination" of the Hungarian Jews 137
5. Genesis and Development of the "Final Solution" 138
5.1. Choosing Auschwitz as Extermination Center 138
5.2. Auschwitz: The First Gassing 141
6. Crematories II and III 144
6.1. The Originally Intended Use of the Crematories 144
6.2. The Term "Special" 145
6.3. The Purpose of Zyklon B Deliveries 147
6.4. Structural Changes of the Crematories 149
6.5. Ventilation System 153
6.6. "Gassing Cellar" and other "Glitches" 156
6.7. The "Normal Gas Chamber" 158
6.8. "10 Gas Testers ": The Definite Proof? 160
7. Bunkers 1 and 2 161
8. Crematories IV and V 165
9. Conclusion 169
lO.Appendix 170
10.1. Preface to the Documents 170
10.2. Documents 172
11.3. Glossary 187
Bibliography 191
Index of Names 195
Preface
By Germar Rudolf
1. The End of Jean-Claude Pressac
Between the late 1980s and the mid 1990s, French pharmacist Jean-Claude Pressac was the darling of Western media with respect to research into the his- tory of the concentration camp Auschwitz. The media hoped to have found in him the technically qualified expert who could counter the arguments and the methods of those who wish to revise the history of the concentration camp complex Auschwitz in particular and the Holocaust in general. The contribu- tions of Serge Thion and myself give an overview of this exaggerated praise from the judicial system, the media, and scientists. My own article makes it clear that these hymns of praise have been premature and that Pressac's book does not meet the standards of scientific work.
Even in terms of technical competence, the work Pressac has delivered is unsatisfactory in many respects, as Prof. Faurisson and Carlo Mattogno will show in this book. His friends of the same cast of opinion also seem to be skeptical of his technical qualifications, since the English version of Pressac's last1 work was somewhat censored by being subsumed in a collection sup- ported by other pieces, as Prof. Faurisson will show in his short addendum.
The present book was written to demonstrate to the world that the works of the one who has been advertised as the Auschwitz specialist were better con- sidered to be novels than studies that should be taken seriously as a work of historical science. The present book constitutes a corrective review, with the consequence that the historical account on the subject of the concentration camp complex Auschwitz will be fundamentally revised. The revision of the historical account on concentration camp Auschwitz, begun by revisionists and brought before a broader public by Pressac, now returns to its origins.
1 Pressac died in summer 2003, see Jiirgen Graf, "Jean-Claude Pressac and revisionism," The Revisionist 1(4) (2003), pp. 426-432; Carlo Mattogno, "My Memories of Jean-Claude Pres- sac," ibid., pp. 432-435.
10 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
2. Should there Be Freedom for Revisionism?
This book, which challenges the traditional historical version on the annihi- lation of the Jews in the concentration camp complex Auschwitz through an analysis of Pressac's latest and last book, claims to be in conformance with the standards of science and scholarship. After reading it, the reader will cer- tainly agree with that. But that did not stop the German authorities from order- ing the confiscation and destruction of all copies of this book and all data and data carriers used for its writing.2 As editor of this book, I avoid prosecution only because by that time I had fled Germany.
If this book is scholarly indeed, then it should be protected by Germany's surrogate constitution, the so-called Basic Law, which in Article 5, Section 3, protects science without restriction, on the condition that the book does not it- self harm similarly protected fundamental rights of others.
The German authorities - and many other European countries3 - justify the burning of this book4 by claiming that works that end in completely or partly denying or refuting the intentional, industrially organized annihilation of European Jews by the National Socialists - in other words, the Holocaust - are fundamentally incapable of being scientific, since anyone who operated according to scientific method must automatically come to the conclusion that the generally accepted description of the Holocaust corresponds to historical reality.
Others object that revisionist works should not be afforded the protection of Civil Rights even if they fulfill formal criteria of being scholarly and scien- tific. The reason given for this is that it is a clearly established fact that the Holocaust happened and that any assertion to the contrary represents an of- fense to the human dignity of Holocaust victims, their descendants and rela- tives, and to the Jewish people generally. By denying the Holocaust, funda- mental rights of others are massively harmed. Since human dignity must be valued more highly than freedom of science, therefore science should be for-
The German edition can be found online at vho.org/D/anf. It was ordered seized and de- stroyed in 1997 by County Court Bdblingen, ref. 9(8) Gs 228/97). On April 8, 1999, the German Agency for the Protection of the Youth put it on its index of literature endangering the youth: Bundesanzeiger, no. 81, April 30, 1999.
France, Belgium, Austria, Czechia, Switzerland, Spain, the Netherlands, and Poland also pu- nish historical dissenters. Other European countries are in the process of introducing similar censorship laws. Canada and Australia persecuted dissenters with their "Human Rights Commissions." Cum grano salis, the following argument is valid for these countries as well. That confiscated books are indeed burned by the German authorities, was confirmed by two newspaper reports: Abendzeitung (Munich), March 7/8, 1998: "The remaining copies will possibly be destroyed in a garbage burning facility."
(www.germarrudolf.com/persecute/docs/ListPos58_d.pdf); Zur Zeit (Vienna), No. 9/1998 (Febr. 27): "65 years ago this happened publicly, but today it is accomplished secretly in waste incinrator facilities. ," (www.germarrudolf.com/persecute/docs/ListPos59_d.pdf)
Germar Rudolf, Preface 1 1
bidden to adopt such theories, because the mere proposition that the Holocaust - the purposeful, planned destruction of the Jews by the Third Reich - did not happen is an implicit claim that Holocaust history was knowingly fabricated for the purpose of deception and possibly in order to obtain material or politi- cal advantages. This would be an affront to the dignity of anyone who might be implicated thereby that cannot be tolerated.
In what follows I would like to analyze this matter more thoroughly.
3. Unrestricted Research and Revision: Basis of Science
The basis of the reasoning just stated is that freedom of science should be thought a lesser good than human dignity. This idea is questionable. Science is not merely a plaything of unworldly researchers. On the contrary, it is not only the highest manifestation of our capacity to perceive and understand, but in the word's most general sense it is the basis of every human capacity to per- ceive and to understand that exceeds that of animals. It is the basis of every human mode of living and doing that is distinguishable from the modes of liv- ing and doings of animals. One could say that science, in the word's most comprehensive sense, first made man human and gave him that dignity that lifts him above the animals. The freedom of science is thus inextricably in- volved with human dignity.
Scientific understanding serves human decision-making both on the indi- vidual and on the political level; the natural drive to seek knowledge was im- planted in man by nature. In order to make valid decisions, that is, decisions which conform to reality, it is an essential precondition that scientific knowl- edge be true. Truth as the only test for scientific validity means: every other influence on the process of discovering scientific truth, whether economic or political, must be excluded. It also must be made certain that all scientific findings can be published and distributed without hindrance, because it is only through the unhindered confrontation of scientific opinions in open forums that it can be insured that the most convincing opinion, being most in confor- mity with reality, will prevail. In our case that means that there can be no rea- son to suppress an opinion in accord with scientific norms in any way.
Increasingly in recent years the freedom of science in the area of contem- porary history has been constrained, in that scientists who offend against the ruling Zeitgeist through expression of their scientific views have their social reputations destroyed by political or media inquisitions or are threatened with loss of their professional standing. Sometimes the judicial system is brought in in order to add criminal prosecution to professional ruin. The recently intensi- fied criminal prosecution of revisionist opinion in Germany through modifica- tion of Sec. 130 of the German Penal Code, which punishes not only the de- nial of genocide committed by the Third Reich, but also anything positive ut-
12 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
tered about that period of German history,5 is a striking example of the grow- ing inquisitorial drive in Germany's society.
Prof. Hellmut Diwald has characterized this shielding of discussion on the Holocaust with the penal law as follows:6
"In the history of the Third Reich there is no complex of questions that is more hopelessly kept from close examination by German historians than the horrible fate of the Jews during the war. The Basic Law of Bonn [capi- tal city of West Germany] does guarantee the freedom of research and sci- ence. But a series of related decisions and verdicts has shown that one would be well advised neither to expose oneself to the risk of being a test case for the freedom to invoke this fundamental right by choosing this sub- ject matter nor to expose oneself to the lesser risk of even peripherally vio- lating the 2 1st Law modifying the Penal Code of June 15, 1985, and pro- voking an indictment due to such an offense. This means that the very com- plex of questions of contemporary historical research has been made ta- boo, which, together with the continually upheld theme of collective guilt, burdens the German people like no other event. "
There is a general understanding that the intensified punishment of revi- sionist viewpoints primarily serves to combat uneducated, unteachable right- wing extremists. The philologist Dr. Arno Plack thinks otherwise. In his view, the7
"'actual intended groups' with respect to the punishment of the 'Auschwitz lie' [are ...] the office-holding German historians, who, because of forced confession (one time!) and threat of punishment impose upon themselves a judicious form of restraint with respect to certain decisive questions. [...] A judicial system that clamps down on [possibly] erroneous opinions that are not due to any intention to injure is not without effect. It fortifies the widespread tendency to be silent in the face of burning ques- tions; it demands readiness to give the expected lip service and it stirs up doubt as to [apparently] irrefutable facts even among all those who have learnt, 'The truth always prevails.' [...] Finally, such a judicial system stimulates denunciation. [...]
By the principles of a liberal community, the best weapon in the battle of opinions is not prohibition or punishment, but argument, the 'weapon word, ' as Lev Kopelev has said. If we are not to lose our belief that democ- racy is a viable form of society, we cannot accept that it should defend against [presumably] making Hitler inoffensive with the same compulsory methods which the dictator himself quite naturally used to suppress con- trary opinion. [...] / believe his [Hitler's] ghost, his repression of mere
5 www.bmj.bund.de/enid/Presse/Pressemitteilungen_58.html Deutschland einig Vaterland, Ullstein, Berlin 1990, p. 71. Hitlers longer Schatten, Langen Miiller, Munich 1993, pp. 308ff.
Germar Rudolf, Preface 1 3
doubt, his tendency simply to prohibit what was not acceptable in the rul- ing system, yet needs to be overcome in those who overcame him. " As part of the intensified persecution of Holocaust revisionism, Germany's legislators and judges have decided to put revisionist research on the "Index of Forbidden Knowledge." One indication of this are the numerous confiscations of revisionist books published by my publishing company. The present book is not the only victim of German government book burning. As a matter of fact, the list of publications confiscated and banned by German authorities that I either wrote, edited, or published includes now at least 14 items.8 In effect, a moratorium on research has been declared. In Germany, the research goal to clarify the technical and historical background of the supposed mass murder of Jews has been put into the "Catalog of Forbidden Research Goals." The only opinions and conclusions that will be accepted are those that fit the pre- determined picture.
This official behavior is incompatible with the thousands of years old prin- ciples of Occidental epistemology, which Prof. Hans Mohr has concisely ex- pressed as follows:9
'"Freedom of research' also implies that the purpose of research may be anything whatever. An Index of Forbidden Knowledge' or a 'Catalog of Taboo Research Objects ' are irreconcilable with self-understanding and the worth of science, because we must unfailingly and in all circumstances maintain that understanding is better than ignorance. " It is equally irreconcilable with self-understanding and the worth of science when the protectors of the Zeitgeist may require this or that conclusion or for- bid some other. That science is free always and before all else presupposes that it is free to take any approach and reach any conclusion. No science that is worthy of the name can exclude any conclusion beforehand. Biologist Prof. Dr. Walter Nagl once said it very concisely:10
"The exact sciences [like other scholarly disciplines] are extremely conservative and dogmatic. Any corroboration of a paradigm is welcome, whereas any innovation or revision will long meet with resistance; the in- stinct for preservation (including self-preservation!) is stronger than the search for truth. Therefore, new findings usually gain acceptance only when sufficient numbers of researchers vouch for them: then the dogmatic status quo topples, a 'scientific revolution ' occurs, a new paradigm re- places the old. [...] The bottom line is that no student, no researcher and no layman should believe any facts to be 'conclusively proven, ' even if the textbooks present them as such. "
www.vho.org/Authors/MoreCrimes.html for details.
Natur und Moral, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1987, p. 41. Gentechnologie und Grenzen der Biologie, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1987, p. 126f
14 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Usually it takes a number of researchers attacking the same point in order for newer theories to prevail over older, no longer adequate theories. Although some science has held good for thousands of years it is also true that no scien- tific paradigm - whether in the exact or in the social sciences - can claim to have eternal validity. Rather it is the duty of scientists and also lay people not simply to accept the obvious, supposedly finally proven facts, even when they are there in the textbooks, but always to look critically on them. This applies also to research into the Holocaust complex. I agree with German left-wing historian Prof. Dr. Peter Steinbach, who once stated: ' '
"The Basic Law [German constitutional law] protects scientific re- search and basically wants the impartiality of this research. This is espe- cially true for history, which is, after all, not about defining a central thread and making it binding, but about making offers for the discussion. In a pluralistic society, this must be manifold and controversial. " In particular, in historiography and in the publication of the findings thereof there is now the phenomenon that German journalist Eckhard Fuhr, speaking of the treatment of irksome scientists, has characterized as system- atic falsification.12 It is not the scientifically determinable truth of a scientist's assertion that is the criterion for media and politicians, but rather the question of its political usefulness.
Under pressure to conform to the Zeitgeist and in fear of the inquisition conducted by the media and the political and judicial authorities, many scien- tists feel forced to compromise and to adjust their research findings to the po- litical standard. This suppression of the full truth or even the promotion of a half- or even a complete lie due to public pressure is the most baneful thing that can happen to science. Such conduct not only destroys respect for science but also inflicts immeasurable harm on our people and on all mankind. I agree furthermore with Prof. Dr. Christian Meier's assertion:13
"But otherwise one can in my view say that what we historians work out in accordance with the rules is not dangerous. I do not think that truth, if it is the truth, is dangerous. "
In the writing of history especially, it is half-truths and lies that are danger- ous for the amity of peoples.
With respect to our thesis this much is clear: No matter which theories re- visionists start out from and no matter which results they may come up with, they should be free to do their work and should not be restricted in any way as long as they satisfy the norms of scientific method. To penalize a certain result of scientific work would be to kill the freedom to do science and with it sci- ence itself, which without question violates Article 19, Sec. 2 of Germany's
P. Steinbach, ARD Tagesthemen (First German Public TV news), June 10, 1994
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Dec. 23, 1994, p. 1.
In: Berichte und Mitteilungen der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Heft 3/1994, p. 231.
Germar Rudolf, Preface 1 5
Basic Law, which lays down that no fundamental right may be infringed on in an essential way. Restriction of the freedom of science can therefore never de- pend on what theories a scientific work starts out from or what results it comes up with. The freedom of science can only be restricted with respect to the methods that are used to acquire knowledge. For example, research which endangers the mental or physical health of persons is not covered by human rights.
Since in science there are no final or self-evident truths, then also there can be no such truths in respect to scientific investigation of the events of the Third Reich. Even in this subject area it is a fundamental duty of science to criticize old results and revise them when necessary.
Revisionism is an essential component of science.
4. Toward Freedom of Expression
It is not difficult to protect the freedom to express an opinion that corre- sponds with that of the ruling class. The most horrible dictatorships fulfill that criteria. A nation that honors human rights distinguishes itself in that it allows the freedom of expression to those whose ideas are not welcome to the ruling class. The right to freedom of expression is the citizen's defense against state interference:14
"In its historical development down to the present the function of fun- damental rights consists in providing the citizen defensive rights against the use of state power (Decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court, BVerfGE 1, 104,). Standing judicial opinion is that this is its pri- mary and central effect even today (BVerfGE 50, 337). " Taken on its own merits, an opinion that contradicts the current historical description of the Holocaust endangers neither the formal foundations of any nation, such as human rights, national sovereignty, the division of power, or the independence of justice, nor the formal legitimacy of those who hold power, so such an opinion must be tolerated. However, there is hardly any other area in which many Western nations proceeds more repressively against undesired opinions than with respect to the Holocaust.15
The right to free expression can only be restricted when its exercise in- fringes the human rights of others. When someone says the Holocaust did not happen the way we have always heard it did, or says it did not happen at all, his right to free expression will be de facto denied. The reason given for this is
14 K.-H. Seifert, D. Homig (eds.), Grundgesetz fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Nomos, Baden Baden 1985, pp. 28f.
On the reasons for this behavior, cf. G. Rudolf, "Revisionism - an Ideology of Liberation," The Revisionist, in preparation.
1 6 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
often that such assertions harm the dignity of those Jews once persecuted and killed, their descendants today, and the entire racial group of Jews.
Such argument follows the principles of protecting the direct victim of a crime in order to protect it from slander thereafter. For example, most would accept that it cannot be allowed for people to slander a woman who has been raped, saying she invented the story of the rape only to sneakily get retribution from, or take revenge on, the tried and convicted rapist for some other reason. This applies even when there may be doubt as to the truth of the woman's rep- resentations in light of her statements and the court records. The same protec- tion must be allowed to every Jewish fellow citizen whose former (possibly only claimed) torturer was duly convicted. Nevertheless, it is not clear to me why all the relatives of the victim and all the members of the same religious group should enjoy the same protection.
In every case, however, he who maintains that the supposed crime did not take place must be given the opportunity to produce the proof of his assertion. Anything else would be contrary to the order of a nation under the rule of law. To determine whether the proof is correct, there must be scientific examina- tion of the evidence.
For example, a scientific work that comes to the conclusion that there never was a Holocaust would not improperly diminish anyone's dignity, since the results of scientific work may not be forbidden without coming into con- flict with the fundamental right to freedom of science (Art. 19, Sec. 2, Basic Law). In a state under the rule of law, such a work must be permitted to be used as evidence in order that an accused might provide evidence in defense of his opinion.
The only things that could possibly be outlawed are accusations that certain persons have lied with sinister motives, provided such accusations are not backed up with convincing evidence. But even such potential libels against al- leged victims of crimes should be a matter of civil law suits, not of criminal law.
5. Battle Zone "Common Knowledge"
Section 244 of Germany's criminal procedural rules permits judges to re- fuse evidence on the grounds of "common knowledge." This provision allows judges not to have to prove over and over again things that have been proven in court many times before and which are commonly accepted as true. There is nothing objectionable about this paragraph, which seeks to restrict delaying tactics injudicial procedure. To return to our previous example, a woman who has already proven several times and in the opinion of the court could still prove that she actually was raped should not be required to prove it anew be- fore the whole world each time someone comes forward who disputes the
Germar Rudolf, Preface 1 7
event. Of course, this "common knowledge" principle does not exclude that there are circumstances, under which the evidence should be reexamined. It is a judicial rule even in Germany that common knowledge does not endure for- ever and that there are times when the principle should be suspended.
For one, the principle fails when a significant dispute about the commonly accepted fact occurs in public. For another, every court is duty-bound to sus- pend the principle when it receives evidence that is superior in evidentiary value to evidence formerly submitted. A third principle is laid down in Section 245 of the German rules, which determine that judges must not reject evidence that is already present in the court room, since in such cases obviously no de- laying tactics are being used.16
However, it is media inquisitions organized by mostly left-leaning govern- ing elites as well as draconian prosecution of any dissenter, even of any aca- demic historian, which make it impossible to hold a significant public debate on Holocaust matters.
This would not be so bad if one were at least permitted to present in court evidence that is both already present in the court room and which is superior in evidentiary value to what had been presented to German courts before.
Unfortunately, every court in Germany does rejects any motion to intro- duce evidence already present in the court room or to determine merely the fact, as to whether or not new evidence is superior to old. This often happens by arguing that on the grounds of "common knowledge" it would not be per- missible to accept any evidence intended to refute the officially prescribed version of this particular historical event. Of course, common knowledge may never be a reason to reject evidence already present in the court room, and the evidentiary value of evidence is something that can certainly never be com- mon knowledge. However, the German Federal Supreme Court has approved this practice in open violation of German law, because - let me paraphrase the court's decision here: "We always did it that way."17 In the meantime, the same court has even ruled that defense lawyers who dare to offer or ask for evidence supporting revisionist claims commit a crime themselves and have to be prosecuted for incitement to hatred.18
Cf. Detlef Burhoff, Handbuchfiir die strafrechtliche Hauptverhandlung, 4th ed., Verlag fur die Rechts- und Anwaltspraxis, Recklinghausen 2003, no. 676 (www.burhoff.de/haupt/inhalt/praesentes.htm).
German Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof), ref. 1 StR 193/93. German Federal Supreme Court, ref. 5 StR 485/01; Sigmund P. Martin, Juristische Schil- ling, 1 1/2002, pp. 1 127f; Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2002, p. 21 15, Neue Strafrechts- Zeitung 2002, p. 539; see also the German daily newspaper of April 11, 2002.
1 8 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
6. On the Defense of Human Rights
The most radical position of the opponents of Holocaust revisionism is that which denies all freedom to revisionism whatever, on the grounds that revi- sionism and its theories harm the dignity of Jews. I have some questions about this:
- Whose human dignity is more diminished, that of the alleged victim whose claimed suffering is disputed, or that of the convicted defendant who may have been erroneously convicted?
- Whose human dignity is more harmed, that of the alleged victim of whom some people think his suffering is a lie, or that of the scientist who is accused of lying and whose career is destroyed, his family ru- ined, and who is finally put into jail?
German courts protect the dignity of every Jew who, in connection with the Holocaust, has been accused of lying directly or (supposedly) indirectly, from any conceivable attack. In the sense of the extended protection for victims many are prepared to accept this.
When the same courts use the absolute objection of "common knowledge" to refuse to hear any mitigating evidence they dismiss or prohibit everything that could protect the dignity of the scientist who is accused of constructing a pseudoscientific structure of lies. Does not the scientist have the same right to the protection of his dignity as any Jewish citizen? Is he not entitled to have his arguments heard and considered in court?
German courts protect at law the dignity of the actual or supposed victims of the Holocaust from any conceivable attack. When these courts use the abso- lute objection of "common knowledge" to refuse to hear any mitigating evi- dence they dismiss or prohibit everything that could restore the dignity of the convicted SS man. Does not the convicted SS man have dignity that needs to be protected? Many of our contemporaries may have asked themselves this question, and the fact that many would probably answer this question sponta- neously with a stark "No" shows that the principle of equal treatment before the law has long disappeared from the understanding of many citizens. But, in fact, the dignity of the SS man and the dignity of the Jew are equally deserv- ing of protection.
German courts protect the dignity of the supposed Jewish victims from any conceivable attack. At the same time they dismiss or prohibit anything that could restore the dignity of those of whom it is said, they were members of a criminal organization, like the SS. They dismiss or prohibit anything that could restore the dignity of the ordinary Wehrmacht soldier, of whom it is said by his service he enabled and prolonged the murders.
German courts protect the dignity of the members of the entire Jewish race from any conceivable attack. They dismiss or prohibit anything that could re- store the dignity of the entire German people, who are marked as criminals.
Germar Rudolf, Preface 1 9
The German state and its component German judicial system accept every injury to the dignity of the German people and each German person, or injure it themselves, and forbid anything that might defend this dignity. Does not this nation and its judicial system commit a massive breach of Article 1, Section 1, of its constitutional Basic Law, in which human dignity is stipulated as invio- lable and the government is expected to use every power it possesses to de- fend the dignity of every person?
Does not this country and its component judicial system violate the equal treatment principle laid down in Article 3, Sections 1, 3 of the German Basic Law by defending the dignity of the Jews but neglecting or even forbidding the defense of the dignity of Germans generally, and of SS members, Waffen SS members, and Wehrmacht soldiers in particular?
Does not this country and its component judicial system deny to all who hold an exact scientific worldview the freedom to profess that worldview, a freedom specified in Article 4, Section 1, of the German Basic Law? We are compelled to believe in bodies that burn by themselves, in the disappearance of millions of people without any trace, in geysers of blood spurting from mass graves, in boiling human fat collecting in incineration pits, in flames me- ters high spurting from crematory chimneys, in Zyklon B insertion hatches that are not there, in gassing with diesel motors, which is not practical for murder, and so on and so forth. The next thing we will be asked to believe in are witches riding on broomsticks.
Does not this country and its component judicial system refuse to allow someone to communicate his opinion of things connected with the Holocaust from the standpoint of his worldview derived from the exact sciences, con- trary to Article 5, Section, 1 of its Basic Law?
Finally, does not this country and its component judicial system deny to every researcher, scientist, and teacher his right to conduct an unprescribed, unrestricted search for the truth and to publish his scientific opinion, contrary to Article 5, Section 3, of its Basic Law?
This country and its component judicial system are inflicting an ongoing injury to the majority of its people, in that it refuses the presentation of possi- ble mitigating evidence, contrary to Articles 1, 3, 4 and 5 of its Basic Law,
It would seem to be high time to change this practice if we are to keep it from being said that this country - together with many others in Europe - is grossly violating human rights. A first step should be to stop banning scien- tific books and throwing their authors into prison.
Germar Rudolf, Steinenbronn, May 5, 1995 revised in Chicago, March 20, 2005
21
Pressac and the German Public
By Germar Rudolf
1 . The Claim
1.1. The Media
The Frankfurter AUgemeine Zeitung, the most respected newspaper of the German-speaking world and one of the most respected newspapers world- wide, published an article by Joseph Hanimann entitled "Ziffernsprache des Ungeheuerlichen" (Math Language of the Monstrous) on Oct. 14, 1993, on page 37. In this piece Hanimann reported on the book by French pharmacist Jean-Claude Pressac published at the end of September 1 993 by the publishing arm of the French National Center of Scientific Research {Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS) on the crematories of Auschwitz, that sup- posedly sheltered the technology for the mass murder of countless persons, mostly Jews. Hanimann wrote:
"The book is filled with photographic material and construction plans. It reads like an engineer's handbook in which technical data, such as in- cineration capacity and fuel consumption per corpse coldly document the whole monstrous thing. [...]
The principal benefit of this publication is that the technical details have been historically analyzed for the first time. "
The amazed layman learns that the claimed worst crime of human history has been subjected to a technical-criminological investigation for the first time 50 years after the fact. Almost every vehicular death and ordinary murder is routinely investigated by technical and criminological experts as soon as pos- sible after it is reported. Why the 50 years' delay here? Hanimann himself in- dicates the answer:
"The author, who can think the ice-cold logic of technicians and can speak the hollow speech of the numbers of race-murder, meets the techni-
J.-C. Pressac, Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz. La Machinerie du meurtre de masse, CNRS Editions, Paris 1993.
22 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
cians of the time and the revisionists of today on their own ground. But at the same time one gets the impression that someone else in the mirror is writing the book: Pressac 's earlier teacher, the revisionist Faurisson. In that Pressac expends his entire power of argument to prove what is clearly true, the reality of the gas chambers, his former doubt seems to linger. " Apparently there are people who dispute the mass murder in Auschwitz on technical and scientific grounds. These people must be met with scientific- technical expertise. Yet again the layman must wonder: Were not the doubters formerly portrayed as crazies whose arguments need not be taken seriously? Why do we need to argue with them and bring up such a big gun as a publica- tion put out by the most prestigious scientific institute of France? Are the ob- jections of the deniers worthy of discussion? Do their arguments have sub- stance? In that case, why were they withheld from the German readership of the reputedly most thorough newspaper in Germany? Why do we hear about them first through a supposed refutation? Why does the Frankfurter Allge- meine Zeitung conceal from its readers the views of the deniers, who after all were the real reason for Pressac's book? Does not the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung trust its readers to be able to distinguish between true and false argu- mentation? Are the readers of Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung not very bright after all, despite of this newspaper's own advertisement quip? Or are the edi- tors afraid that the readers might discover that those who put the newspaper together are not very bright? Question upon question...
Apparently readers' criticisms of this one-sided discussion of the subject had an effect on Joseph Hanimann, because in his discussion of the German edition of Pressac's book,2 under the title "Teuflische Details" (Diabolic De- tails) on Aug. 16, 1994, (p. 8) we find, in addition to what was essentially a repeat of what he had already written, the following passages:
"The German Germar Rudolf describes Pressac 's proofs as fraudulent; Faurisson has himself published a 'Reponse a Jean-Claude Pressac ' (An- swer to ...). Out of context, he welcomes what he takes to be Pressac's 'concessions ' to the revisionist viewpoint: that the number of victims is less than that formerly given, that no decision for mass murder was taken at the Wannsee conference, that Zyklon B was used for combating typhus, that the crematories of Birkenau were originally planned without gas cham- bers. The exiguousness of the objections that Faurisson can raise to Pres- sac clearly shows his embarrassment. "
Other reviews evaluated Pressac's new book similarly. For example, in the German daily newspaper Die Welt on Sept. 27, 1993, in a piece entitled "Neue Erkenntnisse tiber Auschwitz" (New Insights about Auschwitz), Greta Maiello wrote:
"The result is a comprehensive and highly professional study. "
" Die Krematorien von Auschwitz. Die Technik des Massenmordes, Piper, Miinchen 1994.
Germar Rudolf, Pressac and the German Public 23
A piece entitled "Die Maschinerie des Todes" (The Machinery of Death),
which appeared in the weekly Welt am Sonntag on Oct. 3, 1993, signed by
"ell," contained the following:
"[This book...] describes even the tiniest technical details as to how people were killed in the concentration camps. " In "Die Gaskammer-Erbauer von Auschwitz" (The Gas chamber Builders
of Auschwitz), Peter Hillebrand of the tageszeitung in Berlin said on March
21, 1994, about the German edition of Pressac' s book:
"By means of technical data he [Pressac] can now confirm the existence and the operation of the gas chambers. [...] In his book, which will appear soon in German, he describes with gripping, ice-cold technical detail the work of the fitters, site engineers and architects. It is just this painful de- scription of technical detail, revealing changes of plans, fudging and bun- gling [...] which demonstrates the incomprehensible unscrupulousness of the builders of these killing facilities. " Following an interview with Pressac in the piece "Die Technik des Mas-
senmordes" (The Technology of Mass Murder) in Focus, no. 17 (pp. 116ff.)
on April 25, 1994, Burkhard Muller-Ullrich added this commentary:
"What has been missing until now has been proof of the technical method of mass murder. The revisionists - an international group of pri- vate historians, mostly confessed National Socialists, who deny the crime or want to 'minimize ' it — attack just this point. [...] Pressac 's merit is that with his book he has undermined the foundation for any objections of the revisionists and Auschwitz-denier s, if there ever was any. [...] Even Nolte did not know about the conclusive, indisputable refutation with which Pressac disposed of the main point of the Auschwitz-deniers, that a mass gassing of several thousand people in one day in a single camp was techni- cally impossible. " On April 29, 1994, in the daily newspaper Siiddeutsche Zeitung under the
caption "Die Sprache des Unfafibaren" (Speech of the Incomprehensible)
Harald Eggebrecht stated:
"[. . .] since the brutal resurgence of neo-Nazis and their shameless de- nial of the annihilation of the Jews in the gas chambers of Auschwitz, propped up with pseudo scientific theories that the murder machinery was impossible on so-called technical grounds, it has appeared necessary to prove Auschwitz all over again. [...] In this document concerned with the careful analysis of all documents there are only a few lines in which Pres- sac grabs hold of the horror. [. . .] As said before, this book is not a sensa- tion, this is no argument from the defense against the attack of the unteachable, the shameless, the cynics and the relativizers a la Ernst Nolte, assuming that one should take their arguments and theorization seriously as belonging in a scientific discussion. Whoever does that is well on the
24 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
way to believing in an 'Auschwitz lie ' and acceptance of the Nazi era as an integrateable period. "
Manfred Kriener, discussing Pressac's masterwork under the heading "Die Technik des Massenmordes" (The Technique of Mass Murder) on June 18, 1994, in the regional daily newspaper Stuttgarter Nachrichten, was equally forthright:
"Pressac has written on technology, but not a technical book. The shadow of the piles of corpses and the suffering of the victims are always present. [...] His books have become part of the material that now make Auschwitz one of the 'best documented mass killings of all human history. ' [...] The hope that Pressac, as a former 'revisionist, ' can persuade his former intellectual comrades to the opposite view is surely illusory. Only the wrong-headed would read such books. [...] Comprehension of the mass murder and its practical, technical realization — that is Pressac 's main contribution. "
This much is clear: The print media present the work of Pressac as a tech- nically-oriented study on a high scientific plane, which, though not strictly limited to technical matter, was intended to, and is capable of, refuting the supposedly pseudo-scientific arguments of the supposedly ignorant and "neo- Nazi" revisionists and Auschwitz deniers.3
1.2. The Judicial System
The criminal justice system in Germany refuses to allow an accused who is charged with publicly denying the Holocaust in part or wholly to present any evidence in support of his view. The reason they give for this is sec. 244, para. 3, sentence 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which states that evidence will not be allowed when a thing is commonly known to be true. Since the Nuremberg trials of 1946, Germany's judicial system has operated on the pre- sumption that the Holocaust is as well-known a fact as that the earth revolves around the sun. The objection on common knowledge can be defeated by three things: first, by a discussion within competent scientific circles; second, if the accused presents new evidence that is superior to all previously submitted evi- dence; and third, if evidence relevant to the issue is already present in the court room. For example, a technical-scientific expert report would be supe- rior to any previous evidence if only witness testimony and documents had been presented before, because the latter are inferior in evidentiary power to technical evidence.
Hans-Gtinther Richardi deviates from this general line in his article, "Untilgbare Spuren der Vernichtung," Suddeutsche Zeitung, Aug. 13-15, 1994, p. 9, in that he describes Pressac's book as "documentation," by which he may mean that he thinks Pressac's new book merely served as a reason for someone to write a general study on Auschwitz.
Germar Rudolf, Pressac and the German Public 25
Recently, two technical expert reports have been commonly presented by the defense as evidence for the correctness of the views of their clients, namely, the Leuchter Report4 and the Rudolf expert report.5 When these ex- pert reports were presented in a criminal trial recently, the court refused to ac- cept them as evidence, saying that they were not only not capable of resolving "doubts" in "competent scientific research," and that they did not constitute new evidence superior to previously submitted evidence. To quote the Upper Land Court of Celle:6
"The evidence submitted is mainly supported by researches of Diplom Chemist Rudolph^ ' and the so-called 'Leuchter Report' of the American Fred A. Leuchter. [. . .] As to the discussion of the question in technical cir- cles, we merely point out that the Leuchter Report ' has been criticized, and that the French pharmacologist and toxicologist Pressac" ' as well as the retired Social Counselor Wegner have produced expert reports that came to an opposite conclusion. Therefore, there are no facts to prove that the new research presented has led to a discussion in the technical com- munity due to new doubts as to the consensus nor that there is any ground for thinking the evidence presented is superior to evidence already at hand. "
Social Counselor Wegner, at the time of the quoted court decision a man of nearly 90 years of age, had made a fool of himself with his article,9 which did not even approach the standards of a competent technical expert report, since he was not qualified in chemistry, toxicology, or other technical matters, and because he had never tried to put his writing in the form required by the rules and customs of these disciplines.10 He is therefore of no relevance in any dis- cussion in technical circles. Pressac, however, was portrayed as the single technical specialist who argued against the revisionists - even though he had never addressed the arguments in my expert report. Nevertheless, for the court, Pressac's works constitute a refutation of revisionist arguments, or are at least a match for them. Pressac is the last reed to which German justice can cling when they raise the objection "common knowledge" - for the purpose of suppression of evidence.
4 F.A. Leuchter, An Engineering Report on the alleged Execution Gas Chambers at Ausch- witz, Birkenau and Majdanek, Poland, Samisdat Publishers Ltd., Toronto 1988, 195 pp. R. Kammerer, A. Solms (eds.), Das Rudolf Gutachten, Cromwell Press, London 1993; Engl.: Germar Rudolf, The Rudolf Report, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2003.
6 Upper Distcit Court Celle, decision of Dec. 13, 1993, ref. 3 Ss 88/93, Monatszeitschrift fur Deutsches Recht, 46(6) (1994), p. 608. Incorrect: the spelling is "Rudolf."
Incorrect: Pressac is neither a pharmacologist nor a toxicologist, merely a pharmacist. W. Wegner in: U. Backes, E. Jesse, R. Zitelmann (eds.), Die Schatten der Vergangenheit, Propylaen, Frankfurt/Main 1990, pp. 450ff.
See my detailed refutation in G. Rudolf, Auschwitz-Lugen, Castle Hill Publishers, Hastings 2005.
26 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
1.3. The Historians
Eberhard Jackel, Professor of Contemporary History in Stuttgart, South- west Germany, is one of the most widely-known European specialists on the Holocaust. He wrote a review of the German edition of Pressac's book, which appeared shortly thereafter, under the heading "Die Maschinerie des Massen- mordes" (The Machinery of Mass Murder), in the German weekly Die Zeit on March 18, 1994. In the review he said:
"It has angered a few readers that he [Pressac] has described all this with the unfeeling precision of a heating technician. For every assertion he has a letter or a quote from the records of the construction office. What is even more aggravating is that he gives the impression that he is the one who discovered the evidence. In fact, the method of operation has been known for a long time, though without the technical details, and moreover it is questionable whether they were developed in the way he describes. [...] He has been researching for ten years but he has not become a sound historian. His book is through and through technical, limited to a single mode, one might say benighted. Nevertheless, it is useful for just that rea- son. The usefulness is not so much that there is now a completely irrefuta- ble proof for the existence of the gas chambers. [...] It is useful that Pres- sac has refuted the anti-Semitic deniers with their own technical argu- ments. One waits in suspense to see what they will think of next. But since they are not interested in the truth, but only in the seeming justification of their prejudices, not even Pressac will convince them. The greatest useful- ness of the book lies in this, that we can now understand the operation in its technical details. "
Thus the opinion of the Holocaust court historians did not deviate mark- edly from that of the media. They are of one viewpoint in their evaluation of Pressac as the technical-scientific wonder weapon against the "evil" revision- ists, but there are discrepancies with respect to the evaluation of Pressac's working methods. Jackel is angry that Pressac pretends that he alone has dis- covered the wheel. Indeed, most of the work had already been done by others, including not only the established historians and hobby-historians but also by revisionists such as Faurisson - something Jackel omitted to mention.
The response from the German official Institute for Contemporary History when asked to make a comment on my expert report was revealing:11
"The Institute for Contemporary History will make no comment on this expert report. In our opinion, it is useless to go in detail into the diverse at- tempts of the revisionist side to dispute the mass gassings in Auschwitz. The fact of these gassings is obvious and has only recently been recon- firmed by the records of the construction office of the Waffen SS and police
H. Auerbach, Institut fur Zeitgeschichte, letter of Dec. 21, 1993, to G. Herzogenrath- Amelung.
Germar Rudolf, Pressac and the German Public 27
found in the Moscow archives (see the publication by Jean-Claude Pres- sac, Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz. La machinerie du meurtre de masse. — Editions CNRS, Paris 1993). "
Here again Pressac was brought out as a decisive weapon against the revi- sionists.
2. The Reality
2.1. The Scientific Basis
Briefly defined, science is any research open to examination by outsiders and the systematic description of same. Examination by outsiders means that anyone could undertake the same research through experimentation based on defined conditions and logical deduction. Also, the source data that the re- searcher has relied upon must be publicly available. This means that conclu- sions that are based on original documents or on the data of foreign scientific research should be identified such that the outsider can retrieve the original documents or the publications of the quoted scientists. Further, proper scien- tific procedure requires the inclusion in the research of at least the most im- portant of the current scientific theories and counter-theories; there should be a systematic treatment of known works on the same subject. Also, a scientist should make clear the premises of his research; he should distinguish between facts and opinion and should acknowledge the limits of his technical compe- tence if this is not clear from the context of the publication.
Pressac grossly violates many of these principles. R. Faurisson, for exam- ple, will show below how Pressac's method of citation cannot be accepted as scientific. Over and over he constructs sentences with several assertions and then proves the assertions with a document that bears on only one of them, if at all. Also he frequently mixes his personal, usually unfounded opinion with statements taken from documents he references without making clear that he is doing so.
The way Pressac organizes his work also leaves much to be desired, since he has apparently not taken the trouble to use the documents he has analyzed to form an overall picture of Auschwitz camp, which, if he had done so, might provide a very different picture from the one he presents. Instead, he sifts through the haystack of documents for this or that indication of a presumed crime and omits to include possibly exonerating documents in his investiga- tions.
In Pressac's work one can find hardly any opposing opinions. Although he alleges that he will show that the arguments of the revisionists are invalid - and the media, contemporary historians, and judicial officers sing the same song -, Pressac systematically excludes all facts, sources, views, and conclu-
28 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
sions that put his conception in question. No revisionist work is named, no re- visionist argument is discussed. Since Pressac is invoked because of the revi- sionists and against them, this fact alone must be the death stroke to his work.
Nowhere does Pressac tell us that as a pharmacist he does not have the requisite technical or historical training nor has he taught himself sufficiently in these areas. With his book and the hubbub, with which the media responded to it, he created, if only sloppily, the impression that he would publish defini- tive results in these technical areas. If he wanted to meet the requirements ad- hered to by scientists, he had a duty to make it clear that he did not possess expert qualifications
2.2. Technology and Physical Science
One might be tempted to pardon the systematic omission of contrary view- points if Pressac had been true to the task he set for himself in the title of his book, which, as we were incessantly reminded by the media, contemporary historians, and judicial officers, was to deliver a technically founded treatment of the question of the crematories in Auschwitz. Unfortunately, his work does not contain a reference to any source from a technical publication. It does not contain the results of a single technical study of his own or anyone else. Here is an example: With respect to the time it would take to cremate a corpse in the crematories at Auschwitz, a figure necessary for the determination of maximum capacity, Pressac's book does not contain any calculation or figure based on technical literature. Instead, it contains a collection of conflicting values in various places throughout the book (1 hr., p. 7; 30-40 min., p. 13; 1 hr. 12 min., p. 15; 15 min., p. 28; 1 hr. 36 min., p. 34; 34-43 min., p. 49; 13 min., p. 72; 29 min., p. 74; 22 min., p. 80)12 For some incomprehensible rea- son Joseph Hanimann praised J.-C. Pressac in the Frankfurter AUgemeine Zei- tung for his determination of the capacity of the crematories at Auschwitz. . .
In this book, C. Mattogno will demonstrate in detail that Pressac fails to examine critically and mostly even ignores the contradictions on technical processes that appear in the witness statements and documents - as though he had not noticed them. Significantly, one notices dry comments from Pressac that this or that witness has exaggerated and cannot be relied upon, but there is nothing in his book as to what could be proven to be technically possible. In this Pressac does not differ from the other historians and hobby-historians of the credulous Holocaust brotherhood.
Page numbers of French original.
Germar Rudolf, Pressac and the German Public 29
2.3. Historiography
Pressac' s book also does not measure up to the requirements made on works within the discipline of historiography. In that respect it differs little from the works of others of the same intellectual orientation.
For example, where is the critical evaluation of testimony and documenta- tion, the alpha and omega of all historiography? As mentioned above, there is no sign of any critical evaluation of witness testimony. One looks in vain for any evaluation even of the most important of the 80,000 documents that Pres- sac studied. C. Mattogno gives one example of how necessary critical evalua- tion is to documents found in the KGB archives.
One cannot necessarily demand of a work that sets out to investigate the technology of mass murder through study of the crematories of Auschwitz that it furnish an historical overview of the events in the camps of Auschwitz. What one can and must demand, however, is an overview of the technical and organizational conditions and operations in the camp directly or indirectly connected with the claimed killing machinery. In this respect as well, Pressac is blind to technical facts that contradict the picture of a ghastly, inhumane killing camp: recreation facilities, infirmaries, expensive, ultra-modern sani- tary facilities, civil, non-criminal use of the crematories, ground water drain- age, waste water filtration, biogas reclamation from sewage sludge, industrial work programs, and so on.
3. The Evaluation
3.1. The Press
When the chief editor of the Frankfurter AUgemeine Zeitung was asked to explain why they had praised Pressac's book so uncritically and whether there was any one on the editorial staff with a technical or scientific background who might have recognized the above-mentioned defects of the book, they de- clined to answer and referred the inquiry to the responsible journalist Joseph Hanimann, living in Paris. The latter, when he answered, stated that it was nei- ther part of his assigned duty nor within his competence to critically review Pressac's book, that it was his task to report on events in France, which in- cluded the publishing of Pressac's book and the accompanying publicity cam- paign. In addition, he did not see any reason to undertake a critical review of Pressac's book, because to his knowledge no reputable historian saw any rea- son to do so.13 In German editorial offices critical journalism does not appear to be called for when court historians cough. Anxious obedience is a better de- scription of such behavior. Apparently Mr. Hanimann also does not under-
Exchange of letters between Frankfurter AUgemeine Zeitung/]. Hanimann and G. Rudolf.
30 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
stand that historians are not the proper respondents for technical or natural scientific questions. One could not expect an historian to recognize deficien- cies in these areas. This sort of reporting demonstrates the incompetence of the journalists and editors of the Frankfurter AUgemeine Zeitung on this sub- ject and the fact that our journalists do not do much more than to rewrite un- critically what others of the same orientation have already written. It is the same with the other reviewers, whose similar-sounding phrasing make the re- writing sometimes patent.
Hanimann's review of the German edition of Pressac's book, published by the Frankfurter AUgemeine Zeitung on Aug. 16, 1994, was a little bit better. Although his judgment on Pressac's book was identical with that of October of the previous year, he at least named two of the leading revisionists. By chance, however, he omitted to mention that, which he allowed to Pressac by mentioning his profession (pharmacist): he withheld from the reader that both revisionists were academics. Whether Hanimann's belief that Pressac embar- rassed Faurisson is true or not we will leave to the judgment of our readers. It is strange, however, that Hanimann imputes to me that I described Pressac's technical documentation as a forgery. I have discussed Pressac's book in a technical paper, in which my judgment is the same as that expressed here. 14 The word "forgery" does not occur in this work in connection with Pressac's documentation. I did mention the forgery of the Demjanjuk identity card found in the Moscow archives15 in order to emphasize the necessity of critical evaluation of documents, something Pressac negligently avoided. However, the Frankfurter AUgemeine Zeitung did have the fairness to publish a correc- tion by me as a letter to the editor on Aug. 26, 1994, on p. 8, including a list of the assertions which were actually made in my expert report.
The Stuttgarter Nachrichten has shown itself more unscrupulous in its han- dling of the truth than Hanimann. They embellished their above-mentioned ar- ticle with a picture from Pressac's book of a hot air clothing disinfestation ap- paratus in the gypsy camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau16 and captioned it with these words:
"The Machinery of Mass Murder: The Gas Chambers of Auschwitz. "
Germar Rudolf, "Gutachten iiber die Frage der Wissenschaftlichkeit der Biicher Auschwitz:
Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers und Les Crematoires d Auschwitz. La Ma-
chinerie du meurtre der masse von Jean-Claude Pressac," Jettingen, Jan. 18, 1994, Engl.:
Germar Rudolf, Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz Lies, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago
2005.
Cf. D. Lehner, Du sollst nichtfalsch Zeugnis ablegen, Vowinckel, Berg, undated.
J.-C. Pressac, op. cit. (note 2), picture section; also in Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and
Operations of the Gas Chambers, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, New York 1989, p. 63, under
the headline "Disinfestation installation of the gypsy camp in sector B.IIe of Birkenau" and
with the original(!) German photo caption "Entwesungsanlage Zigeunerlager"
(http://holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/pressac/technique-and-operation/page063.shtml).
Germar Rudolf, Pressac and the German Public
31
"The Machinery of Mass Murder: The Gas Chambers of Auschwitz"
Falsification of a photograph by mislabeling: the Stuttgart daily newspaper
Stuttgarter Nachrichten (June 18, 1994). This photo actually shows a hot air
disinfestation installation for prisoner's cloths in the gypsy camp of Birke-
nau. The original caption states "Disinfestation Installation Gypsy Camp":
£n\i\*vtuv\#*a*rU\t\eJ>i#eunerli\#i?*
This suggested to the readers that these hot air disinfestation chambers had something to do with the killing gas chambers. But this picture appears in Pressac' s book explicitly and unambiguously labeled as a disinfestation chamber, thus as harmless equipment for cleaning prisoner's clothing to pre- vent disease and to protect lives. If we are to believe that the responsible jour- nalist Manfred Kriener made a mistake, we must attribute to him either illiter- acy or partial blindness. My personal opinion is that this is one of the vilest falsifications and most brazen deceits I have ever encountered.
It is characteristic of the media's mode of thinking on the revisionists that, on the one hand, they defame all of them categorically as "Nazis" or reproach them as apologists for the National Socialist regime. The average reader is probably influenced by this mostly false imputation, yet it has no bearing on any technical argument and can only have the effect of diverting the discus- sion from the technical area to the political. This politization of the subject by
32 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
the media (and also by the court historians and the judicial system) can never contribute to a scientific discussion - it represents the violation of science.
On the other hand, one constantly comes across media warnings to the ef- fect that everybody should beware of the danger of revisionist arguments. On May 19, 1994, the Swiss weekly Weltwoche wrote:
"Hence our warning to all that may come in contact with this propa- ganda material that only barely disguises its anti-Semitism: Do not get into a discussion with a revisionist! Whoever denies the murder of Jews in the gas chambers of the Nazi regime lies and cannot claim the right to freedom of opinion, as the Constitutional High Court in Karlsruhe recently de- cided. "
Here we have it: Because of the potential danger to one's spiritual con- tentment due to knowledge of the truth, it is safer to see nothing, hear nothing, say nothing! It is better to warn, threaten, malign, and censor.
I may also point out that a Swiss newspaper refers to a German court deci- sion as a guideline for Swiss citizens. As if Switzerland were a mere append- age to Germany.
3.2. Justice
The decision of the Upper District Court of Celle mentioned above refers explicitly to the works of Werner Wegner und J.-C. Pressac as counter-expert reports opposed to revisionist works. In fact, an expert report can be used in a trial as countervailing evidence only when it has been submitted by one of the parties. It is an error of procedure to deny a motion to submit evidence on the grounds that there is a paper somewhere that reaches a different conclusion. It is beyond the competence of the court to decide whether or not the works of Wegner and Pressac are capable of refuting the arguments of the revisionists. For example, it has never been asserted that Pressac has refuted my expert re- port - since my work appeared after Pressac's books, Pressac could not possi- bly refute me -, yet since spring 1992 I have been rejected as expert witness without any legally permissible reason given. Whether the responses of the opposing side can refute revisionist arguments is a question for technical ex- perts to clarify. Above all, this is an interdisciplinary question whose explica- tion cannot be accomplished by a court and which a court has no business dealing with.
It is a peculiar arrogance to require that there be a public discussion on re- visionist theories as a condition for overcoming the objection of "common knowledge," since anyone who makes revisionist utterances in public is charged and sentenced without possibility of defense through the invocation of this very same "common knowledge." It is the incantation "common knowledge" which blocks public discussion.
Germar Rudolf, Pressac and the German Public 33
Our judicial system assumes the power to make decisions on scientific questions, despite gross incompetence, and persecutes scientists of an opposite viewpoint with methods that are comparable to those of medieval witch trials.
3.3. Historians
It is elementary that historians are not qualified to resolve technical or ex- act scientific questions in a competent fashion. It is apparently less elementary that the foundations of historiography can only be what is consistent with physical laws, the laws of logic, and with what was technically possible in the period under investigation. These scientific disciplines dominate even histori- ography - even if this is not to the taste of many historians. Technical and physical scientific questions play an overriding role in the question of the claimed mass murder of Jews during the Third Reich, because such a gigantic mass murder without trace represents a phenomenon that needs a technical in- vestigation - quite apart from the critical evaluation of so many absurd wit- ness statements that our court historians have accepted uncritically for dec- ades, as though they were children hanging on the storyteller's every word. Even Pressac is critical of this practice:17
"No, no. One cannot base competent historical writing on witness tes- timony alone. "
It is unique that even the supposedly super-competent German Institute for Contemporary History could do no better in response to the my expert report than to appeal to the common knowledge of the Holocaust, since their mention of Pressac, who merely interpreted documents and testimony, completely fails to meet the points made by my technical and natural scientific expert report, and therefore cannot invalidate it. There cannot be much substance to the ar- guments or the competence of these "scientists" working for the Institute for Contemporary History, supposedly the international leaders in the field of Holocaust research.
4. The Freedom of Science
In a decision on Jan. 11, 1994, Germany's Constitutional High Court stated:18
"The protection of the fundamental right to a free science does neither depend on the correctness of its methods or results nor on the soundness of the argumentation and logical reasoning or the completeness of the points
17
18
J.-C. Pressac in an interview with Burkhard Muller-Ullrich, "Die Technik des Massenmor- des," Focus, No. 17, April 25, 1994. Ref. 1 BvR 434/87, pp. 16f.
34 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
of view and the evidence lying on the base of a scientific work. Only sci- ence itself can determine what is good or bad science and which results are true or false. [...] It is not permissible to deny a work to be scientific just because it has a bias and gaps or because it does not consider oppos- ing viewpoints adequately. [...] It is removed from the realm of science only if it fails the claim to be scientific [...] systematically. [...] An indica- tor of this can be the systematic neglect of facts, sources, views, and results that oppose the author's view. "
In almost all of their works established historiography ignores the opposing scientific opinion of the revisionists on the subject of the Holocaust.19 This would be understandable if revisionist research were considered so insignifi- cant and ridiculous that no one need bother with it. However, the numerous papers in research publications and in the media prove that it is the theories and methods of the revisionists that determine the questions and methods of Holocaust research today. In the French philosophical monthly Les Temps Modernes, edited by Claude Lanzmann, issue for 1 1/93, under the title "La Catastrophe du Revisionnisme," Robert Redeker described the situation as fol- lows:20
"Revisionism is not a theory like any other, it is a catastrophe. [...] A catastrophe is a change of epoch. [...] revisionism marks the end of a myth [...] it means the end of our myth. " In the issue for 12/93 he continued these thoughts under the title "Le Revi-
■ ii „ 21
sionmsme invisible :
"Far from signifying the defeat of the revisionists, Mr. Pressac's book 'The Crematories of Auschwitz. The Technique of Mass Murder' signifies its paradoxical triumph: The apparent victors (those who affirm the crime in its whole horrible extent) are the defeated, and the apparent losers (the revisionists and with them the deniers) come out on top. Their victory is in- visible, but incontestable. [...] The revisionists stand in the center of the debate, determine the methods, fortify their hegemony. " Revisionist theories and methods therefore cannot be ignored, but are ob- viously the principal challenge for the established historiography. Therefore one must deny that the established Holocaust historiography can claim to be
The only exception worth mentioning unitl the mid 1990s was Berlin historian Prof. Dr. Ernst Nolte's book Streitpunkte, Propylaen, Berlin 1993.
"Le revisionnisme n'est pas une theorie comme les autres, il est une catastrophe. [. . .] Une catastrophe est un changement d'epoque. [. . .] Le revisionnisme marque la fin d'une mysti- que [...] il indique le terminus de notre mystique."
"Loin de signer la defaite des revisionnistes, le livre de M. Pressac Les crematories d'Auschwitz. La machinerie du meurtre de masse en consacre le paradoxal triomphe: les ap- parents vainqueurs (ceux qui affirment le crime dans son etendue la plus ballucinante), sont les defaits, et les apparents perdants (les revisionnistes, confondus avec les negationnistes) s'imposent definitivement. Leur victoire est invisible, mais incontestable. [...] Les revision- nistes se placent au centre du debat, imposent leur methode, manifestent leur hegemonie."
Germar Rudolf, Pressac and the German Public 35
science, since it disregards the arguments and the publications of the revision- ists. This applies to Pressac's book especially.
The present book constitutes a systematic documentation of Pressac's nu- merous scientific errors, not to mention his fraudulence. It is a revisionist book that is concerned almost exclusively with the opinions of the opposing side. It proves all its research and conclusions in detail.
Our judicial system sees the picture reversed: The revisionists, they say, are not scientific and should be criminally prosecuted because their theories supposedly offend the Jews. But the court historians, whose method is prova- bly unscientific, are allowed to play the fool and can potentially offend the German people with their theories, because, by the ruling of the highest court in Germany the latter are unable to be offended - there is no "defined group" in that case.
In 1997, the German judicial system decided to haul the authors of the pre- sent book into court and to ban their work, perhaps also because it highlighted the fact that with this work the last reed to which the judicial claim of "com- mon knowledge" clung has been broken.
The public is reminded that only the truth can be a stable foundation on which peace and understanding between peoples can thrive. Truth can only be found through free, unhindered scientific discourse and never through a his- torical description fixed by penal law.
37
History by Night or in Fog?
By Serge Thion
"Historian by night," writes the Paris daily newspaper Le Monde in its presentation of the new work of an "amateur" who happens to be a pharmacist by day. ' While for the last twelve years revisionists have been reproached as being merely "amateurish historians," suddenly this term is presented as a quality that guarantees the worth of the new thesis being promoted by the me- dia as the definitive response to the revisionists. I shall not be so cruel as to recall that this one joins a long list of "definitive responses" that have figured on various lists, since the big trials of 1980-1982, and including masterworks such as Filip Midler's Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Cham- bers? or Claude Lanzmann's cinematographic production Shoah?
Jean-Claude Pressac, the author of the book Les crematoires d 'Auschwitz (The Crematories of Auschwitz),4 has already been presented several times as the ultimate champion, the man who will finally terminate Professor Robert Faurisson. He showed up during a colloquium at the Sorbonne in 1982 that was supposed to have already settled the question. His patron at that time was the Great Moral Conscience of our age, Pierre Vidal-Naquet, the White Knight in the struggle against revisionism. Because the discussion dealt mainly with material and technical questions, which were way beyond Vidal- Naquet's competence as a specialist of Greek history, he had palmed Pressac
This paper first appeared in The Journal of Historical Review, 14(4) (1994), pp. 28-39. The au- thor, born in 1942, is a social scientist specializing on Indo-China. He got in touch with politics during the French war in Algeria; ever since he was involved in activities of the anti- colonialistic movement. He has written several books and papers on topics relating to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. 1 Le Monde, Sept. 26-27, 1993, p. 7. ' Filip Mtlller, Eyewitness Auschwitz. Three Years in the Gas Chambers, Stein and Day, New
York 1979.
Claude Lanzmann, Shoah, Pantheon Books, New York 1985. See the following reviews of
Lanzmann's movie Shoah: R. Faurisson, Journal of Historical Review, 8(1) (1988), pp. 85-
92; Theodore O'Keefe, ibid., pp. 92-95. 4 Jean-Claude Pressac, Les Crematoires 'Auschwitz: La Machinerie du meurtre de masse (The
Crematories of Auschwitz: Machinery of Mass Murder) CNRS Editions, Paris 1993, 155 (+
viii) pages. See Robert Faurisson's paper in this volume.
38 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
off onto another archenemy of revisionism, Georges Wellers, a little-known chemist who happened also to be the editor of the journal of the Jewish docu- mentation center in Paris.
After a long period of hesitation, Wellers published a paper by Pressac in his holy and irreproachable journal, Le Monde Juif (July-September 1982). In that paper Pressac developed his theory of "little gassings," abandoning alto- gether the canonical version that had ruled until then. He replaced it with the view that, of course, gassings had taken place, but on a smaller scale than pre- viously thought, and that all figures must now be revised downwards. The im- pact of Pressac' s new theory was negligible. Other means were needed to make use of Pressac in the struggle against revisionism. The Klarsfeld clan, with its strong community and media ties, was ready to intervene.
With their help, Pressac produced an enormous hodgepodge.5 In his re- search in the Auschwitz archives, he was not able to find any definitive proof that the Nazis had set up a murder factory there. Instead, he found a number of circumstantial traces that he thought might lead to some kind of presumption of extermination. It was couched in language reminiscent of a weak court case.
His 1989 book, Auschwitz: Technique and Operations of the Gas Cham- bers, included hundreds of plans, blueprints, photographs and documents from the Auschwitz camp's technical departments, which were, of course, part of the SS administration. In an effort to make this massive and disorganized dos- sier more convincing, the Klarsfelds organized its non-dissemination. Reports of its existence were considered more effective than its actual distribution in bookstores. Translated into English (no French-language edition was ever made available), and published in New York, it was not publicly sold, and was sent to few of those who ordered it. It was given merely to "responsible com- munity leaders" and "opinion makers." Through its impalpable existence, it was supposed to promote the idea that there now existed, finally, "The Re- sponse" to revisionism.
Revisionists quickly managed to get hold of copies of this work, which nei- ther Vidal-Naquet nor Klarsfeld obviously had ever read closely. Otherwise they would have caught a certain number of oddities and inconsistencies that would have caused them to doubt that they had picked the right horse.
Pressac was trotted out again to battle against Fred Leuchter, the American expert of gas chamber construction who had carried out on-site examinations of, and took wall scrapings from, the supposed gas chambers, and who con-
J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operations of the Gas Chambers, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, New York 1989. Reviews and analysis of this book that have appeared in the Journal of Historical Review: M. Weber, 10(2) (1990), pp. 231-237; C. Mattogno, ibid., 10(4) (1990), pp. 461-485; R. Faurisson, ibid., 11(1) (1991), pp. 25-66; ibid., 11(2) (1991), pp. 133-175; A.R. Butz, ibid., 13(3) (1993), pp. 23-37.
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 39
eluded that massive and repeated gassings would have been physically impos- sible.5
Now we are presented for the fourth time with what the press calls the de- finitive argument. This time Pressac has another patron, an official historian by the name of Francois Bedarida who has been for quite some time head of the so-called "Institute of the Modern Age." He once distinguished himself by taking part, along with some shadowy political figures, in a phony academic "jury" that decreed, without reading it, that Henri Roques' thesis on the "con- fessions" of Kurt Gerstein7 was completely worthless. Having thus styled himself a master, Bedarida, whose works on English history are deservedly almost unknown, also wrote a thin booklet, in the form of a catechism, about the so-called Holocaust. It has been distributed free of cost to every history teacher in France in order to provide them with guidelines on how to stuff their pupils' heads with sanitized notions about Second World War events. Emboldened by such mass distribution, Bedarida felt brave enough to write an article in Le Monde (July 22-23, 1990) in which he revised the Auschwitz death toll downwards.8 It did not occur to him to explain why this revision was necessary, or the basis for his view that not four million, but rather 1.1 million people supposedly died in Auschwitz. Obviously still not entirely con- fident of himself, he added that the archives have still not been explored. He would not elaborate to explain why 45 years have not been enough time. Here's where Pressac came in.
Along with a few minor satellites, this luminary of historical thought, Bedarida, served as Pressac' s patron. This patronage was not negligible, be- cause Pressac's second book was published by the National Center for Scien- tific Research (CNRS). In order to obtain this prestigious label, the book was submitted to an ad hoc committee of specialists. There must have also been an official evaluation of some kind, which we would be delighted to read.
What does Pressac's book really say? It presents incontrovertible evidence that the Germans built crematories. Of course, only journalists believe, or pre- tend to believe, that the revisionists deny the existence of the crematories or of the concentration camps. These concentration camp crematories are well- known and have been documented since 1945. The issue has been whether they disguised secret facilities for carrying out mass killing.
Pressac, who combed through tens of thousands of documents left behind by the Auschwitz Zentralbauleitung (Central Construction Office), states cate- gorically that these installations, as planned from the outset, show no sign of
See F.A. Leuchter, R. Faurisson, G. Rudolf, The Leuchter Reports. Critical Edition, Theses
& Dissertations Press, Chicago 2005.
Henri Roques, The Confessions of Kurt Gerstein, Institute for Historical Review, Costa
Mesa, CA, 1989.
See R. Faurisson, "How many deaths at Auschwitz?," The Revisionist 1(1) (2003), pp. 17-
23.
40 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
lethal or homicidal intent whatsoever, and that they were specifically designed and built to contend with the health problems caused by a rather high mortal- ity rate in the camps, above all after the beginning of the war. These problems, he shows, were linked with the raging epidemics that could (and did) wreak havoc not only among the camp inmates, but also among the Germans in the camps as well as the outside population. In this context, crematories had no ethical import, but were conceived as facilities to maintain public health, of the inmates as well as others.
Having carried out a detailed study of the correspondence between the Auschwitz Central Construction Office and the outside private civilian firms that contracted for specific jobs, Pressac is able to provide us with a thorough - and quite tedious - history of the different phases in the construction of the various crematories, including the numerous changes in plans by the chiefs of the SS construction office. Evidently lacking anything like a long-term per- spective, these officials depended closely on their superiors, who envisioned grand projects without bothering much about the budgetary and procurement problems that those poor subordinates would have to solve on the spot.
Among these thousands of documents, where there are no secrets, where the SS "politicians" scarcely interfere; documents which after the war were divided among Germany, Poland, and Moscow; documents that remained in- tact at the end of the war, the department head having "neglected" to destroy them: among all these documents, there is not a single one that states clearly that these facilities were ever used for mass killing. Not one.
Pressac offers no explanation whatever of this strange fact. To be sure, fol- lowing others, he states that the references found in certain documents to "special actions" refer in coded form to the existence of that monstrous crime. But the documents oblige him also to state "special actions" could and did designate all sorts of "other," quite banal activities, and that the term "special" (in German, "Sonder-") was very widely used in the German military and non- military administration during that period.
The great value of Pressac's work would therefore lie in its almost com- plete sifting through of the documents dealing with the construction of the crematories, the presumed site and instrument of the alleged crime. As in his previous writings, he picks out "traces" of criminal intent. Many of these, in- cidentally, he's had to leave by the wayside. A number of "traces" he pre- sented in his 1989 book are conspicuously missing from the 1993 work.
He notes, for example, that the SS wanted to install ventilation systems in the underground morgues of the crematories. He considers that this shows an intent to use these rooms for criminal purposes. Pressac is so convinced of this that he doesn't even bother to consider alternative explanations that would oc- cur to less prejudiced souls, such as, for example, the need to disinfest, during typhus epidemics, the morgues with Zyklon B (used throughout the camp for disinfesting clothes, barracks, and so forth).
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 41
He thinks he's found a criminal "trace" in the fact that a wooden fan was requested in the ventilating system, because wood is more resistant to corro- sion by hydrocyanic acid than metal. Yet, several days later, the engineer in charge had the wooden fan replaced by a metal one!
Pressac also states that the "definitive proof of the existence of a homi- cidal gas chamber in crematory facility (Krema) II is found in a document dated March 1943 (cited on p. 72, doc. 28), which shows that the Auschwitz services were looking for gas detectors capable of detecting traces of prussic acid (hydrocyanic acid). But because he has explained earlier that these ser- vices used "tons" of Zyklon B for disinfestation, this "proof is not particu- larly probative.
Eighty thousand documents. That's the number Pressac cites in his inter- view with the Nouvel Observateur? These 80,000 documents, which he says he consulted in a matter of some days in Moscow, concern exclusively, if I'm not mistaken, the SS Central Construction Office at Auschwitz. One office among many others, therefore, but the one that would have been responsible for designing and constructing the infamous "industrial slaughterhouses." One might be astonished to learn that such installations are entrusted to the same low-level functionaries who dealt with the barracks, the bakeries, the road works, and so forth. No secret, no particular precautions were taken, as these same low-level officials didn't hesitate to subcontract with private firms, from which no particular discretion was requested. This is explained, as Pressac abundantly demonstrates, by the fact that these facilities were not designed or planned for a lethal purpose, but, quite to the contrary, as means of local pub- lic health control.
It's very clear: of these 80,000 documents, only a fraction of which con- cern the crematories, not a single one deals explicitly with an installation for killing. Otherwise, this document would have long since been brandished tri- umphantly to the public. Until Pressac, one could surmise that there were hid- den or inaccessible archives, harboring such a document. But Pressac tells us that these archives (concerning the Auschwitz construction office) are now complete, and that the chief of this office, evidently believing they contained nothing incriminating, took no measure to destroy them at the end of the war.
In short, it must be acknowledged that among this mass of documents, which are supposed to clarify this issue, there are only a few that raise any suspicion. Where logically we should have found 1,000 or 10,000 incriminat- ing documents - considering, as Pressac concedes, there was no code lan- guage, that no documents were destroyed, and that everything was done ac- cording to superior orders - one finds only a few minor elements, the interpre- tation of which remains open.
Nouvel Observateur, Sept. 30-Oct. 6, 1993, p. 94.
42 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
These "traces" might conceivably support the charge if we could recon- struct a context in which only one interpretation is possible. Or, if several in- terpretations were possible, a historian should discuss the various ones before choosing his answer. This is not Pressac's practice. He dares not entertain the possibility of alternative interpretations of the documents. For if he were to give up calling these "the beginnings of proofs" (indeed, in a France-Inter ra- dio interview he protested only feebly when a hasty journalist treated his "be- ginnings of proofs" as well-established proofs), Pressac would have to con- cede that all his work had been in vain. He would have to concede that he had rigorously demonstrated that German officials and engineers conceived and planned, in a rather disorderly way, crematory facilities that, as a matter of fact, did not work very well. No. This no one has ever doubted. He would have to admit that he had spent ten years of his life pushing on an open door, a door whose plan, conception, and stages of construction he describes in me- ticulous detail. What is truly interesting here is precisely that he found nothing obvious, in spite of exhaustive research.
What does Pressac do to salvage what he can of the extermination thesis? Injections. The basic text of his book, that is, the product of his own research, is a careful chronicle of the planning and construction of the crematories. He refers here to the archives. The reference notes provide sources: they follow each other with abbreviations to archives (abbreviated as ACM, ARO, AEK, and so forth), according to the key given on page VIII. However, if one turns to check the reference notes that are grouped together on pages 97- 1 09 - and disregarding the rare bibliographic references or the occasional bits of factual information ("Pohl was Oberzahlmeister" - Pohl was chief paymaster) - one finds that the series of archival references is interrupted here by non-archival references, either to the official Polish Kalendarium10 (or Auschwitz Chroni- cle - more about this later) or to the supposed postwar "memoirs" of Ausch- witz commandant Hoss. These non-archival references, we find, are the sources cited by Pressac for the passages in the main text dealing with homi- cidal gassings.
For example, on page 34 he abandons the archives to write about a "first gassing,"11 and, in the same paragraph, he writes of the cremation "in one or two weeks of intensive work" of 550 to 850 corpses, leading to the deteriora- tion of an oven. There exists no obvious or necessary link between the first "fact," based on the Kalendarium and Hoss, and the second - an oven's dete- rioration - the factuality of which is established from archival documents. This link is a merely a supposition that is dishonestly presented here as a fact.
Danuta Czech, Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945 Rowohlt, Reinbek 1989; English-language edition: Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939-1945, 1.B. Tauris, London 1991. Danuta Czech is head of the scientific re- search department of the Auschwitz State Museum in Poland. "De nos jours [...] duree anormale de ce gazage."
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 43
This rigorous scholar then tells us that "it is estimated today that very few homicidal gassings took place in this crematorium, but they have been exag- gerated because they impressed direct or indirect witnesses." We know that Pressac is a poor writer, but just what is an "indirect witness"? And what does it mean to "exaggerate" a gassing? We need to decode here, I think. What Pressac means to say in this tortured sentence, I suppose, is more or less this: sure, there has been a lot of talk about gassings in crematory building (Krema) I, in the Auschwitz I (main) camp. Genocidal gassings are supposed to have begun there. However, because the revisionists have pointed out so many in- consistencies, Pressac ("it is estimated") has chosen to give ground ("they have been exaggerated"), attempting to explain inconsistencies by claiming that witnesses were "impressed," even if they were not actually present, but who nonetheless are regarded as "indirect" witnesses. Not a single source, not a single document is cited by Pressac to justify this climb-down.
Pressac knows full well that the "classical" view cannot be defended, but in order to salvage something of it he must make concessions, without being able to justify them either. "It is estimated today. . . ," and presto! - the trick is done. What follows is of the same nature. He writes (p. 35):
"As gassing forced the total isolation of the area of the crematorium [not a single witness has ever made such a statement, but this point is a re- sult of revisionist criticism], and since it was impossible to carry them [gassings] out while construction was in progress [same comment], it will be decided at the end of April to transfer this sort of activity to Birkenau [Auschwitz II camp]. "
There is a pure invention, a supposition asserted as a fact by Pressac so that he can land on his feet and rejoin Establishment history.
The amusing paradox in all this is that Pressac respects the Establishment history only with regard to gassings. As for the rest, he joyously tramples dogmas underfoot. The famous "Wannsee Conference" of January 20, 1 942, which so many thoroughly dedicated historians have designated as the time and place of the decision to exterminate, is swept aside in a mere six lines (p. 35). Pressac does what revisionists do: he reads the text of the Wannsee Con- ference protocol, which speaks of the evacuation of the Jews to the East, and says nothing of industrial-scale liquidation. He confirms that not a single spe- cific instruction was sent to the Auschwitz Central Construction Office as a result of this high-level conference. The fog surrounding the supposed geno- cide decision becomes thicker and thicker.
On page 39 we come to the two little farmhouses near Birkenau that are supposed to have been the next sites of gassing extermination. 12 In the middle of the information culled from the archives, one finds a new injection from the Kalendarium. On page 41 Pressac reports that Himmler informed Hoss "of the
"Courant mai [. . .] sans plus de precision.'
44 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
choice of his camp as the center for the massive annihilation of the Jews." As Pressac himself tells us, Hoss' account contains enormous implausibilities and cannot be trusted at all (footnote 132). It's a rotten branch, but it's the only one left for Pressac to cling to, because he's done no research whatsoever in the realm of policy. That's a job for historians, and thus one far beyond the abilities of our pharmacist. At the same time, though, there is a need to sup- pose that someone, at some time, made the decision to initiate this vast homi- cidal enterprise, which was then carried out by low-level functionaries. Himmler might have made the decision, but because Pressac can't find any- thing to support that supposition, he relies on Hoss' admittedly dubious ac- count. Better something than nothing.
When Pressac comments on the work of the inmates' Sonderkommando teams "dragging the bodies from the gas chambers" (p. 43), the source he cites (note 141) is once again the Kalendarium. Third injection.
Later, on page 47, Pressac tells us that large quantities of Zyklon B were deemed necessary to combat the typhus epidemic that raged in the camp, and that they had been requested from higher authorities on account of a "special action" - which obviously was to disinfest buildings. (One SS man was even poisoned, as the previous page confirms.) Further on this same page, Pressac adds that Central Construction Office officials gave consideration to building a new crematorium "because of the situation created by the 'special actions'" - an obvious reference to the measures taken in an effort to halt the epidemics. How Pressac manages to conclude from this information that Auschwitz had been chosen "as the site of [the] massive annihilation of the Jews" remains a profound intellectual mystery.
Here was an administration that struggled to contain an epidemic that may have killed 20,000 people (according to Pressac),9 which had learned from higher authorities that the camp would again be considerably expanded (to ac- commodate tens of thousands of new deportees from the East, who were con- sidered particularly "lousy"), and which was trying to gather the weapons to combat typhus: tons of Zyklon B and crematories. (Recall that at the Bergen- Belsen camp the British were unable to contain the epidemic that was raging there when they arrived. Some of the most "incriminating" photographs of horrific scenes from the camps were taken at Bergen-Belsen when it was un- der British administration.)
Pressac then launches his own personal theory (p. 47), which only makes sense if he is attempting to conform to an already established explanation pat- tern:
"This stupefying cremation facility [nevertheless obviously in strict ac- cord with the needs dictated by the situation there] could not but attract the attention of the SS officials in Berlin [obviously, since they authorized the expenditures] who afterward associated it with the final solution ' of the Jewish problem. "
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 45
This assertion has no basis in the documents found in the archives. Ever eager to protect his rear, Pressac believes that these "special actions" (a term that covered anything and everything in the military-administrative jargon of the period) were used as a pretext to obtain authorization from Ber- lin to construct crematory facility (Krema) III, which he determines actually had a "public health function." In using this "special action" term, then, the sneaky SS men of Auschwitz sought to make Berlin believe that their crema- tory requirements were linked to the extermination of the Jews, whereas in re- ality they concerned only the real, normal needs of the camp. This is a good example of Pressac' s acrobatic abilities.
I shall not dwell on the issue of open pit incinerations, which provide Pres- sac with an opportunity (p. 58) to severely criticize Hoss' account, except to point out that he invents a figure of 50,000 corpses, burned in two months, based on a calculation of alleged killings that is derived, without actually quoting it, from the Kalendarium. Pressac pays no attention to the 100,000 cubic meters of wood (at a minimum) that would have been required, and of which there seems to be no trace in the archives.
Pressac has himself confessed that he first got involved with Auschwitz because he wanted to write a novel, several scenes of which would be set there. We know that many people have had a similar itch. This compelling urge re-emerges from time to time, for instance on page 65, when he simply conjures up, out of the blue, relations between the director and the engineers of the Topf company (which built the ovens for the crematories). The three following pages - in which Pressac, the suburban pharmacist, impersonates the terrible SS as they look for ways to rationally organize gassings - are probably also taken from a novel we'll never read. The welcome details are not derived from the archives, but rather from a testimony dear to Pressac, that of a person named Tauber (footnote 203).
When he evokes the first alleged gassing in crematory facility (Krema) II - supposedly the real industrial killing plant - and which was probably finished in March 1943, Pressac does not cite archival sources, but rather the secon- dary source Kalendarium and Tauber's testimony (pp. 73-74). The second al- leged gassing is also based on the Kalendarium.
There is no point in going on. Pressac 's injection technique is now quite clear. The reader must keep his eye riveted to the footnotes in order to detect the changes in the story line. All this would be quite acceptable if the sources used were of comparable value. But for some time now historians have learned to refer to Danuta Czech's official Kalendarium only with the utmost caution. Of this work, Pressac himself writes (note 107, p. 101):
"Danuta Czech has produced a work that is vulnerable to criticism be- cause, without explanation, it retains some testimonies while dropping oth- ers, and because it favors testimonies above documents. This peculiar his- torical orientation persists in the latest, third, edition, now published in
46 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Polish [...] which makes no room for the Central Construction Office documents of the Central Archives in Moscow. This greatly lessens the ve- racity of this fundamental work, which unfortunately was composed with a vision a little too skewed in the strained political atmosphere of the 1960's [in Poland]. "
What Pressac is really trying to say here, God only knows. For many peo- ple, though, this is a work that comes straight from the Polish government's Auschwitz State Museum, and thus from the exploitation of Auschwitz by Russian and Polish Stalinism as an instrument to encourage anti-fascist senti- ments in the West during the Cold War. We know well the real value of the "testimonies" that were mass produced at that time. If Pressac were really con- fident of sources of this kind, it would be logical for him to use them. But he shows the greatest mistrust. Nevertheless, his account of homicidal gassings comes exclusively from such sources, the value of which he himself acknowl- edges to be severely limited. These stories have already been published a thousand times. It was their internal weakness that moved Paul Rassinier to criticize them, and launch the movement now known as Holocaust revision- ism.13 In continuing to use them, with only slight cosmetic adjustments, Pres- sac seems to make a fool of himself.
But the most extraordinary thing about Pressac 's book is the pretense that it dispenses entirely with testimony to make its case. That is what Pressac claims to journalists. They swallow this lie because they more easily trust commentary than the text itself. By burying in the depth of his footnotes his use of the most hackneyed products of the Polish Stalinist dossier, Pressac thus appears to respond to the revisionists on their own ground, that of verifi- able fact, as long as one accepts that the physical laws of nature are as valid today as in 1944-1945.
In chronicling Pressac 's inconsistencies, I have refrained from referring to Pressac' s earlier writings, comparing them with his most recent book. But others might be less indulgent and could be naughty enough to point out varia- tions, reversals, and other shifts of position that such a reading would obvi- ously disclose.
I shall also spare the reader a crucial facet of the discussion of basic facts, the capacity of the crematories in terms of their actual output (an appropriate term when speaking of an industrial facility). To be sure, Pressac clearly real- izes that there is a difference between the outputs claimed by Topf company salesmen and the reality of operation, hampered by breakdowns and design and manufacture flaws. But Pressac goes no further to establish the actual fig- ures, and when he provides an estimate of 1,000 cremations per day for Kre-
13 Engl, see P. Rassinier, Debunking the Genocide Myth, The Noontide Press, Torrance, CA, 1978; The Holocaust Story and the Lies of Ulysses, 2nd ed., Institute for Historical Review, New Port Beach 1990.
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 47
mas II and III, one sees clearly that he takes his readers for chumps. In the most modern crematory facilities, the limit is four bodies a day per oven. In the largest Auschwitz crematory facility, Krema II (at Birkenau), with its 15 ovens, one might envision tripling or even quadrupling the rate. In that case a peak figure of 300 bodies per day could be attained (but at the risk of wearing out everything very quickly). Pressac carefully avoids venturing into this technical area. Elsewhere, he says that the "ideal" figures provided by the SS to Berlin are propaganda lies, but that they are nevertheless to be trusted (p. 80). In his latest book, Pressac carefully refrains from citing the figures for coal provisioning of the crematories, which appeared in his 1989 work.5 In the light of those figures, it is all the more difficult to believe that two or three kilograms of coal would have been enough to burn a single corpse. If he had found in Moscow additional invoices to make his estimates less improbable, he certainly would have let us know about them.
In the main body of his later book, this macabre accounting is only mar- ginally important. It becomes important only in Appendix Two, "The Number of Deaths at KL Auschwitz-Birkenau" (pp. 144-148), where Pressac uses his estimates of cremation capabilities to revise downwards the numbers given in the "testimonies" found in the Kalendarium, to simply decree that there were fewer trains, and that they carried fewer persons. He writes as if the arrival of the trains was pre-determined by the efficiency of the crematories. This is ob- viously absurd.
Other discrepancies occur in his calculations that I will pass over here. Re- garding the deportation of Jews from Hungary (about which Rassinier had al- ready noticed the impossibilities of the estimates of official Polish sources), Pressac rejects out of hand the estimates of Georges Wellers, telling us in passing that the Israeli Yad Vashem center holds documents showing that 50,000 Jewish women from Hungary were transported onwards from Ausch- witz to Stutthof, near Gdansk/Danzig. (Because these Jews had not been regis- tered upon their arrival at Auschwitz, they are normally considered to have been "gassed.") Pressac believes that there is a need for further research. With regard to the number of Polish Jews who were deported, he mentions "the un- certainties of this question, due to an absence of documents."
To return to the question of the Jews deported from Hungary, Pressac places himself in untenable positions. For example, he accepts the stories about cremation pits, which have been completely disproved by the aerial re- connaissance photographs of Auschwitz taken by Allied aircraft at precisely that period. He does so because it is necessary to increase the theoretical cre- mation capacity in order to account for a theoretical total of 438,000 Hungar- ian Jews arriving at Auschwitz from Hungary. (This would have been twice the total population of Auschwitz at that time.) His abstract calculation (p. 148) is that the SS could have annihilated 300,000 persons in 70 days. But this raises a question: where could these 300,000 persons, dead or alive, have been
48 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
herded or stockpiled during the two months it would have been necessary to burn them all? And why do we find no sign of them in the aerial reconnais- sance photos?
Pressac arrives at a figure of 630,000 people who were supposedly gassed at Auschwitz. In the German edition of his book, he reduced this number fur- ther down to 470,000 to 550,000. 14 Suddenly the million victims of Auschwitz are no million anymore. Several years ago, the Poles lowered their official figures of Auschwitz "gassing" victims. Raul Hilberg in the United States, Francois Bedarida in France, and Yehuda Bauer in Israel have each lowered their figures. Pressac lowers them still further. Now, just how and why were these figures lowered? Has some new information come to light? Not at all. The calculations are being fudged in other ways. Pressac, who is certainly foxy but also a bit naive, shows how to do the trick.
Because most of the figures of deportees are merely guesswork estimates, they are subject to change. Wellers "loaded" the rail convoys with 5,000 de- portees each. Hilberg disagrees, finding that 5,000 persons per rail convoy is too many. So he simply says to hell with it, and decides on 2,000. If one cal- culates on the basis of 120 train convoys, this makes a big difference (240,000 compared with 600,000). Along comes Pressac, who is not happy with either of these - not on the basis of rail convoy capacity, but rather crematory capac- ity. Accordingly, he lowers (pp. 146-7) the figure of rail convoy capacity to 1,000-1,500. Should he have ever realized that his estimates of crematory ca- pacities were illusory, and that cremation pits would have been visible from the air, he would have had to lower them again. None of these calculators have gone to look in the archives. They've done it off the cuff. Thus, if the figures change, it's not because the documents demand it, but rather on the ba- sis of the prevailing fashion and these calculators' hunches.
The Reception of Pressac
As has consistently been the case throughout the 15 years that this gas chamber controversy has been public, the most interesting aspect has been the behavior of the press. Its role in molding public opinion is crucial. Anyone who wants a clear understanding of the historical background and context of the so-called Holocaust must do a great deal of research precisely because the problems have not yet been fully clarified. In this, the journalists, and the ex- perts whom they quote, are thus in a position to separate truth from falsehood and, for the public at large, to differentiate between the Good and the Evil. In
J.-C. Pressac, Die Krematorien von Auschwitz. Die Technik des Massenmordes, Piper, Mu- nich 1994, p. 202.
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 49
two books,15 I have attempted to chronicle this media agitation, of which the large-scale worldwide publicity for Pressac's book is the latest chapter.
It must be said that the Pressac media campaign has been carried out in fine style. Pressac, who had been rather quietly working in the shadows, so to speak, was launched into public awareness as if a public relations expert had masterminded the operation. L 'Express, a leading French news magazine, was first to open fire, with a cover photo by famous French photographer Ray- mond Depardon and a big headline:16 "Auschwitz: The Truth. "
The classic Orwellian translation of this headline would be: "Auschwitz: The Lie."
Soon followed the Nouvel Observateur11 with a weekend at Auschwitz with Pressac, along with the heavy artillery of the "leading specialists." Liberation, a Paris daily, joined in with two pages and more photographs and documents.18 Le Monde, another Paris daily, then appeared with a half-page article from the pen of Laurent Greilsamer, who has followed the Faurisson affair in the courts for a long time.19 Then came a barrage of television and ra- dio publicity. La Ville-du-Bois, the little town south of Paris where Pressac sold his drugs, hadn't known such uproar since the Hundred Years War in the 14th century.
"A work that will serve as a reference for historians of the whole world," said L 'Express. Thanks to the Soviet archives "the first synthesis of knowl- edge of one of the most important events of the 20th century has been accom- plished," L 'Express went on to remark. This commentary was provided by someone named Conan and another chap called Peschanski, a research fellow who owes obedience to Bedarida.20 The distinguished commentators affirm
Verite historique ou verite politique? , La Vieille Taupe, Paris 1980, 352 pages, and Une al- lumette sur la banquise, Le Temps irreparable, Paris 1993, 330 pages. L 'Express, Sept. 23-29, 1993. (Eleven pages of text and photos.)
Nouvel Observateur, Sept. 30-Oct. 6, 1993, pp. 88-90, 92, 95-97. By Claude Weill, includ- ing interviews with J.-C. Pressac, Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Raul Hilberg and Claude Lanzmann. Eight pages are devoted to this trip, which calls to mind those Mediterranean cruises in which noted archaeologists act as tour guides. The allusion is quite explicit (p. 92): "Pressac runs through the ruins like an English archaeologist on the site of Ephesus." The image is revealing: the English were in fact the first, in 1863, to dig at Ephesus. It thus evokes a 19th century context, the beginnings of scientific archeology, the discovery or rediscovery of the great lost civilizations. Pressac, seen as an eccentric gentleman from an adventure novel, is about to reveal an unknown world for us. Everything we've known until now is made null and void by the triumphal "running" of the discoverer, resurrecting the past, and almost re- creating it.
Liberation, Sept. 24, 1993, pp. 28-29. September 26-27, 1993, p. 7.
Denis Peschanski is a research fellow with the Contemporary History Institute of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique). Pressac's Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz was published under the guidance of Bedarida by the CNRS press. The cardinal principle of the
50 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
that both the decision for and the execution of the "Judeocide" (a new term that has yet to gain wide acceptance) were shrouded in "absolute secrecy," of which we might say that it still hasn't been pierced.
But why did the archives lie dormant? "Because an important current of Jewish memory refused any rational approach to the Final Solution, which was deemed an 'unspeakable' and 'unthinkable' event." One would prefer, of course, a more straightforward denunciation, naming names and citing refer- ences, but at L 'Express prudence prevails. The idyllic situation at the archives was disturbed by the "literature of denial," which set about picking out the er- rors "logically numerous in witness testimonies or in the postwar Soviet texts that made Auschwitz a theme of ideological propaganda." The fine sleuths at L'Express haven't noticed that every single assertion by Pressac regarding homicidal gas chambers is based directly on these very Soviet and Polish texts. But then one can't demand too much of journalists. It is Pressac who is supposed have personally discovered that "the technological history of the Fi- nal Solution still remains to be written." It is impossible for a well-bred jour- nalist, as they prefer them at L 'Express, to recognize that the father of this brilliant "discovery" (in France) is none other than Professor Robert Fauris- son. After all, it wouldn't do to acknowledge that from that discovery on, every advance in this area owes something to him.21
In his 1989 book - published in New York by the Klarsfelds - Pressac boasted that, on the basis of his work in the archives in Poland and Germany (50,000 documents), he was solving the riddle in its entirety. Now, he says, the 80,000 documents from the Soviets will tell us more. However, the 1989 work - of 564 large-size pages - was far more comprehensive, and dealt with many more subjects. Had the journalists done their homework, they would have recognized that Pressac' s 1993 book is much more limited in scope, and is much more circumspect, indeed diffident, in its assertions than the 1989 work.
After having explained the book's stupefying discovery - that the admini- stration administered, that the Central Construction Office made plans and re- quested estimates and invoices - the subtle analysts of L 'Express assert that Pressac "found proof of the organization of the killing." There's the trick. Pressac swims in a sea of ambiguities. He does not positively state that he has found "proofs," but rather traces, or clues, which are almost as good as proof. Journalists can't afford to indulge in such subtlety, and Pressac makes no pro- test against their distortions. As in a child's game, he seems to say: "I didn't say it. He did." Pressac is always able, faced with real criticism, to take refuge
21
world of Parisian literary criticism is well known: "No one is better served then by oneself - but it shouldn't show."
The most basic principles of the history of ideas, as taught at Sorbonne University, have to be destroyed. Thus is the intellectual honor of the bedaristic followers.
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 5 1
in this infantile position. These "proofs," he writes (p. 82), are "precise indica- tions" that "betray the rules of secrecy." This secret is so secret that it may not exist, Pressac himself having explained that there was no coding in the docu- ments.
In the list of clues magically transformed into proof, the most ridiculous is not in his book but in what he told the press:22
"In a real morgue, there is a need to use disinfectants, like chlorinated
water or cresol, but not a product for killing lice. "
The pharmacist who sells drugs to his everyday customers obviously has no idea of the scale of the problems arising from a full-scale typhus epidemic. The crematories were built to deal with a situation in which 250 to 300 corpses, swarming with disease-bearing lice, were delivered every day.23 Can one imagine heaping them up in the morgues without further ado? Sending in a team to wash them in chlorinated water, while in all the other facilities, in- cluding the barracks, Zyklon B was used to kill lice?
If these morgues had not been treated in an efficient way, they would have been great reservoirs of infection - biological bombs. Pressac, with his bottle of chlorinated water, is a public menace. He should lose his license as a phar- macist for daring to say such things. Why such an idiotic remark? To persuade the reader to believe that the morgues would have been the only place in the camp where the use of Zyklon would not have been normal. Because the SS knew about chlorinated water,24 they had no need to disinfest the morgues with Zyklon. The logic here is ridiculous. But this reasoning has a hidden cor- ollary: If the SS had used Zyklon in the morgues to protect the crematory per- sonnel (themselves included), they could have done it only once in long peri- ods. Without ventilation, the lethal gas would have stagnated. Consequently, they needed a ventilation system for these semi-underground rooms. This would explain why they requested the installation of such a system there.
Pressac rightly provides considerable detail about this. But because he has already concluded in advance - and without the least support from the 130,000 documents available to him - that the very existence of a ventilation system is a "clue" providing evidence of a homicidal plan, he must discard in advance any possible alternative interpretation. That is why the two L 'Express journalists dutifully accepted, like holy water, this role of chlorinated water. Holy water for journalistic holy writ.25
Similarly, the journalists have no problem forgetting about the January 1942 Wannsee Conference. They swallow Pressac' s currently fashionable
Nouvel Observateur, Sept. 30-Oct. 6, 1993, p. 84.
Information from the Auschwitz camp death registry volumes (Sterbebiicher), for the period of the epidemics. See: J.-C. Pressac, op. cit. (note 4), p. 145. Where, among the 130,000 documents, are the invoices for chlorinated water? One has heard about the famous powder chambers of Mr. Kahn. Now we get a chlorine wa- ter guarantee from Pressac.
52 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
view as avidly as they swallowed, five or ten years ago, other authors who said just the opposite. Nothing else was to be expected. Journalists now easily accept the notion that, by late May or early June 1 942, an anonymous "politi- cal will," of unidentified origin, "found [by some kind of chance] in the tech- nical innovations [although, says Pressac, the oven technique is quite elemen- tary and somewhat archaic] implemented at Auschwitz (thanks to engineer Priifer) the means for an industrial-scale extermination." To put it in a nut- shell, thanks to this obscure little engineer, a salesman of cremation ovens who receives a percentage cut from sales he makes for Topf company, the highest-level officials of Nazi Germany (who? Himmler himself?) would have said to themselves: "What a windfall! Hurray for Priifer! Now we can really kill Jews!" Without wishing to seem overly critical, it is difficult to believe that a "genocide" of that alleged magnitude could have been decided in such a manner. For journalists turned historians, though, this latest revelation is as much revealed truth as the old one, and an act of faith costs nothing.
In the same way, these journalists have no trouble accepting without a murmur the numerical hocus-pocus that Pressac presents as "calculations." Without knowing why, we come down from 5.5 million deaths at Auschwitz (the Soviet figure in 1945) to 800,000. The L 'Express journalists even predict that these figures, as well as estimates of deaths in the other camps and in the ghettos will be similarly revised downward in the future. It appears to be a general trend, and readers should be ready for it. (Do they already have new figures in mind?) But, basically, none of this is very important, they add in closing, because "the nature of the Final Solution remains unchanged." Per- sonally, I take the view that only religious dogmas never change. (And some- times even they change.)
L'Express also published an article by Bedarida, sponsor of Pressac's work. The bedarida is a little known species of squid. It swims in the cultural soup and propels itself rapidly toward all directors' chairs, to which it adheres with strong suckers. Always on the defensive, it emits jets of ink to cloud its surroundings. Author of a thin but definitive booklet on "the Nazi Extermina- tion Policy," Bedarida courageously acknowledged that he did not have "all the necessary knowledge" on this subject. He sees in Pressac a case of bio- logical mutation (he "transformed himself into a historian"), and believes that this pharmacist has become "an incontestable, if not unique, expert." Con- tested he is, however, and not only by revisionists. Unique, perhaps, if one considers only Establishment history, produced by all sorts of bedarida squids, and the effects of the anti-revisionist laws. When he adds that Pressac has sub- jected the documents to a "pitiless critique," he looks like a fool to the astute reader. He regards as "terrifying" a work devoted to the study of construction plans, ventilation problems, overheating and other matters that are the daily concern of every civil engineer. This characterization seems to me to show, among the squid, a tendency toward bombast. When he adds the words "an ir-
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 53
refutable terrifying work," he is hallucinating. There are answers. Bad luck for the squids.
How is it possible, asks the sucker,26 that no one had looked into these questions before this? He could have told the plain truth: that it's because no- body knew how to respond to Professor Faurisson. (For years it was fashion- able to say that he didn't even deserve a response.) No, Bedarida prefers to claim that in those days people instead emphasized the "perpetrators and the victims." And how to justify this late date - 15 years after Faurisson raised the matter? Bedarida's explanation - the opening of the Moscow archives - is pure eyewash. Pressac's wretched hodgepodge that supposedly "settled every- thing" was published in 1989 - before the opening of the Moscow archives. The only new thing culled from the 80,000 documents found in Moscow is the story of an apparatus produced by the Siemens company to kill lice with short waves. It seems that some experimental use was made of this machine at Auschwitz near the end of the war.27 This was new for Pressac and for most of us. Should this machine be added to the long list of mythical industrial-scale installations, including the Jewish soap factories, the electrified swimming pools, the vacuum and steam chambers, the heated iron plates, the trains of quicklime cars, and so forth, which, although described in numerous and pre- cise testimonies, have sunk into oblivion from whence they could be revived only through the immense talent of a Claude Lanzmann? Because it does not seem that this Siemens machine could kill people, it's been ignored. This is the big novelty from Moscow, suppressed for 45 years by the KGB !
In 1979 I rhetorically asked "how" before "why."28 In 1993 the squid is still looking for "how and why." It's not historical research work that has made real progress in those years, but rather that a number of obstacles meant to prevent such research have been removed. The road is still not clear, but one day it certainly will be.
Journalist Claude Weill must have access to secret information because in the Nouvel Observateur he writes "that the existence of the gas chambers and the reality of the Jewish extermination policy have been overwhelmingly demonstrated. The evidence is available to anyone who can read and who is willing to open his eyes." I pray Mr. Weill to open my eyes, to make this evi- dence public so that Mr. Pressac's labors would become quite useless and thereby permitting him to concentrate on his work as a druggist.
Weill tells his own little story. He visits Auschwitz where he follows Pres- sac around, listening to his technical arguments. But after a while, he breaks down. These discussions are odious, and he asks Pressac to get to the point.
Presently glued to the chair of Secretary General of the International Committee of Histori- cal Sciences.
27 J.-C. Pressac, Les Crematoires d'Auschwitz (1993), pp. 83 ff.
' In "Le Comment du Pourquoi," 1979, which was included as the first part of Verite histori- que ou verite politique? ', op. cit (note 15).
54 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
The learned pharmacist responds: those who refuse to do scholarly and techni- cal work "are making Faurisson's bed for him." This throws the journalist for a loop. Overwhelmed, he sadly faces the fact that history will win in the end, that the good times are over, and that "the Shoah will not escape the histori- ans' cruel scrutiny." I didn't know that historians have a cruel look. Cruel for whom? This sentence says a lot, I think. But then the journalist can be pretty cruel himself: he cites figures of total deaths at Auschwitz provided by several earlier authorities, and crudely calls them "lies." The Pope, Willy Brandt, and many other important visitors to Auschwitz have bowed down before the me- morial plaque there bearing these "lies." Considering how these official fig- ures were arrived at, there's no reason why the latest figures supplied by Pres- sac won't one day also be called "lies."
In concluding his article, Weill expresses some skepticism. He finds some of Pressac's conclusions "hasty," the throwing overboard of the Wannsee Conference "not entirely convincing," the lowering of the number of victims "a bit imprudent." Pressac "has not closed the debate."
Not being fully convinced, this journalist needs to cover himself. So the Grand Masters of the Official Truth are permitted to speak. The first is Pierre Vidal-Naquet, who introduced Pressac to the Establishment. The first thing he shows us is that, as usual, he can't read: Vidal-Naquet believes that the "point" made by Pressac about the precise date of the "first gassings" is de- rived from the Moscow archives. This is clearly wrong.29 This "point" is actu- ally the result of an argument typical of Pressac: he sees in the archives re- cords that the buildings were not usually completed by the dates given by "au- thorities" (based on "memory"). Pressac then searches for the dates on which construction of the crematories were completed, then refers back to the Kal- endarium (which is also largely based on "memory," and which even Pressac himself calls dubious) to determine what gassings took place that day. Evi- dently the Moscow archives make no mention of any homicidal gassings. As for Pressac's calculations, Vidal-Naquet finds them a bit hasty, too much based on assumption, it's "not so simple," "probably." The man who earned the Legion d'Honneur by dint of his anti-revisionist efforts prefers Hilberg's figures, which he calls "rather solid." Vidal-Naquet hesitates more than usual. He seems to be having second thoughts about his wisdom in launching Pres- sac, who has become the satellite of others and who threatens to crash land.
In an unforgettable article, published in 1980, Vidal-Naquet explained that because Fauris- son had written something (supposedly) faux (false), he was a faussaire (falsifyer). This may be found in Vidal-Naquet's book, Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holo- caust (Columbia University Press, 1992). I dismantled this stupid pun and the poor argu- ments of Vidal-Naquet in Une Allumette sur la banquise (Le Temps irreparable, 1993). As- sassins of Memory was reviewed by Mark Weber, Journal of Historical Review, 13(6) (1993), pp. 36-39 (www.ihr.org/jhr/vl3/vl3n6p36_Weber.html).
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 55
Then comes Raul Hilberg. After being grilled on the stand during the first Ziindel trial at Toronto, in 1985, this professor of political science has learned to be more cautious.30 He laments that Pressac isn't really a historian, that his is not the "the last word on the subject." He complains that "important re- search is still necessary," that "considerable research is still needed," that "the German sources should be studied further," and that there is still a lot of work to do. One wonders what this fellow's been up to since he began his study of this subject in 1948.
But Hilberg says something very embarrassing: an extermination order by Hitler has already been missing; now an extermination order by Himmler is likewise nowhere to be found. Hoss and Himmler did not even meet "during the crucial period." What now? Is it Hoss who decided everything by himself? Or was he in the dark as well? An extermination order by Hoss to his subordi- nates cannot be found either. Another mystery. Perhaps we should ask Vidal- Naquet.
But the best, as usual, comes from Claude Lanzmann. He's a raw funda- mentalist, dazed, totally inaccessible to the least reasoning, but with an ani- mal's intuition. He showed this intuition in making the movie Shoah, in which he abandoned all (or nearly all) reference to the documents. He knows the documents. He doesn't know what they really mean, but he has a photo- graphic memory and rightly says that all the documents cited by Pressac were already known. Lanzmann defends his work as a movie maker in almost Ce- linian terms: art should create emotions, nothing else. ("I prefer the tears of the Treblinka barber to Pressac's document on the gas detectors"). Lanzmann is very modern; he likes to hit below the belt, crying to avoid thinking, toying with the macabre. Pressac's material "drives out emotion, suffering, death," he says. Lanzmann tramples on Vidal-Naquet, who licked his boots for years:
"The sad thing is that a historian, his being doubtless threatened by the truth, the force, the evidence of the testimonies, does not hesitate to en- dorse this perversity [Pressac's book]. A historian abdicates before a pharmacist [...]"
Lanzmann smelled a rat in Pressac. He understands much better than the media and academic crowd, which rushed to embrace Pressac in the hope of finishing off revisionism, that
"Faurisson is the only one this convert wants to talk to. To be listened to by him [Faurisson], he [Pressac] must speak his language, make his thought processes his own, accept his method, produce the crucial evi- dence, the ultima ratio, that will convince his former master. [...] In order to refute the revisionists ' arguments, one must give them legitimacy, and
Although the media routinely calls Hilberg a "historian," that is not his profession. He, too, is another "amateur."
56 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
they thus became the central point of reference. The revisionists occupy the
whole terrain, "
The poor man is right. He must feel quite lonely with his useless reels. He had to first delay, and then completely reorganize his movie because of Fau- risson's work. In fact the terrain is not occupied by the revisionists - who are persecuted everywhere - but by the remnants of an imploded belief. Lanz- mann, late in life, has become the epic poet, the cantor, of this belief. It's not just the revisionists' questions that caused the implosion. Time destroys myths: fugit irreparabile tempus, irreparable time flies. Because modern times require modern myths. Lanzmann is turning into dust. Soon nothing more will be left of him than a shroud worn out by the wind. Each year Jack Lang31 will lay down flowers at the spot where it was found.
The Liberation article is quite cautious. The journalist who wrote it - Phil- ippe Rochette - sticks to Vidal-Naquet's 1979 phrase:32
"It [gas chamber killing] was technically possible because it occurred. "
The author of that phrase has been having regrets.33 The Liberation jour- nalist effortlessly swallows the fantastic element of Pressac's book: the tech- nicians, the foremen of the private firms who took part in the construction of the crematories, "saw." It is an interesting use of the word. "They saw." These two words say it all: the entire story and its refutation. But it's pure specula- tion. Nothing in the documents indicates that "they saw" anything implied by this lapidary formulation. In his interview with Liberation, Pressac is less than hinting broadly when he says calmly:
"I was close to Faurisson, who trained me rather well in deniers ' the- ory in the late '70s. "
And, further on, he returns to one of the most amusing arguments in his book: the only members of the Central Construction Office who were ever tried, Dejaco and Ertl, in Austria in 1972, were acquitted because (he says) the Austrian judges couldn't read a blueprint or a technical description. Neverthe- less, the court had access to documents from the Moscow archives. The Aus- trians, therefore, were cretins who awaited, without knowing it, the light ema- nating from Pressac's pharmacy. But it seems that Pressac himself did not in- quire into the trial of Priifer, the Topf company engineer who designed the
31 32
For 10 year minister for culture in France's socialist government.
This phrase appears in the 1979 declaration co-authored by Pierre Vidal-Naquet and Leon Poliakov, which was signed by 34 scholars. It is quoted in the foreword to Assassins of Memory (p. xiv), and in L.A. Rollins, "The Holocaust As Sacred Cow," The Journal of His- torical Review, 4(1) (1983), pp. 29-41, here p. 35; Robert Faurisson, "Revisionism On Trial: Developments in France, 1979-1983,," ibid., 6(2) (1985), pp. 133-181, here pp. 166f; and M. Weber, op. cit. (note 29), p. 38.
Regarding this phrase, Vidal-Naquet wrote, for example, in the review L 'Histoire (June 1992, p. 51): "We were certainly wrong, at least in the form, even if the basis of our interro- gation was justified." In fact, there never was any interrogation.
Serge Thion, History by Night or in Fog? 57
cremation ovens, which took place before a Soviet court in April 1948. The transcripts of the Priifer interrogations must certainly be somewhere in the Russian archives. The Soviets of 1948, doubtless as stupid as the Austrians in 1 972, did not believe that Priifer was the prime mover of extermination (as Pressac argues). Well then, whose turn is it to go to the Moscow archives now?
I have kept the article in Le Monde for dessert.34 Its author, Laurent Greil- samer, has long followed the judicial saga of Professor Faurisson, toward whom he has always shown the same hatred. That's why it's amusing to note that he praises Pressac exactly for what he found so blameworthy in Fauris- son: for being an amateur historian, for starting with an examination of the weapon used in the crime, for being a pioneer, for being curious about every- thing, and for deliberately turning his back on the survivor testimonies to in- terest himself in the ruins and the documents. "Elementary," he says. This "elementary" weighs several tons of court papers! But there is more. Pressac's conclusions, writes Greilsamer, "revise, in the noble meaning of the term, that which the community of historians believed was established." How beauti- fully inspired is this revision "in the noble meaning of the term"! No camou- flage, no coded language, everyone understands, we are in full clarity.
Why then, this journalist wonders with hypocritical anguish, hadn't anyone said these things earlier? "Fear of provoking a scandal," he writes. Pressac adds:
"Because people weren 't mature enough. The subject was too sensitive
and the Berlin Wall hadn 't yet come down. Don 't forget that the history of
Auschwitz was written in Poland by the Communists and that, even in
France, the Gayssot law forbids free expression. "
Revisions therefore had to be administered "in homeopathic doses." We have seen that Dr. Pressac, however, has used the opposite technique: a large dose of revision, coupled with intravenous injections of the Polish Kalendar- ium to sedate memory sufferings caused by amputation of illusions. The jour- nalist is not sufficiently alert to ask what Pressac would write if there were no Gayssot law.
Le Monde, Sept. 26-27, 1993, p. 7.
Gayssot is a Communist member of the French parliament. The "Fabius-Gayssot" law of July 1990 forbids "contesting the crimes against humanity" as defined by the Nuremberg Tribunal, and specifies heavy fines and jail terms for violators. The law was passed as a trade-off between the Communists and the Socialists, to obtain continued support from the Communists in parliament for the Rocard government. I don't know whether this critical re- view violates the Gayssot law, but it's clear that Pressac's book (and thus all the press ac- counts of it as well) infringes the law seriously. (For more about this law, and the legal as- sault in France against Holocaust revisionists, see Mark Weber, "French court orders heavy penalties against Faurisson for Holocaust views," Journal of Historical Review, 1 3(2) (1993), pp. 26-28.)
58 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Pressac is happy to talk to Le Monde. An amateur, he can easily dismiss the intellectual establishment:
"The researchers have kept quiet in order to hold onto their precious positions. There has been cowardice in the universities, and the revision- ists have taken advantage of this for denial. Personally, I am doing the ba- sic work. Anyone with common sense could do it. " I love it. He is more careful with the false "eyewitness" testimonies:
"We shouldn 't say they lied. We must take into account a factor of per- sonal emotionalism. "
This is outrageous. Pressac knew full well that there have been deliberate, organized, profitable lies, which have nothing to do with "factors of personal emotionalism" (which may exist, surely, as in every testimony of whatever na- ture).
Lanzmann is right. Without Faurisson, there would be no Pressac. Pressac is 90 percent Faurisson, with the rest coming from easily identifiable and dis- credited sources. The media simply falls into line. One wonders who's more hypocritical: Pressac, who half saws away, in his notes from Hoss and the Kalendarium, the branch on which he's sitting, or the journalists, who accept with joy and recognition from Pressac everything they rejected when it came from Faurisson?
There is, perhaps, a way out of this tangle. It is indicated in a remark by Bedarida (in L 'Express). He says that Pressac was first attracted to revision- ism but later refused to follow this group "on the road of denial." On the other hand, the Italian writer Umberto Eco said to Le Monde that revisionism is all right, that it's natural; it is possible to calmly discuss the documents, but one mustn't fall into "denial," which, he says, consists of denying that anything bad was done to the Jews during the Second World War.
I wonder if a new line is being drawn here. It makes a distinction between, on the one hand, revisionism, once again beautiful and good, exemplified by Pressac and his patrons and followers, who are obliged to adopt the revisionist method because it is the normal method of historical research, and, on the other hand, "denial," banished to the outer limits of taboo, including those who doubt the gas chambers, as well as (non-existent) deniers of the concen- tration camps, the rail deportations, and so forth. The consequence of this new view would be that revisionism, recognized at last, would demonstrate (in the style of Pressac, that is, with the help of "bavures" = blunders, bloopers) the existence of homicidal gas chambers, but in a way that they would lose their diabolical character. The death figures could be dropped much lower without infringing the nature of the Shoah. Faurisson and his associates would lose the use of their rational armament, captured by their enemies, and would be ban- ished to the void by the Gayssot law. This might offer the best opportunity for the restored squids to pursue and enhance their brilliant careers.
59
Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers
By Robert Faurisson
Note to the Reader
Jean-Claude Pressac's book Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz. La Machinerie du meurtre de masse (The Crematories of Auschwitz. The Machinery of Mass Murder), to which the present work is a reply, unquestionably falls foul of the Fabius-Gayssot Act as formulated in the French penal code, and especially as it has been applied by the judges of the 17th chamber of the Paris criminal court and those of the 1 1th chamber of the court of appeal, along with their col- leagues in Caen, Fontainebleau, Amiens, Nice and elsewhere. Although not bound to do so by statute, they have punished the expression of the slightest suggestions, reservations, or leanings denoting the possible existence of a re- visionist heresy with respect to the dogmas decreed in 1945-1946 by the judges at Nuremberg.
In Pressac's brief introduction alone (p. 1-2) there are four grounds for conviction.
The author states or lets it be understood that at the Nuremberg trial the judges failed to obtain "unambiguous technical information on the machinery of mass murder"; that their understanding of the facts was "hardly sufficient"; that their reconstruction of the history of the genocide and the homicidal gas chambers was not "free of oral or written testimonies, which are always falli- ble," and that, to take only one example, the date they had ascribed to the "launching of the industrial phase of the 'Final Solution'" was so far off the mark that today it ought to be set one year later. A hundred other grounds for conviction could be picked out from the two hundred or so pages of his book. The statements he has made to the media can only aggravate his case (cf es- pecially the article by Laurent Greilsamer in Le Monde, September 26/27 ', 1993).
60 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
If Pressac completely escapes prosecution under the Fabius-Gayssot Act or any other law, the same should go for those who respond to him on the same ground. On the other hand, if the latter are prosecuted, then Pressac should also be brought before the 1 7th chamber of the Paris criminal court, together with the officials of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) who have published his book, independently of any extinctive prescription governing procedure.
Foreword
Just who are the revisionists? And what do they say?
There has been talk of them since the late 1970s. Yet, to all intents and purposes, they are never seen or heard, and their arguments, if they have any, are always presented by their adversaries, if at all. Their writings cannot be read. The law forbids it. They are convicted, physically attacked, imprisoned. Why?
A special law has been made against them: the Fabius-Gayssot Act. An- other law against them is being drafted: the Mehaignerie-Pasqua-Goldenberg Act.
At the same time, they are said to be dead, dead and buried!
In his recent work, Les Crematoires d'Auschwitz. La Machinerie du meurtre de masse, the pharmacist Jean-Claude Pressac gives a response to the leader of the revisionists in France, which is to say, Professor Robert Fauris- son, whom he never mentions but to whom he refers indirectly - a response that is at once new, scientific and definitive. At any rate, such is the claim of a deafening media campaign that has just developed throughout the Western world.
J.-C. Pressac presents himself as a careful researcher striving for perfec- tion. Before the media, he affects the coolness and calm of the man of science coming to grips with the "problem of the gas chambers" of Auschwitz. As for his book, it is teeming with technical data - at least, so it appears.
Robert Faurisson had to reply to such a book. He knows its author, who approached him in the early 1980s and confided in him concerning his doubts about the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz. J.-C. Pressac went so far as to offer his services for research. His offer was taken up on a trial basis. Then he was dismissed by the professor for his inaptitude for scientific study, his difficulty in expressing himself, "his confused mental state, his panicky fears, his horror of clarity and of forthright stances."1
First published as Reponse a Jean-Claude Pressac sur le probleme des chambres a gaz, diffu- sion RHR, BP 122, 92704 Colombes Cedex, 1994, 96 pp.
Cf. Revue d'histoire revisionniste no. 3, November 1990/January 1991, p. 130.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 61
No newspaper has contacted Robert Faurisson to ask him his opinion of a book that, according to the journalists' own announcements, wipes out, appar- ently, so many years' worth of research. Could it be that the journalists know or suspect that there is actually nothing new in the substance of J.-C. Pressac's book, that it is scientific in appearance only and that, at bottom, yet another author has yet again demonstrated the soundness of the revisionist position without wishing to do so?
In late 1978 and early 1979, the time when Le Monde published the views of Professor Robert Faurisson on the "rumor of Auschwitz" or the "problem of the gas chambers" (the latter expression was coined by Olga Wormser- Migot, a historian of Jewish origin), a powerful media counter-offensive wanted the public to understand that revisionism had been nipped in the bud. In June 1982, an international symposium at the Sorbonne, announced in the press with fanfare, was, apparently, to confirm the death of historical revision- ism. A number of other such gatherings held in the following years, in France and abroad (particularly the one at Oxford in 1988, organized on a grand scale by the late press magnate Robert Maxwell), spread the news of sensational documents or arguments capable of burying the phenomenon of revisionism for good. In 1986 the "affair of the Nantes doctoral thesis" burst open in France, then all over a certain part of the world. Henri Roques, the author of the thesis, found himself pilloried: he was stripped of his doctorate and we, the public, were assured that his text would vanish into the oblivion of history. In 1 990 there was another media mobilization, this time with the purpose of lay- ing to rest the University of Lyon researcher Bernard Notin. Some highly pub- licized trials in Lyon, Israel, Germany, Austria, and Canada took up where the supposed victories over revisionists, each one always more definitive than the rest, had left off; moreover, the fact that their voices were nowhere to be heard doubtless proved that the revisionists were dead, really dead. Anti-revisionist writings were brought out with great fanfare at frequent intervals: such had been the case, in 1980, with Filip Miiller's Trois ans dans une chambre a gaz d 'Auschwitz; in 1980,2 with Georges Wellers's, Les Chambres a gaz ont ex- isted and, in 1984, with the book by Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein, Adal- bert Riickerl and twenty-one other authors, Les Chambres a gaz, secret d'etat? Every year there were new Holocaust museums, exhibitions, films like Holocaust or Shoah, documentaries and spectacles to show the defeat inflicted on the revisionists.
The book by J.-C. Pressac merely takes its place in that recurring series of theatrical stagings.
Pygmalion, Paris 1980; Engl.: Eyewitness Auschwitz. Three Years in the Gas Chambers,
Stein and Day, New York 1979
Georges Wellers, Les Chambres a gaz ont existe, Gallimard, Paris 1981.
Editions de Minuit, Paris 1984. Engl.: Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein, Adalbert Riickerl
et al. (ed.), Nazi Mass Murder, Yale, New Haven 1993.
62 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
But one must give him credit: unintentionally, J.-C. Pressac has at a stroke lifted the prohibitions that weighed on free historical research. His book con- stitutes, in effect, a challenge to the Fabius-Gayssot Act, a law of which he states that it "prohibits free expression" in historical matters, but which he, for his part, violates at will.5 And so the way is open. . .
In May 1992 the Revue d'Histoire Revisionniste (RHR) was compelled to suspend publication after its sixth issue, and book publishing has never been its vocation. Therefore it cannot publish this Reponse a Jean-Claude Pressac either as a series of articles or a book. But it has assumed the task of distribut- ing it. For two years, Robert Faurisson was the scientific advisor of our re- view, to which he personally gave numerous contributions in the form of arti- cles or studies bearing his signature. Despite the measures taken against us by Interior Minister Pierre Joxe (order of July 2, 1990), and despite the rigours of the Fabius-Gayssot Act instituting the offence of historical revisionism ("dis- puting the existence of crimes against humanity" such as those punished by the Nuremberg tribunal), the RHR had thus provided a forum for the outlaw.
Fifteen years ago, Faurisson publicly took the initiative - and he was the first to do so - of placing the "problem of the gas chambers" on a material and scientific plane. For a long time his daring appeared sacrilegious. At present, the revisionists' opponents are compelled to come forth on the field where Faurisson hoped to see them engage. It is normal that someone should be able to rebut the recent work of J.-C. Pressac, which styles itself as essentially technical, with a response that is essentially technical. As will be seen, Profes- sor Faurisson - whose specialty is officially known as "criticism of texts and documents (literature, history, media)" - has done just that.
Thanks to Faurisson's analysis, this Reponse a Jean-Claude Pressac con- stitutes a discourse on the method to follow in examining a historical problem, and illustrates how, with the help of the media, false science - represented here by the pharmacist J.-C. Pressac - can create false semblances. It allows us, at the end of 1993, to take stock of the concessions that the official histori- ography has had to make to historical revisionism; finally, it helps the factual truth reassert itself against the aberrations of a war propaganda that has gone on for far too long. As long as people lend credence to these aberrations, they will not be able to see that the true war crime, the true "crime against human- ity," is war itself and the train of true horrors that it brings.
The editors of the Revue d'Histoire Revisionniste
December 24, 1993
5 Le Monde, September 26/27, 1993.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 63
1 . Introduction
Jean-Claude Pressac's recent work bears the title Les Crematoires d'Auschwitz and the subheading La Machinerie du meurtre de masse (the crematories of Auschwitz; the machinery of mass murder), (CNRS editions, August 1993, viii-156 pages and a 48 page photographic section). The book's title keeps its promise, but its subheading does not. In it there is a striking con- trast between the plethora of evidence and documents attesting, on the one hand, to the existence of the crematories at Auschwitz - which no one dis- putes - and, on the other hand, the absence of evidence and documents attest- ing to the existence of homicidal gas chambers there, a greatly disputed point.
1.1. Neither a Photograph nor a Drawing
From an author who asserts that the Nazi gas chambers existed one is enti- tled to demand a physical representation of those extraordinary chemical slaughterhouses. However, Pressac's book contains neither a photograph, nor a drawing, nor a sketch, nor a depiction of a scale model of any homicidal gas chamber. In the 48 pages of photographic plates there are 60 "documents," but none of them bears any relation to homicidal gas chambers, not even, as will be seen below, the only "document" (no. 28, on the ten gas detectors) pre- sented - abusively - as evidence. The author has not even dared to reproduce a photograph of the "gas chamber" of crematory I, the one that all those who go to Auschwitz visit. Nor has he shown the interior and exterior of the very telling remains of the alleged gas chamber of crematory II at Birkenau. The scale model imprudently displayed by the Poles in Block 4 of the Auschwitz Museum is not shown either. The reason for so many omissions is easy to guess: the least attempt at a physical representation of one of those alleged homicidal gas chambers of Auschwitz would immediately make obvious the physical and chemical impossibility of any gassing with hydrogen cyanide in the structures in question.6
1.2. Nothing of a Novelty
This book, quite modest in content, has nothing new about it. It is essen- tially a shortened version of the tedious compendium that Pressac published in English in 1989 under the misleading title Auschwitz: Technique and Opera-
With respect to the photographic documentation, and in particular for photographs of the Polish scale model, the reader is referred to the 25 page section that I added to Wilhelm Staglich's Le Mythe d'Auschwitz. Etude critique, traduit et adapte de l'allemand (The Aus- chwitz Myth. A Critical Study, translated and adapted from the German), La Vieille Taupe, 1986, p. 485-510, under the heading "Illustrations. Le mythe d'Auschwitz en images."
64 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Hon of the Gas Chambers,1 which I have reviewed in two articles entitled "Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers (1989) ou Brico- lage et 'gazouillages' a Auschwitz et Birkenau selon J.-C. Pressac (1989)"8 and "Improvised Gas Chambers and Casual Gassings at Auschwitz and Birke- nau According to J.-C. Pressac (1989). "9 At the risk of sounding presumptu- ous, I note today that my critique of 1990 has led Pressac to shorten his dis- cussion of the gas chambers, reducing it to a few poor, extremely confused pages, and, first of all, to choose in French a far less ambitious title than that of his work in English.
1.3. Auschwitz: 800,000 Dead Instead of Nine Million
The sole important novelty of this book in French lies in Pressac's figure for the number of dead at Auschwitz. In the film by Alain Resnais, Nuit et Brouillard ("Night and Fog"), that figure was nine million ("Nine million dead haunt this landscape," states a voice at the end of the film). At the Nur- emberg trial, a document having "the value of genuine evidence" (doc. URSS- 008) set the figure at four million. Until April 1990, it was that same figure that was inscribed in nineteen different languages on nineteen large slabs at the Birkenau memorial. In that month the authorities of the Auschwitz Mu- seum discreetly removed those inscriptions to put in their place the figure of one and a half million. In France, historian Francois Bedarida estimated 950,000. 10 Now here is Pressac opting for the figure of 775,000, rounded up to 800,000, the number of Jews gassed being estimated at 630,000 (p. 148). n The true figure is probably 150,000 dead from 1939 to 1945, both Jews and non-Jews, with the great majority of the deaths being due to natural causes, especially epidemics of typhus and typhoid fever.
Jean-Claude Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, New York, The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989, 564 p., 45 cm x 30 cm., hereafter cited as A.T.O. (http://holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/pressac/technique-and-operation/pressac0564.shtml) Revue d'histoire revisionniste, no. 3 (November 1990/January 1991), p. 65-154, publication hereafter cited as RHR (online at www.vho.org/F/j/RHR).
The Journal of Historical Review, Spring 1991, p. 25-66; Summer 1991, p. 133-175. Le Monde, July 22/23, 1990, p. 7.
I have been informed by a reliable source, which I cannot disclose, that Pressac intends, when he can, to reduce the total of deaths at Auschwitz to 700,000, if and when the disposi- tion of the public seems ready for this new reduction. In 1989, speaking only of the gassed, he put their number at "between one million and 1.5 million people" (A.T.O. , p. 553). Editor's remark: This paper was written before the German edition of Pressac's book ap- peared in 1994. In that edition, Pressac revised the general Auschwitz death toll downwards to between 630,000 and 710,000 (p. 202).
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 65
1.4. Pressac no Longer Believes in "Wannsee," but he still Believes in Hitler
One other novelty is that Pressac no longer believes that the Germans de- cided on the physical extermination of the Jews on January 20, 1 942, at a gathering at Wannsee presided over by Reinhard Heydrich (cf. below). It ap- pears that he no longer believes very much in the existence of a policy to ex- terminate the Jews either (which is called "genocide"). In any case, he never implicates Adolf Hitler.12 The Fiihrer's name appears in the book only four times: first, with respect to Hitler's "architectural projects," "which were to glorify the German renewal and help bring down unemployment" (p. 6), then with respect to one of his secretaries, Martin Bormann (p. 10), and his dia- tribes against the Jews (p. 65), and finally on the subject of "the [economic] recovery brought on by Hitler's accession to the Chancellorship" (p. 137).
1.5. The Theory of "Casual Gassings"
The Pressacian theory on Auschwitz is a most bizarre one: it involves "casual gassings," "makeshift jobs," "slips" and "bunglings." Certainly, Pres- sac uses the term "casual gassings" (gazouillages) only in private conversa- tion, but that jocular expression well sums up the theory in question.
According to Pressac, the Germans improvised both the crime and the crime weapon. They casually gassed here and there, now and then, in varying proportions, rather than gassing methodically and continuously, and carried on thus until they had killed millions. To begin with, still according to Pressac, at Auschwitz, the Germans HAD NOT EVEN BUILT ANY HOMICIDAL GAS CHAMBERS. He admits that crematories II and III at Birkenau, for example, finished in 1943, had not been designed in August 1942 for killing but only for incinerating corpses.13 He acknowledges that the crematory buildings con- tained innocuous cold rooms (which he calls morgues) for storing corpses awaiting cremation but, he adds, it was these morgues that the Germans, in obscure circumstances and at an uncertain date, decided to transform into homicidal gas chambers. The Germans involved were, at the most, some SS captains, lieutenants and non-commissioned officers along with a few civilian engineers and technicians whose specialties were cremation, isolation and ventilation, and not, as one might have expected, eminent political figures and
Pressac has such a fondness for Adolf Hitler that he keeps a bust of him in his house, at the top of a stairway leading to a room in the attic. He has made the room soundproof in order to listen to military music there in comfort (for confirmation, see Pierre Guillaume, Droit et histoire, La Vieille Taupe, 1986, p. 124).
Editor's note: As concerns crematories IV and V, Pressac does not tell us what, at the origin, the respective purposes of their rooms were, rooms that, according to his theory, were sub- sequently transformed into execution gas chambers.
66 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
chemists, physicians and toxicologists. The chief of operations was a former builder who had become a specialist in the making of cremation ovens in a company in Erfurt, Topf und Sonne (p. 10). This evil genius was called Kurt Priifer. After the war the Americans arrested him, interrogated him, then, con- sidering that he had never built anything other than crematory ovens, let him go. Priifer returned to Erfurt, which was in the Soviet occupation zone. Woe befell him there: he was arrested by the KGB, interrogated and, in April 1948, sentenced to twenty-five years' forced labor.14 Four years later he died in prison.
According to Pressac, Priifer and his aids worked so poorly that the trans- formation of the morgues into gas chambers was something approaching a makeshift job. As they had fitted them, for example, air flowed in from near the ceiling and out from near the floor, which, as Pressac himself agrees, is normal for a morgue used for storing corpses; however, hydrogen cyanide gas, the main factor of Zyklon B, is less dense than air; therefore, he writes, the ventilation system ought to have been designed the other way round, so as to lead the gas out from above after the gassing of the victims. Indeed, the use of hydrogen cyanide gas in such a room would be "technically insane" (p. 71). However, instead of changing around the system, the ventilation specialists kept it as it was. They were happy enough with verifying "the ventilation power" {ibid.). They did much ventilating in these gas chambers. The author dazzles us with his considerations on the direction of winds and draughts, and on the power of the ventilators. Not without reason, some facetious revision- ists have found fault with him for transforming the gas chambers into air chambers and for putting a bit too much wind in his words.
Pressac lets it be understood that the slap-dash work of these little German technicians could not leave any really visible traces or evidence of their crimi- nal activity; he also warns us that, instead of good, solid evidence of the exis- tence of execution gas chambers, we can only hope to discover slight clues, beginnings of or bits of evidence, some helpful details pointing to what in his idiom he calls criminal "slips" or "bungles." Of course, it takes a most particu- lar wisdom to detect these tiny traces of a crime without precedent in history and this wisdom, it goes without saying, can only be that of Pressac, pharma- cist by day and historian by night.
1.6. Pressac 's Promises and Reality
In his introduction, he promises us a "rigorous history" of Auschwitz, from which we shall get "a near-perfect understanding of the criminal engineering" carried out there, and a "historical reconstruction finally free of the oral or
Pressac, who considers the Soviets and the KGB as being rather cleverer than the Ameri- cans, writes that Priifer "was sentenced to only 25 years forced labor" (p. 137).
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 67
written testimonies which are always liable to error and, in addition, are shrinking in number with the passage of time" (p. 1-2).
We shall see that this is nothing but bluster and that the body of the book is, quite to the contrary, replete with confusions, incoherencies and approxi- mations; recourse to witnesses is a constant practice whenever the author deals with alleged killings by gas. Even on the matter of the crematory ovens his words are desultory and often obscure.
In judging such a work, the very simplest of criteria should be applied: if the author offers a photograph or a drawing of a Nazi gas chamber, we shall hear him out; otherwise we shall not. Pressac, who is a good photographer, a good draughtsman and probably a good model builder, has carefully avoided the test of truth that would have consisted in proposing a graphic or material representation of one of those prodigious chemical slaughterhouses. Conse- quently, one really ought not to dwell on this product of a muddled brain. For my part, however, I shall nonetheless do so in order to let the reader gauge the catastrophe that this book constitutes for the partisans of the exterminationist theory.
Proceeding in five steps, I shall bring up, one after the other, the obvious facts that the author has not been able to ignore, the realities he has passed over in silence, the devices he has borrowed from other "Holocaust" histori- ans, deceits of his own creation and, finally, his novelistic ramblings.
To close, I shall restate the proposal of the American Fred Leuchter and suggest to our adversaries that they set up an international commission of ex- perts that should examine on site, at Auschwitz and Birkenau, the weapon used in of one of the most atrocious crimes allegedly known to history; in this way the structures and facilities where hundreds of thousands of Jews (mil- lions, it used to be said)15 were killed with hydrogen cyanide gas would be put to forensic investigation.
For historians who like to think that they have at last undertaken a scien- tific study of Auschwitz, there is no longer any reason to refuse such an inves- tigation.
Cf., for example, the statement "Auschwitz, where more than five million men, women and children perished, of whom 90% were Jews" ("Manifestation du souvenir a Paris devant le Memorial du martyr juif inconnu" [Remembrance ceremony in Paris at the Memorial to the Unknown Jewish Martyr], Le Monde, April 20, 1978). According to this statement in Le Monde, therefore, over four and a half million Jews perished in the Auschwitz and Birkenau camps alone!
68 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
2. The Obvious Facts that Pressac Could not Ignore
Because of fundamental discoveries due to the revisionists, there exist cer- tain embarrassing obvious facts that the exterminationists can no longer con- ceal. Pressac follows the trend.
2. 1 . "Wannsee" is no Longer "Wannsee"
For decades, the historians of the alleged "Holocaust" of the Jews repeated that on January 20, 1942, at Berlin- Wannsee, the Germans had decided to ex- terminate the European Jews. It took until 1984 for the exterminationists, gathered in a congress at Stuttgart, to abandon this argument in the utmost discretion.16
Then the world had to wait until 1992 for Yehuda Bauer to declare publicly that the argument in question was "silly."17 Conforming to the new official truth, Pressac writes:
"On the 20' of January the gathering known as 'the Wannsee Confer- ence ' took place in Berlin. If an action of 'removal ' of the Jews towards the East was foreseen, with mention being made of a 'natural' elimination [of some Jews] through labor, no one then spoke of industrial liquidation. In the days and weeks that followed, the Bauleitung at Auschwitz received no call, telegram or letter demanding the study of an installation adapted to that purpose. " (p. 35)
In his "chronological summary," he confirms: "January 20 [1942] - Wann- see Conference in Berlin on the removal of Jews towards the East" (p. 1 14). He indeed writes "removal" and not "extermination."
2.2. Not much Could be Secret about Auschwitz
We used to be told that the location of Auschwitz had been chosen for its remoteness and possibilities of secrecy. In reality, Pressac is obliged to ac- knowledge that the camp was established in an outlying district of the town of Auschwitz, itself situated within an international railway network linking to Berlin, Vienna and Warsaw (p. 9). We may add that, every day, train passen- gers rode close by the camp.
Today there is no longer any dispute of the fact that the Auschwitz camp swarmed with civilian laborers, of German, Polish or other nationalities, busy at all sorts of tasks, including the building and maintenance of the crematories;
16 Eberhard Jackel, Jiirgen Rohwer, Der Mord an den Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg, DVA, 1985, p. 67
The Canadian Jewish News, January 30, 1992; cf. also "Wannsee: 'Une histoire inepte,'" RHR no. 6, May 1992, p. 157-158.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 69
except during typhus epidemics, most of these laborers returned home at the end of every working day. This reality is, in itself, incompatible with the ne- cessity to shroud in the greatest secrecy the existence and operation of chemi- cal slaughterhouses devouring victims by the hundreds of thousands (by the millions, it used to be said). These civilians wore a green armband (p. 62):
"For the building of the crematories of Birkenau, the services of twelve civilian concerns were engaged [...]. Each building project [...] employed between a hundred and a hundred and fifty persons, of whom two thirds were detainees and one third were civilians, under the direction of foremen from the firms involved. " (p. 56)
The author does not explain the anomaly that ought to have appeared be- fore his eyes both in this abundance of foreign civilians at the scene of the crime and in the fact that operations supposed to constitute the biggest secret in the Reich were run by foremen of civilian firms from outside the camp.
2.3. The Archives Have Survived in Very Great Number
It used to be blithely asserted that in January 1945 the Germans had de- stroyed nearly all the camp's archives. Pressac admits that the extant items from the Auschwitz archives run into the tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, at Auschwitz itself or in Moscow. Those of the central construction office (Zentral-Bauleitung) are intact. As they were, in Pressac 's view, the most compromising of all, these documents' destruction should have been a clear priority. Why were they not destroyed? The common sense answer is that, as they did not contain a single trace of any gigantic crime, precisely be- cause that crime had not occurred, there was no reason to destroy such ar- chives. Our author, for his part, offers another explanation as to why the SS men did not destroy these documents: they were unaware of the "explosive" nature of their contents (p. 1). With him, this is customary: as soon as he comes upon a phenomenon that he does not understand or care to explain, he tends to ascribe it to the foolishness or ignorance of the SS.
2.4. 1972, the two Chief Architects Had to Be Acquitted
For my part, I have always pointed to the acquittal, by a Vienna court in 1972, of Walter Dejaco and Fritz Ertl, the two chief architects of the Ausch- witz crematories. The Soviet and Polish Communists had lent the court the documents in their possession. The conclusion that one will normally reach is that those documents provided no proof of any crime whatever; all of them necessarily appeared to have the most ordinary reasons to exist when looked at from a technical point of view, i.e. that of architects, engineers and other experts. Pharmacist Pressac, for his part, concludes that all of those specialists were incapable:
70 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
"[...] no one - neither among the judges nor the alleged experts - was capable at the time of using the excellent historical material provided by the Poles and the Soviets. " (p. 96)
Access to the papers and documents from the Dejaco-Ertl trial, in the pos- session of the Austrian judiciary, is denied to revisionists. Why are they not published?
2.5. Typhus Epidemics Combated through the Use of Zyklon B
Typhus - which had always been endemic in the populations of Eastern Europe - brought its ravages to bear at Auschwitz. In the western part of the Soviet Union, the Germans had noted "one hundred and fifty thousand cases of typhus in summer 1941" (p. 32). On this subject Pressac, compelled to mention certain truths that have long been stated by the revisionists, writes,
"The SS physicians knew that the Auschwitz region was marshy. They had already been confronted with the problem of untreated water, which led to typhoid fever caused by the Eberth bacillus. Towards the end of May 1942 numerous cases of typhoid appeared among the inmates; thus in early June the consumption of tap water was prohibited to the SS and the employees of the seventeen civilian firms operating in the camp. To com- pensate, mineral water was provided free and in abundance. Looking to summer, the physicians anticipated as nearly inevitable cases of malaria, borne by the mosquitoes of the marshes. To face this danger, an SS hygiene institute had to be set up at Raisko, and that was done in October. But the typhus took them by surprise. They thought that the prophylactic measures (quarantining, head shaving) and hygienic measures (treatment of body hair, showering) applied to detainees upon arrival would, by eradicating the vector, the louse, keep the scourge out of the camp. That was the case as concerned the inmates, but the affliction came from those who had not been submitted to such treatment, the civilians, who were daily in close company with the detainees. l ' Soon, the latter were infected and, since the hygienic conditions in the KL were lamentable, the death count soared. From May to December 1940, the monthly death toll is estimated at 220; from January to July 1941 it trebled; from August to December 1941 it reached a thousand; in July 1942 it surpassed 4,000. The sanitary situation
For its part, the Polish Resistance strove to propagate typhus and typhoid fever; we owe this revelation to the Revue d'histoire revisionniste no. 1, (May 1990, p. 115-128): "Le rapport Mitkiewicz du 7 septembre 1943 ou l'arme du typhus" (The Mitkiewicz Report of Septem- ber 7, 1943, or the weapon of typhus; engl. vgl.l G. Rudolf, "Aspects of Biological Warfare During World War II," The Revisionist, 2(1) (2004), pp. 88-90.). This report notes that in the period from January to April 1943 there were "several hundred cases" of "spreading of the typhoid fever microbe and typhus-bearing lice" (p. 127). The French resistance used identi- cal procedures (ibid., p. 116, n. 1).
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 71
became uncontrollable. It was necessary to keep the typhus from spreading to the surrounding area. The whole camp had to be isolated and no one must leave. On July 10 [1942] a partial quarantine was ordered. " (p. 43) He adds:
"But as the ravages of the typhus epidemic continued unabated and the situation became catastrophic, the total isolation of the camp was decreed on July 23 [1942]. "(p. 46)
The epidemic went on to cause as many as 250 to 300 deaths per day among the inmates, the civilians and the SS (p. 50). Pressac fails to mention that the head physician, Dr.Popiersch, himself died of typhus.19 In the period from September 7 to 11, 1942, the first epidemic reached its peak, with 375 deaths in one day (cf. the table on page 145). A second epidemic, then a third broke out in the first half of 1943 (p. 82).
Disinfection, particularly by means of Zyklon B, constituted a vital neces- sity:
"In the week of July 5' to 11' [1942], the building housing the SS guards, which was swarming with vermin, was gassed [with Zyklon B]. " (p. 16) At Birkenau, the Zentral-Sauna
"was a well functioning sanitary complex; it was to be equipped with four rooms for delousing by hot air (document 23), three industrial auto- claves (document 24), a room for head shaving, a room for medical exami- nations and fifty showers. With this facility the SS intended 'definitively' to forestall any resurgence of typhus at Birkenau. The detainees were to be shaved, examined, disinfected and showered while their effects were de- loused. Unfortunately, the installation was not operational until late Janu- ary 1944." (p. 69)
Document 23 and, especially, documents 24 and 40 illustrate the degree to which the Germans were concerned with hygiene, particularly in that part of the camp at one time occupied by Gypsies. Documents 42 and 43 show inte-
Cf. Comite international d'Auschwitz, Anthologie (blue), French Version, vol. I, 2n part, (Warsaw, 1969), p. 196. Among many other German victims of typhus at Auschwitz we may mention Dr. Siegfried Schwella (Dr. Popiersch's successor), the wife of Gerhard Palitzsch, camp Rapportfiihrer, and the wife of Joachim Caesar, head of agricultural works. Other Germans whose names are known contracted typhus without dying from it, amongst them Dr. Johann-Paul Kremer, Dr. Heinrich Schwarz, Dr. Kurt Uhlenbrock and Dr. Josef Menge- le. Amongst the most famous detainees who died of typhus were Dr. Marian Ciepilowski, who cared for the Soviet prisoners, Professor Zygmunt Lempicki and the dentist Danielle Casanova, whom legend long held to have been killed by the Germans. The Germans, in the east, lived in constant fear of typhus; Adolf Hitler himself was vaccinated against it on Feb- ruary 7 and 14, 1943, at Rastenburg (on this, cf. the memoirs of his physician, Dr. Theo Mo- rell, in David Irving, The Secret Diaries of Hitler's Doctor, New York, McMillan 1983, p. 109).
72 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
rior and exterior views of the battery of nineteen disinfection gas chambers us- ing Zyklon B (this building was never to be completed).
Auschwitz was equipped with
"the most recent delousing technique developed in Germany. It was a
stationary delousing unit using ultra-short waves (decimeter or centimeter
waves). " (pp. 82f.)
As early as 1946 Marc Klein, professor at the University of Strasbourg's medicine faculty and a former Auschwitz inmate, mentioned this "microwave delousing" and the impressive number of measures taken by the German phy- sicians in their attempts to care for detainees living in the conditions of very close quarters inherent to a forced labor camp.20
2.6. Cremation: a Hygienic Measure
Pressac writes:
"To prevent typhus and other uncontrollable epidemics from spreading, the bodies of war dead, along with the microbes that they carried, had to be reduced to ashes. Priifer [as far as Auschwitz was concerned] was there for that. " (p. 32)
Initially the Germans had buried corpses but Auschwitz was situated in a marshy zone. At times the water table there rose almost to ground level. It be- came necessary to unearth these bodies and burn them.
"[. . .] the substances produced by the corpses' putrefaction began to in- fect the ground water, which, in the course of its rise, risked being thor- oughly infected. There was nothing for it but to unearth the corpses and in- cinerate them in open air before winter. " (p. 57)
The better part of the book is devoted to the history of the crematories, i.e., to the history, first, of the buildings called crematories, then to that, in particu- lar, of those crematories' ovens. The account is tedious, desultory, barely comprehensible. It holds that the ovens were subject to frequent breakdowns (p. 22, 81, note 108, etc.), a fact that must diminish, in due proportion, the de- lirious capacities that the exterminationists, including Pressac, generously at- tribute to them (300,000 cremations in 70 days [p. 148], or more than 4,285 per day!).
2.7. Crematories Planned without Homicidal Gas Chambers
Here we come to the most important concession that the author has had to make to the revisionists: the four crematories of Birkenau, designed in August 1942, that is, at a really late stage of what the official historians call the policy
"Observations et reflexions sur les camps de concentration nazis," Etudes germaniques no. 3, 1946, p. 18.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 73
of extermination of the Jews, were "planned then without gas chambers" (p. 53). Moreover, the precise date at which these crematories, finished between March 31 and June 25, 1943, were "planned with" gas chambers is not to be seen.
His concession is significant: in 1982, at a time when historians affirmed that all the crematories had been planned and built with gas chambers, our au- thor, in a moment of boldness, had dared to write that crematories IV and V were designed without gas chambers. Then, in 1989, making amends, he wrote that the two crematories had been designed with gas chambers. Today he re- verts to his position of 1982: those crematories were designed without gas chambers. He said nothing in 1982 with respect to crematories II and III; then, in 1989 and today (1993) he rules that they had been planned without gas chambers. Concerning crematory I, which predated all the others, one cannot quite determine whether, for Pressac, at some moment in his variations on the subject, the Germans planned it with or without a gas chamber. The same un- certainty reigns with respect to the mysterious Bunkers 1 and 2.21
2.8. Other Obvious Facts that he Could not Fail to Mention
If we limit our observations to the collection of photographs, there appear other obvious facts that the author could not hide. Far from working in secret, as becomes criminals, the staff of the central construction office at Auschwitz obligingly let themselves be photographed (doc. 12). Pressac could have added photographs showing these engineers, architects and technicians work- ing in their offices where they proudly exhibited the plans of their crematories. Still in the same collection are depicted an installation for heating widely separated parts of the camp (doc. 44), inmates at work in stables (docs. 45 and 46), munitions plants or synthetic fuel factories manned by inmates (docs. 47 and 48), enormous potato storehouses (doc. 49) - whose presence is somewhat surprising in a complex called, by the Allies, an "extermination camp" - a wa- ter treatment facility located near the crematories (doc. 50), detainees working at one of the pig farms (doc. 51), greenhouses and fields of crops (doc. 52).
For the moment, regarding the obvious things that the author could not fail to mention, it will be noted how strongly everything seen so far argues against the case for an extermination at Auschwitz. It has taken the huge pressure ex- erted by revisionist work to have these facts acknowledged.
For references to these diverse changes of position, see RHR no. 3, p. 74-79; cf. also my Re- ponse a Pierre Vidal-Naquet, La Vieille Taupe, 1982, 2" edition, p. 67-83.
74 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
3. Realities that Pressac Never Mentions
The author passes over in silence a considerable number of realities show- ing that Auschwitz and Birkenau cannot have been "extermination camps" (an expression invented by the Allies) but rather a complex of concentration, labor and transit camps. He has also stayed silent on a large number of documents of the highest importance. I shall keep to a few examples.
3.1. Neither a Photograph nor a Plan of Crematory I
Here we have a book devoted to the "crematories of Auschwitz" which, paradoxically, in the sixty photographs and documents that it offers does not contain a single photograph or plan of crematory I and its "gas chamber"! However, it is this first crematory, with its purported homicidal gas chamber, that, let us repeat, is shown to all the visitors as the very proof of the crime. Pressac reproduces the photograph of an oven at Dachau (doc. 7) or at Buch- enwald (doc. 60) but he does not show the ovens of Auschwitz I!
He proceeds in this way purposely, for he knows that this crematory, with its "gas chamber," is nothing but a hoax. He could hardly remind his readers that I discovered that fact in 1976, on site, and a few years later set forth the proof of it in the book that I wrote in collaboration with Serge Thion.22 Nor could Pressac apprise his readers that I had been the first in the world to dis- cover - after much difficulty - the plans of all the crematories of Auschwitz and Birkenau in the archives of the Auschwitz Museum, to publish some of them, and thus to show the physical and chemical impossibilities of any homi- cidal gassing in those buildings.
3.2. No Photograph of the "Gas Chamber" of Crematory II
Nor, for that matter, does he dare show us a photograph of the ruins of what he dares to call the gas chamber of crematory II at Birkenau and which was, in reality, a morgue set partly beneath ground level (Leichenkeller). The concrete roof, now caved in, was quite clearly devoid of any opening pro- vided for the pouring in of anything whatsoever. The only two holes to be seen in it today are the result of drillings made after the war: the twisted and bent reinforcement bars in the concrete attest to this. Consequently, the Pres- sacian theory that the SS men poured Zyklon B pellets into that "gas chamber" through four openings provided for that purpose is untenable for reasons of plain physical facts that anyone can go and see for himself today on the spot.
" Serge Thion, Verite historique ou verite politique? , La Vieille Taupe, 1980, p. 316-317.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 75
3.3. Not a Word about the Forensic Studies
The author does not breathe a word of the forensic studies by the American Fred Leuchter23 and the German Germar Rudolf,24 or the technical analysis by the Austrian Walter Luftl,25 all of which have come to the conclusion that there were no homicidal gas chambers at Auschwitz and Birkenau.26
Above all, he passes over in silence the Krakow forensic study. Intending to counter the report made by F. Leuchter, the Auschwitz Museum authorities commissioned a forensic study by the criminological institute of Krakow; the result was such that the study's findings, dated September 24, 1990, have been kept hidden.27 What right has Pressac to ignore these scientific factors of the Auschwitz dossier? If the studies in question do not meet with his approval, he should tell us so in his book, and propose one that does. Moreover, it is high time that we demanded of those who criticize the revisionists that they, in their turn, provide a forensic study of the crime weapon supposedly used at Auschwitz and Birkenau. A scientific examination of buildings (or ruins of buildings) only half a century old is very easily done. Why such stubbornness in refusing that study or examination, while at the same time claiming, like the revisionists, to be approaching the history of Auschwitz scientifically?
3.4. Not one Complete Photograph from The Auschwitz Album
The most valuable document on the realities of Auschwitz is a collection of 189 photographs, usually called The Auschwitz Album. It gives the lie to the wild imaginings voiced on the fate of the Jews arriving at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1944. It is so embarrassing for the exterminationists that they waited thirty- six years after its discovery in 1 945 before finally publishing all its contents in 1981. Until then, only some of the Album's photographs had been offered, now and then, in various works. And still, in 1981, the full publication had to be accompanied by a lengthy, quasi-novelistic text by Serge Klarsfeld on the
Most recently see: F. A. Leuchter, Robert Faurisson, Germar Rudolf, The Leuchter Reports. Critical Edition, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2005 (www.vho.org/GB/Books/tlr). Editor's remark.
Germar Rudolf, The Rudolf Report, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2003 (www.vho.org/GB/Books/trr). Editor's remark.
Walter Luftl, "Holocaust: Belief and Facts" in Journal of Historical Review 12(4) (Winter 1992-93) pp. 391-420. Editor's remark.
F. Leuchter, based near Boston, specialist of American penitentiaries' gas chambers; G. Ru- dolf, at that time a doctoral candidate at the Max Planck Institute of Stuttgart; W. Liiftl, president of the Austrian Federal Chamber of Civil Engineers, Vienna. For the text of this counter-study, which the revisionists have managed to obtain, see "Crise au Musee d'Etat d'Auschwitz / La Contre-expertise de Cracovie" (Crisis at the Auschwitz- Museum: The Counter-study of Krakow), RHR no. 4, February 1991, p. 101-104. Engl.: 'An official Polish report on the Auschwitz 'gas chambers,'" Journal of Historical Review, 1 1(2) (1991), pp. 207-216.
76 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
collection's "miraculous" discovery. Two years later the same Klarsfeld en- trusted Pressac with the task of producing an "established, complete version" with one of the largest French publishing houses, the editions du Seuil. 28
Apart from the image of the Jewish woman on the cover {cut out from one of the items in the collection), Pressac does not reproduce a single photograph from the precious Albuml
3.5. Not a Word about the Aerial Reconnaissance Photos
Pressac reproduces none of the aerial reconnaissance photographs of Auschwitz and Birkenau published in 1979 by the Americans Dino A. Bru- gioni and Robert G. Poirier.29 It is true that these photographs deliver the proof that no crowds ever gathered next to the crematories, that the chimneys did not emit plumes of smoke (cf, in Les Crematoires d'Auschwitz, "two squat chimneys spitting flames," p. 91) and that the "incineration ditches" are a figment of the imagination.
3.6. Not a Word about the Morgue Corpse Register (Leichenhallenbuch)
It took until 1989 for the Auschwitz Museum to resign itself to unveiling the existence of the death registry of Auschwitz I, the Leichenhallenbuch (morgue book, not to be confused with the general camp death registries, the Sterhehiicher).
In the new edition (1989) of her calendar of events at Auschwitz-Birkenau (Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945), Danuta Czech informs us of something that she curiously "for- got" to mention in the first edition, issued in six parts:30 the existence of the highly important registry of the names of persons whose corpses were placed in the morgue (Leichenhalle = corpse hall) of crematory I between October 7, 1941, and August 31, 1943 (Kalendarium, 1989, p. 10 and passim). Even if some of those dead may, in the early days of the camp's existence, have been buried and not cremated, in this we indeed have a document that should give
For comparison, one may first consult the American edition, which is relatively honest (The Auschwitz Album, New York, Random House, 1981, xxxiii-167 p.), then the Pressacian edi- tion, which is remarkably dishonest (L Album d Auschwitz, French edition, compiled and completed by Anne Freyer and Jean-Claude Pressac, editions du Seuil, 1983, 224 p.); cf. RHR no. 3, Annex 3: "Les Tricheries de Pressac dans L Album d Auschwitz," p. 149-152. The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex, Washington, CIA, February 1979, 19 p.
Hefte von Auschwitz no. 2 in 1959, no. 3 in 1960, no. 4 in 1961, no. 6 in 1962, nos. 7 and 8 in 1964, no. 10 in 1967.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 11
an idea of the real number, not simply a theoretical number, of cremations car- ried out.
Many other documents concerning the cremation of the dead are ignored by Pressac: for instance, the death notices specifying that there had been a cremation, telegrams or telexes announcing a death, certificates of the dis- patching of funerary urns, the reports stating the total number of corpses in- cinerated or of those stored in the morgues.31
The myth holding that those slated for gassing were simply not registered could not rightly discharge Pressac from having to provide us with the infor- mation in question in a book entitled Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz.
3.7. Other Documents Passed over in Silence
Other documents are passed over in silence, for example those concerning requests for allocations of wood, coal and coke and the delivery to the crema- tories of any kind of fuel, not to mention the documents that prove that the ov- ens could not operate 24 hours a day.32
3.8. Other Silences
I shall not go over again here what, in my report on his previous work, I detailed under the titles "Trois petits secrets de J.-C. Pressac" (Three little se- crets of J.-C. Pressac)33 and "Omissions deliberees" (Deliberate Omissions).34 A whole chapter could be written on the variations of the Pressac thesis in the last eleven years, which include some 180° turnabouts in his considerations on Auschwitz. Pressac casts a veil over these episodes, and, in particular, on his own attempt to incinerate the body of a rabbit in a hole in his back garden to see whether any credence should be lent to the accounts of the Germans' burn-
Cf. for example, for Buchenwald, the death notice (Totenmeldung) reproduced by Reimund Schnabel, Maeht ohne Moral, Frankfurt, Rodenberg-Verlag, 1957, p. 346. Cf. the instructions for use reproduced in J.-C. Pressac, A.T.O., p. 136. RHRno. 3, p. 134-135.
Ibid., p. 137-140. It is significant that Pressac does not breathe a word of the abundant revi- sionist bibliography. He does not cite the fundamental work of American professor Arthur Robert Butz, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century, which has been republished a number of times since 1976 by the Institute for Historical Review (now available from Theses & Dis- sertations Press, Chicago; editor's remark). He does not mention the opus magnum of Cana- dian barrister Barbara Kulaszka, Did Six Million Really Die? Report of the Evidence in the Canadian "False News" Trial of Ernst Ziindel - 1988, (with a preface by Robert Faurisson; Toronto, Samisdat Publishers [206 Carlton Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5A-2L1], 1992, 564 pages, 28 x 21 cm.). He pretends to be unaware of the erudite studies by the Italian Carlo Mattogno, the Spaniard Enrique Aynat, and the Americans Mark Weber and Paul Grubach, who have reduced to nothing his 1989 book in English, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers.
78 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
ing thousands of corpses in "incineration ditches." The experiment proved un- successful, despite repeated efforts. The author had concluded that it was im- possible, what with the relative lack of oxygen, to incinerate corpses in the bottom of a ditch, especially at Auschwitz where, as I have already noted, the water table rose almost to ground level. As we shall see below, this does not stop him from asserting in his book that at Auschwitz the Germans sometimes burned their victims in "incineration pits"; they even threw them alive "into the burning ditches" (p. 91)!
Not content to pass over in silence so many realities and so many docu- ments of such great importance, Pressac has used other means to hide the truth about Auschwitz: he has employed expedients that are standard for the area under discussion, along with some of his own making.
4. Expedients that Pressac Borrows from other Historians
Whether one considers the obvious facts that Pressac has not been able to ignore or the realities that he never mentions, all leads to the conclusion that no trace is to be found at Auschwitz and Birkenau either of genocide or of homicidal gas chambers. For someone who is set on defending the extermina- tionist case nevertheless, only one solution remains: subterfuge. And our im- provised historian adopts just that: he follows the example of some illustrious predecessors in using the expedients customary of Leon Poliakov, Georges Wellers, Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Raul Hilberg and Christopher Browning or, for that matter, a certain French law court.35 There are at least four such expedi- ents: the unsubstantiated assertion, the recourse to unverified testimony, the deciphering of an alleged code and, finally, the grouping together not of evi- dence, but of a mixed bundle of scraps of evidence, of traces of "slips" and "bungles" that the SS are said to have inadvertently left behind.
4. 1 . Unsubstantiated Assertion
In his 1989 book, Pressac had brought up at least five times "Himmler's order of November 26, 1944, to destroy the Birkenau Krematorien II and III," "together with the order to stop the gassings," "thus making the end of the gassings official."36 In my review of it I wrote:37
"Our autodidact merely repeats here, without verifying them, the
statements of some eminent Jewish authors (with variations on the dates). "
35 36 37
Cf. RHR no. 3, p. 204-205., and RHR no. 4, p. 192-193. J.-C. Pressac, op. cit., p. 115, 313, 464, 501, 533. RHR no. 3, p. 83-84.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 79
What does the autodidact do now, in his new book? He writes: "In late No- vember [1944], on a verbal order of Himmler, the homicidal gassings were stopped" (p. 93), but, of course, he offers no evidence of the existence of that order, now presented as "verbal" and whose date has suddenly become impre- cise. Just as arbitrarily, he writes that on July 17,1 942, Himmler "witnessed a homicidal gassing at Birkenau" (p. 115). Unruffled, he then declares that the physical extermination of the Jews:
"was decided on by the SS authorities in Berlin [which ones?] only from
May/ June 1942, and was subsequently [when, exactly?] made technically
concrete by the SS construction office at Auschwitz and the engineers of
the firm J. A. Topfund Sohne of Erfurt. " (p. 2)
He dispenses with citing any evidence or testimony when writing that hu- man beings were gassed in Bunker 2 (p. 42), that "on July 4th, a convoy of Slovakian Jews were 'selected' [it being understood that some in the convoy were gassed] for the first time" (p. 43), that "in November 1942 the SS men of the construction office resolved to fit out the crematories with homicidal gas chambers" (p. 66), that ventilation specialist Karl Schultze was "given the low-down [sic] by Priifer on the particular purpose of the ventilation system of morgue 1 [of crematory II]" (p. 71). By "particular purpose" Pressac means that it was a business of homicidal gassings. In the same way, he affirms that "the SS were able to annihilate up to 300,000 people in 70 days" (p. 148), that two foremen climbing down from scaffolding or a roof "told foremen from other firms of the yellow and violet flames that discolored [!] the sylvan green of the forbidden zone" (p. 58), and that "towards the end of October 1942 the idea, obvious enough, of transferring the 'gaseous activity' [sic] of Bunkers 1 and 2 [to a crematory] was applied" (p. 60).
Staying within the routine of unsubstantiated assertions, he adopts as his own the most conventional of the lies of anti-German propaganda: the tale of the alleged gas chamber at Dachau that "happily, was never put into opera- tion" (p. 68).
A full list of the assertions of this kind, which Pressac never takes the trou- ble to back up either with a piece of evidence or even a testimony, would be a long one. The relative brevity of his book should not excuse such an absence of evidence, testimonies and exact source references for assertions or, rather, accusations of such gravity.
4.2. Recourse to Unverified Testimonies
Hastening to forget the promise made in his preface, he has recourse to tes- timonies all throughout his book. For example, those of SS men Pery Broad and Rudolf Hoss, of detainees Henryk Tauber and David Olere and other wit- nesses whose names he avoids giving: in these last instances he makes refer- ence to the Kalendarium of Danuta Czech, who, herself, used testimonies.
80 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
It takes a certain audacity indeed to bring up the testimony of SS man Pery Broad, manipulating it in the process (p. 18).38 In 1989 Pressac said of this written testimony that it "raises problems," and that "the form and tone of his declaration sound false"; he added that, in the form in which we know it, it was "visibly colored by a rather too flagrant Polish patriotism," that its origi- nal manuscript "is not known" and that, in his own opinion, "[Broad's] decla- ration has been 'slightly' reworked by the Poles."39
The testimony of SS man Rudolf Hoss, which Pressac very often brings into play (cf. his name in the index of Crematoires d "Auschwitz), is totally discredited today. In 1989 Pressac himself stated that the "involuntary errors found throughout his autobiography" had an explanation: "He was present, without seeing,"40 an observation which, concerning a man presented as an "eye-witness," is unexpected. In 1993 he executes his own witness in the lengthy note 132 (p. 102-103), where he uses the following words with regard to Hoss: "sizeable improbability," "plain anachronism," "chronological er- rors," "imaginary visit," "death-counts [...] regularly multiplied by two or three." He concludes: "Despite his essential role in the 'Final Solution,' Hoss can now no longer be considered a reliable witness with respect to the dates and numbers."
On the subject of the Jewish cobbler Henryk Tauber (notes 203 and 223), in 1989 Pressac listed his grave "mistakes," contradictions and "contestable points," concluding that he had never, in fact, been witness to homicidal gas- sings. He explained that, Tauber allowed himself some formidable exaggera- tions and a "type of imposed falsehood [that] has to be excused, I stress, be- cause of the political climate of the period 1945-1 950. "41
As for David Olere, Pressac presents the man's Indian ink drawings as "documents" (cf. docs. 30 - erroneously labeled 33 -, 31, 32, 35). However, in 1989, he deemed that this witness suffered from "Krematorium delirium."42
One may compare the text to which Pressac refers in his note 55 with the text of Pery Broad's "declaration" in Auschwitz vu par les SS, State Museum of Auschwitz, 1974, p. 166 (Engl.: Jadwiga Bezwinska, Danuta Czech (eds.), KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS, H. Fertig, New York 1984). Pressac has avoided all the points that prove that it is false testimony, es- pecially Broad's mention, in the passage cited, of "six holes for aerage {sic, for aeration) closed with lids"!
J.-C. Pressac, op. cit., p. 128. Even P. Vidal-Naquet, protector of the one whom he calls the "suburban pharmacist," concedes: "In the documentation on Auschwitz there are witness statements that give the impression that they have adopted the language of the victors. This is the case, for example, with the SS-man Pery Broad [...]" (Les Assassins de la memoire, La Decouverte, 1987, p. 45). J.-C. Pressac, ibid. Ibid, p. 483-484,489,494. Ibid, p. 556.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 81
In fact, his drawings are of a grotesque lyricism. Pressac commented on one of them as follows:43
"Whether the picture is entirely imaginary or is based on what the art- ist actually saw, this is the only one showing a homicidal gassing. " It could be seen that, in this picture or drawing, the pellets of Zyklon B spread themselves about from a can lying on the floor of the "gas chamber," a detail that conflicts with Pressac' s argument holding that the pellets were brought in from outside through a "grilled duct for the pouring in of Zyklon B" (doc. 31: drawing by David Olere).
As for the other testimonies, of which neither the source nor the name of the witness is indicated, Pressac in his new book mentions them in footnotes, which all give Danuta Czech's Kalendarium as reference. However, according to him, this Kalendarium, its author and the testimonies quoted have little value as references. In effect he writes:
"In retaining without explanation certain testimonies at the expense of others and in giving the testimonies priority over documents, Danuta Czech has produced a book that exposes itself to the attacks of critics. This particular historical orientation persists in the third and newest version of Czech's Calendar [...], now published in Polish and not yet utilizing the store of Bauleitung documents in the central archives of Moscow, strongly diminishing the veracity of this fundamental work, established, unfortu- nately, with a viewpoint a bit too tinted in the tense political context of the '60s. "(note 107)
If that is the case, why should the author have referred regularly to a source that he considers so questionable?
The reader will be surprised to note that in 1993 Pressac no longer even mentions two testimonies of which he made the greatest use four years ago in his book in English:7 those of Nyiszli (the presumed author of the best-seller Medecin a Auschwitz) and Filip Midler (presumed author of the best-seller and LICPvA Prize winner Trois ans dans une chambre a gaz d' Auschwitz). Could this mean that he has been able to learn something from my remarks on his abuses of their testimonies?44
Without daring to mention F. Miiller by name, he uses his testimony in a furtive manner. Let us recall the episode of the "incineration ditches":
"Towards the end of the summer, with Zyklon B lacking, those from the convoys who were unfit for work, who were still sent to Auschwitz, were thrown directly into the burning ditches of crematory V and Bunker 2. - n. 293. " (p. 91) Note 293 refers us to the following text:
43 Ibid, p. 258.
Cf. RHR no. 3, p. 126-130, "Drolerie [involontaire] de Pressac a propos de M. Nyiszli," and p. 123.
82 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
"Hermann Langbein, Der Auschwitz-Prozess, eine Dokumentation,
Band I, Europa Verlag, Vienna, 1965, p. 88. "
If one opens that book at the page indicated (in fact, p. 88-89), one will discover that this testimony on victims thrown alive into the incineration ditches comes from F. Mtiller, who added details that Pressac has preferred to wipe away: the ditches were 2.5 meters deep - a fact which, apart from de- creasing the availability of oxygen for combustion, would have made any burning impossible, what with the water-soaked character of the ground - and. . . the fat dripping from the corpses was scooped up and poured over them to speed up the incineration!
4.3. Deciphering the Code
Many historians have affirmed that the Germans used a "code" to designate their alleged policy of extermination of the Jews. To that assertion, those his- torians added another: they claimed to possess the key to the code. Conse- quently, their work consisted in "decoding," i.e. to find in the documents what they themselves had just put there. And one has to admit that they decoded a lot. In 1989 Pressac denounced the "myth of the 'Tarnung I camouflage,'" the "coding" or secret language.45
In 1993, he is to be found indulging in the very custom that he once con- demned. In his turn, he decodes in abundance. According to him, "final solu- tion" of the Jewish problem ended up meaning liquidation of the Jews (con- text of page 29) and "special commando" {Sonderkommando) designated a squad of Jews assigned the task of carrying the corpses of the gassed to the cremation ditches (p. 43). For Pressac today, the expressions "special treat- ment" (Sonderbehandlung) or "transfer of the Jewish population" disguised the meaning "liquidation by gas of unfit Jews at Birkenau" (p. 46). The ex- pressions "special actions" or "treated" had the same horrible implication (p. 64, 77).
But, sometimes, Pressac falls prey to doubt. So it is that he admits that the expression "special action" could merely have the meaning of a police inter- vention or mobilization in the Auschwitz camp on the occasion of a spontane- ous strike by the civilian workers (p. 63), whereas "special measures" could merely designate some sanitary measures (p. 82 and note 256).
On "special treatment" (Sonderbehandlung), he ought to read more atten- tively what he himself cites. When he tells us that an official of the camp re- quested a grant of 60,000 marks to build "four barracks for the special treat- ment of the inmates at Birkenau" (p. 46), the fact is that the purpose, as the text clearly says, was to house inmates in barracks and not to send newly ar- rived detainees into gas chambers.
45 J.-C. Pressac, A.T.O., p. 247, 556.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 83
4.4. The "Slips" and "Bungles" of the SS
The author calls a "criminal slip" "any indication noted in any document (writing, drawing, photo) relative to an abnormal use of the crematories and which can only be explained by the massive gassing of human beings" (p. 60). Sometimes, instead of "slip" (bavure) he employs the word "bungle" (bevue).
It seems that, in practice, this definition amounts to saying that, if Pressac - and no one else - finds a detail concerning the use of the crematories (of the cremation ovens?) that he, a pharmacist, considers abnormal, and that he, a pharmacist, cannot understand, then one must conclude that it is the clue to an enormous crime. When one reflects how even the most knowledgeable man of science can remain perplexed by a problem concerning his own field and when one recalls that the beginning of wisdom consists, when one does not know, in not talking, one can only admire here the pharmacist's artlessness and presumption. The author should remember his own experience. In his 1989 book, he devoted a whole chapter (number 8 of part two) to... thirty- nine '"criminal traces' or 'slips.'" Today he has apparently retained only five or six of those "slips," a fact that would indicate he has now managed to un- derstand thirty or so innocuous details which, four years ago, seemed to him to constitute clues to an abominable crime. In my review of 1990 I discussed those thirty-nine "slips"46 and can only refer my reader to that text. Here I shall revisit only some of them and comment on the new "slips" that Pressac claims to have discovered.
4.4.1. The "Disappearance" of the Corpse Slide (pp. 64f)
By no means did this slide disappear to make way for stairs by which the designated victims would have had access, on foot, to the "changing room" on the way to the "gas chamber." If the slide does not appear in a partial plan dated December 19, 1942, it is most likely for the simple reason that, since the architect's drawing concerned only a stairway leading to the street, there was no reason, here, to represent that slide which, in any case, appeared nine months later in a drawing of September 24, 1943.47 Still today the remains of this inclined surface (Rutsche) are visible in the ruins of crematory III; it was the route by which a cart transported a corpse or corpses. In 1989 Pressac said as much himself and presented a photograph of those remains!48 As for the narrow stairway of the alleged "changing room," it obviously would not have sufficed for the entry of veritable throngs of humanity.
46 RHR no. 3, p. 89-104.
J.-C. Pressac, op. cit., p. 327. 48 Ihrd n S44-54<5
j.-i^. .rics&fciL, up.
Ibid., p. 544-545
84 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
4.4.2. Vergasungskeller (p. 69)
Since the plans available to us are so imprecise, no one is able to situate this Vergasungskeller (gassing cellar?) and thus to determine its exact nature. It could have been a basement room where disinfection gear was stored: cans of Zyklon, gas masks, filtered detectors, sheets for laying out Zyklon pellets, tools for opening the cans, etc. But other purposes are possible.49
4.4.3. A Gas-Tight Door and Fourteen (Fake) Showers (p. 80)
I refer to my review, in which I discussed the banal character of the pres- ence, in a crematory, of gas-tight doors and showers.50 Let us note, besides, that in the German document there is no mention of fourteen (fake) showers, but of fourteen real shower-heads.
4.4.4. The Heating of the "Gas Chamber" (p. 73)
I refer to my review51 and add that, in any case, the suggestion of installing a heating system was abandoned several days after it was made, as Pressac himself says (p. 77). Consequently, there is no point in discussing this any fur- ther.
4.4.5. The Means for Inserting Zyklon B (p. 79)
I refer to my review.52 1 repeat that, as can be noted still today, the roof of the alleged gas chamber has no opening, no such means. Moreover, the Italian revisionist Carlo Mattogno has rightly alerted me to a translation error made by Pressac: Drahtnetzeinschiebvorrichtung implies an implement for "insert- ing" {einschieben) and not for "pouring." It is possible that this German word designates the steel latticework set in the concrete, which enabled the insertion or installation of something or other.
4.4.6. The Wooden Ventilating Fan (pp. 70f and doc. 26)
Nothing is so ordinary as a wooden ventilating fan. Pressac explains that this fan was made of wood because a metallic one would have been corroded by the gas drawn from the "gas chamber." Six pages further on (p. 77), he says that the SS, a few days later, decided to "replace the wooden ventilating fan for airing out the gas chamber with a metallic one." This is an explanation invented by Pressac for the needs of his case: the SS considered that Schultze had "exaggerated the danger of corrosion." This story of the ventilating fan is, let it be said in passing, characteristic of Pressac: hot air, incoherence and in-
49 Cf.RHRno. 3, p. 100-103.
50 Cf.RHRno. 3, p. 95-99.
51 RHR no. 3, p. 104.
52 RHRno. 3, p. 99-100.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 85
competent SS men in whose minds he invites the reader to detect a line of rea- soning which, in fact, he himself has made up out of nothing.
4.4.7. The "Normal" and "Abnormal" Gas Chambers (p. 89)
A confused passage deals with the "extraordinary slip" that an ordinary ci- vilian employee supposedly made in writing a letter to the "Testa" firm, dis- tributors of Zyklon B. This "slip," says Pressac, consisted in using the term "normal gas chamber," and "Testa," he says, used the same expression in its reply. Pressac deduces from this that there must have existed "abnormal" gas chambers, i.e. homicidal ones! He does not reproduce the text of this corre- spondence, but gives us a rather confused summary from which it seems to emerge that, quite simply, the "normal" gas chambers were those designed to function with Zyklon B and the "abnormal" gas chambers were those which, designed to function with Zyklon B, were later to undergo "an adaptation of equipment" in order to function with another product, Areginal, due to the shortage of Zyklon B in May 1944.
4.4.8. The Ten Hydrogen Cyanide Gas Detectors (p. 71-72)
With the hydrogen cyanide gas detectors we leave the sphere of "slip" and "bungles," of "criminal traces" and "beginnings of evidence" to discover, fi- nally, "definitive evidence" and even "the definitive evidence."
Of what, exactly?
Of the "existence of a homicidal gas chamber in crematory II" (p. 72). The reader is astonished to see the immense edifice of the gravest accusation brought against the German people thus built on a simple business letter.
On March 2, 1943, the firm Topf und Sonne of Erfurt sent a letter to the central construction office at Auschwitz concerning an order for ten hydrogen cyanide gas detectors for crematory II. There is nothing odd in that. The letter is commercial, with nothing secretive about it. It reads quite plainly Gasprti- fer/Krematorium (gas detectors/crematory). The instruments were called An- zeigegerdte fur Blausdure Reste (hydrogen cyanide trace detectors). These are what I called the "residual gas detection equipment" in my Memoire en de- fense... ,53 an expression which, on that occasion, was the translation of Gas- restnachweisgerdt. 54 This equipment could be found wherever the gassing (Vergasung) gear was stored and wherever disinfections with Zyklon B were carried out. What with the ravages effected by typhus at Auschwitz and the accumulation of corpses of epidemic victims in the crematories, operations to
Memoire en defense contre ceux qui m'accusent de falsifier I'histoire, La Vieille Taupe, 1980, p. 171.
See below, in the appendix, the text of document NI-9912 concerning the use of Zyklon B; this "residual gas detection" was such an ordinary necessity of disinfection gassings that it is mentioned six times therein.
86 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
disinfect those places were sometimes necessary and the use of these detec- tors, made of sensitive paper, was normal. Since 192255 and up to today, Zyk- lon has been used to disinfect dwellings, silos, libraries, ships etc.
In some of these deceptive expedients that Pressac borrows from the histo- rians, one can often detect a large dose either of ignorance or of bad faith, but, as will be seen, the apothecary uses deceits of his own devising.
5. Deceits that are Pressac' s own
I have proved more than once in the past that Pressac has no qualms about resorting to trickery. As I have mentioned above (n. 22), one of the appendices to my review of his book in English bore the title "Les Tricheries de Pressac dans L' Album d Auschwitz" (Pressac's Cheatings...). In that article I particu- larly recalled two glaring examples of fraud; in the first case, a plan of Birke- nau was deformed: Pressac had cut out part of a road to have his readers be- lieve that the Jews who took that way could only end up at the crematories. In the other case, the cataloguing of the photographs' origins, their layout and the titles of the various sections had been fraudulently manipulated on a large scale.
In Les Crematoires d Auschwitz Pressac makes a sort of confession on these two points: on the map on page 48 he discreetly restores the roadway that I had rebuked him for removing; as for the manipulated photographs, they have all disappeared, including the one that he showed last in his 1983 edition of L Album d Auschwitz, presenting it as striking evidence of the existence of a homicidal gas chamber.
5.1. Improper Insertions
With Pressac the most common hoaxing consists in the insertion, in an al- together inoffensive set of words, of one or several words that alter the charac- ter of that set, making it imply the perpetration of a ghastly act by the Ger- mans.
As we have seen, where one document (p. 80) mentions "fourteen show- ers" [or: showerheads], the author speaks of "fourteen (false) showers." In slipping in the word "false," in parentheses, he distorts the sense of the docu- ment that he cites and insinuates that we are in the presence of a real homi- cidal gas chamber equipped with false showerheads to fool the victims.
Here is a set of three sentences concerning a visit by Himmler to Birkenau:
Law promulgated on July 17, 1922, by the Ministry for Food and Agriculture (Reichsgesetz- blatt, Jahrgang 1922, p. 630-631).
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 87
"Next, he visited all the areas of interest of the camp and Birkenau (document 19). Then, he witnessed the sorting of a convoy of Dutch Jews and the gassing of the unfit ones in Bunker 2. Finally he toured the 'Buna ' [works] at Monowitz, which at the time were nothing but a huge building site. - n. 142. " (p. 44)
The first sentence, properly referenced, relates a fact. The third sentence, also properly referenced, relates another fact. But the sentence inserted be- tween those two relates a fictitious event. The episode of the sorting and the gassing, which Himmler supposedly witnessed, has been invented but, in- serted between two proved facts, it acquires all the appearances of a proved fact.
5.2. Marrying a Big Lie to a Small Truth
Sometimes the big lie comes at the start and the small (and referenced) fact follows close behind. Such is the case in the passage:
"The victims, numbering between 550 and 850, were incinerated in the two double-chamber ovens of the crematory in one or two weeks of inten- sive labor which caused damage to the second oven. - n. 108. " (p. 34) On turning to the referenced document - whose text is not given - one dis- covers that the only truth contained in the passage is that a certain oven was damaged on a certain day.
Sometimes, also, the little facts precede the big lies. That is the case in the following passage concerning Dr. Wirths, head physician of the camp:
"[In his report on the insufficiency of delousing gear] he expected a re- turn of typhus if 'special measures' (Sondermassnahmen) to improve the sanitary situation were not taken quickly. He held that it was pointless to require SS doctors to make the selection amongst the new arrivals, if those fit for work were being mown down by typhus just afterwards, and that sending the lot of them off to the gas once they got off the train would avoid that waste. " (p. 82)
Here, the big lie is contained in the words: "and that sending the lot of them off to the gas once they got off the train would avoid that waste." The re- sult is that a head physician preoccupied with the sanitary situation in the camp, as Dr.Wirths might well be, is presented by Pressac as a man who "knew" that Auschwitz had homicidal gas chambers.
This manner of marrying the true and the false would obviously allow someone to write that, one day or other, at the Berghof, Adolf Hitler decided on the extermination of the Jews, then received such or such Third Reich dig- nitary for tea, or that just before that afternoon tea, he had taken the decision of the genocide of the Jews. A note would provide a source that, on inspec- tion, would establish only the reality of that afternoon tea. In these two forms the hoaxing would risk a quick exposure but, in the forms adopted by Pressac
88 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
for his inventions about Himmler, Hoss or the SS at Auschwitz, it is simply less blatant.
5.3. Tampering with Plans and Maps
A good number of the plans drawn by Pressac are the result of tampering. The plan of Birkenau on page 48 is an illustration of this practice. Near the zone of the crematories there was a large, rectangular-shaped space, desig- nated "B II f ' on the plans. The part on the left was covered by a playing field and that on the right by a men's hospital. The playing field and the hospital were for the inmates, Jews and non-Jews alike. Their existence was altogether normal. Between that playing field and the yard beside crematory III there was only a line of demarcation marked by simple barbed-wire fence, which did not at all conceal the crematory from the players' or spectators' view. But, for the exterminationist case, the presence of a playing field and a hospital, both for the inmates of a so-called "extermination camp," is hard to admit. In particu- lar, how can it be explained that the SS would permit crowds of internees to have a direct view of a crematory whose activities were allegedly ultra-secret and near which, we are told, thousands of victims gathered every day?
Unable to conceal the existence of the hospital, too well known today, Pressac has found a way to make the burdensome playing field, with its view of a crematory, disappear. In his map on page 48 he proceeds as follows: on the right-hand part of the area, where the hospital was, he has decided to write nothing at all, leaving a blank caption; but in a caption on the left-hand part, where he should have written "playing field," he has put the words, "B II f: camp hopital."56 A pitiful bit of trickery.
Other drawings contain their own hoaxes, like the one on page 90 in which the author has put the words "gas chamber" (for killing) where nothing of the sort appeared in the original plans.
5.4. Deceptive Wording even in the Titles
Pressac' s practice of tacking a truth onto a lie or a lie onto a truth is so regular that it can be noted in the titles of some chapters, and even in the body of words formed by the title and subheading of his book.
Chapter VI is entitled: "Le Contrat Mogilew et le Premier Gazage Homi- cide a Auschwitz" (The Mogilev contract and the first homicidal gassing at Auschwitz) (p. 31), whilst the following chapter bears the title: "Le Debut du
56 There is an exact representation of Sector B II f in Hefte von Auschwitz, no. 15, Verlag Staat- liches Auschwitz-Museum, 1975 (plates between pages 56 and 57). The playing field is called Sportplatz and the hospital area is called Krankenbaulager fur Manner; there were several other hospital areas.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 89
Meurtre de Masse des Juifs et l'Epidemie de Typhus" (The Beginning of the mass murder of Jews and the typhus epidemic) (p. 41). As will be seen, in the former instance the truth precedes the lie and in the latter the lie is followed by the truth. In the first title, in effect, a real contract (the "Mogilev contract") concerning cremation ovens is used to lend credibility to the lie of the execu- tion gas chambers of Auschwitz and, in the second, the lie of the execution gas chambers of Auschwitz is propped up by the reality of the typhus epidem- ics that ravaged the camp. Let us add that here Pressac exploits, in his custom- ary way, the confusion already existing in the minds of too many readers be- tween cremation ovens and the "gas chambers," as well as between the corpses of typhus victims and those of the "gassed."
As for the body of words formed by the title and subheading of his book, it illustrates just this type of deceit: in Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz. La Ma- chinerie du meurtre de masse, the title is true and the subheading is a lie. Play- ing on the reader's confusion of "crematories" with "murder," Pressac has loaded the dice.
5.5. Substitution of "(Homicidal) Gas Chamber" for "Morgue"
The author's most frequently used deception consists in substituting the expression "gas chamber(s)" for "morgue(s)"; he does so whenever the oppor- tunity arises. For example, he writes:
"On March 10 [1943], Schultze and Messing tested the inflow and out- flow of the ventilation systems of the crematory II gas chamber for sixteen hours. Apparently, the installation was not yet correct, for Messing worked there another eleven hours on the II' and another fifteen hours on the 13' -n. 227. "(p. 73)
Note 227 makes reference to a document whose text is not provided; this document reveals that the work of the two men was obviously not done in a homicidal gas chamber but in a morgue that Pressac has decided to christen "homicidal gas chamber." He dares to add: "There were tests carried out with the insertion beforehand of Zyklon B." If he does not support this assertion with a reference to any source, it is because the proximity of note 227 suffices to lend an appearance of seriousness to a pure invention.
5.6. Substitution of "(Homicidal) Gas Chamber" for
"Disinfection Chamber"
Another form of deceit consists in citing documents on the disinfection gas chambers and letting the reader believe that it must be a question of homicidal gas chambers. On the subject of a certain foreman, he writes:
90 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
"In his daily work report, he noted: Install gas-tight windows. ' On March 2, having to lay a concrete floor in the area where the gas-tight windows had been installed, he wrote: 'Concrete floor to be laid in gas chamber. ' — n. 233. " (p. 76)
As is often the case with Pressac, the reference note is there only to im- press and gives no source text. It takes an expert to look, for example, in the registry of the Auschwitz locksmiths' workshop (Schlosserei) to realise that here it is merely a matter of a disinfection gas chamber. The Pole Jan Sehn, investigating magistrate in the Rudolf Hoss case, had compiled extracts from this registry. Quite unwittingly, in copying a document labeled "no. 459 of May 28, 1943," he shows us that the Germans of Auschwitz called this type of gas chamber Entwesungskammer (delousing chamber) or, more simply, Gaskammer (gas chamber). In effect, the document in question reads:
"Entwesungskammer K.L. Auschwitz [...]. 1. Die Beschldge zu 1 Tiir mit Rahmen, luftdicht mit Spionfiir gaskammer [sic]. " (delousing chamber for Auschwitz concentration camp [...]. Fittings for 1 door with frame, air- tight, with spy-hole for gas chamber).
In 1989 Pressac announced, for once quite honestly, that he had discovered the inscription "GASKAMMER" (GAS CHAMBER) just above the words "WASCH- und BRAUSEBAD" (WASH and SHOWER-ROOM) in a Birke- nau disinfection barracks and added:57
"The association of showers and gas chambers could have became [sic]
showers are gas chambers, in the minds of prisoners. Possible. "
In his 1 993 book, far from seeking to dispel that confusion in the minds of
his readers, he maintains it by means of a deception that consists in inducing
them to believe - without expressly saying so - that, when the Germans used
the phrase "gas chamber," they meant quite bluntly: homicidal gas chamber.
5.7. Documents with no Bearing on the Elements to Be Proved
With regard to the alleged "incineration ditches" (which are, let us recall, a physical impossibility, especially in the marshy ground of Birkenau), Pressac writes:
"The capacity of [crematory] V's oven was rapidly exceeded and small ditches were dug beside its gas chambers, in which to incinerate the vic- tims in the open air (document 57). " (p. 90)
Document 57 neither proves nor even illustrates anything of the kind. It is a photograph that has been peddled by books and articles on the "extermina- tion of the Jews" for nearly half a century. This photograph often passes for an attestation to the reality not of incineration ditches but rather of homicidal gassings. It cannot be established either when, where or by whom it was
57 J.-C. Pressac, A.T.O., p. 549.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 91
taken. It shows some civilians amidst what seems to be a scattered set of na- ked corpses lying on the ground; in the distance rise plumes of smoke that is light-colored, as if emanating, not from corpses, but from tree branches (per- haps, if the photograph is genuine, this is the smoke of a fire meant to offset the smell and repel insects). In any case, no ditches are to be seen.
5.8. Use of Fictitious References
With Pressac another form of deceit consists in attributing the status of ad- judicated and established fact to what he personally has just invented. Instead of writing: "I have changed my mind and at present think that...," he will write: "At present it is thought that. ..."
In 1989 he stated with assurance that the first homicidal gassing at Ausch- witz had taken place exactly on September 3, 1941.58
Four years later, in the present work, he prefers to write:
"Nowadays, the carrying out of the first homicidal gassing is situated
somewhere in the period between the 5' [of December] and the end of De- cember [1941]." (p. 34)
He does not substantiate the new dating any more than he substantiated the old one. He ascribes to nameless persons, who are in fact nonexistent, a per- sonal change of opinion that he finds painful to admit. By this means, he cheaply gets out of having to tell us why he has changed his mind and why he is, this time, much more vague. I am inclined to believe Carlo Mattogno who, in an unpublished article on the Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz, reveals how, in 1992, he showed Pressac that the first Auschwitz gassing could not have taken place, especially not on September 3, 1941.59
Using the same subterfuge, Pressac further writes:
"Today it is reckoned that very few homicidal gassings took place in
this crematory [I], but that their numbers were magnified because they so
impressed the direct or indirect witnesses. " (p. 34)
Behind this "it is reckoned," which implies some number, hides the "I reckon" of a lone reckoner.
In 1989, Pressac set the number of homicidal gassings at crematory I at 1 0,000. 60 Today, he estimates these gassings to have been "very few," giving no particulars. Here again, he has changed his opinion without saying why and, here again, he has taken refuge in vagueness.
While we are at it, we shall relish the explanation, not to say the justifica- tion, of the lie: Direct witnesses (which ones?) or indirect witnesses (what
58 Ibid, p. 132.
59 Cf. Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: la prima gasazione, Padua, Edizioni di Ar, 1992; Engl.: Auschwitz: The First Gassing, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2005.
60 J.-C. Pressac, A.T.O., p. 132.
92 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
does "indirect" mean?) got such an intense impression from the gassings that they "magnified" their number.
This phrase "very few homicidal gassings" brings to mind the prevarica- tion of the assistant curator of the Museum of Majdanek who, when she was questioned by Pressac on the subject of a gas chamber in that camp, replied that "that gas chamber had been used very little, but really very little," which, our man subtly adds, meant that it had "not been used at all."61
5.9. A Deliberately Maintained Confusion
The author is confused by nature. But he plays on his own mental confu- sion in order to throw his readers off track, cloud their minds with all sorts of incoherence and dupe them. He piles it on, like the ass that behaves like an ass because doing so serves its purpose. Whole pages, such as those that he de- votes to "the first clear 'criminal slip'" (sic), ought to be particularly clear be- cause, after all, they deal with an event of the greatest importance (p. 60-61); however, they seem to be irredeemably confused by design. Elsewhere, simple sentences like "These official figures are mendacious propaganda and yet are valid nonetheless" (p. 80) allow their author to escape all responsibility and find refuge in equivocation.
The top of page 47 provides the example of confusion that, it seems, can only be deliberate. Here, Pressac describes the "clever bit" thought up by the SS at Auschwitz to conceal from Berlin the fact that they did not have typhus under control. With it, the SS men involved decided to "blame the Jews," i.e., explain that their extermination enterprise had used up "frightful quantities of gas [normally] employed" for disinfection! Whereas, according to Pressac, they devoted 97% or 98% of the gas to the gassing of lice and 2% or 3% to the gassing of Jews (the apothecary does not say where he went to get these fig- ures), the SS men therefore decided to "have [Berlin] believe that most of the Zyklon B delivered was used for the homicidal gassings in Bunkers 1 and 2"; but, in Berlin, the SS authorities were unaware of the methods of the "treat- ment" of the Jews; however, they knew its "aim"! The passage could hardly be more muddled.
The rest of the account is not any clearer or more coherent. From our au- thor's point of view, such a hodgepodge presents the advantage of speaking to us about the gassing myth whilst leaving us unable to grasp how the compo- nents of his reasoning relate to one another, thus also unable to make any cri- tique of that reasoning.
J.-C. Pressac, "Les carences et incoherences du 'Rapport Leuchter,'" La Lettre telegraphi- quejuive, December 12, 1988, p. ix.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 93
5.10. The Tightrope Walker and the Hoaxer
Another form of confusion that serves to deceive the reader, when Pressac has mounted an absurd explanation, consists in imputing the absurdity of it to the foolishness of the SS. For example, in an attempt to describe the gassing procedure in crematories IV and V, he is forced, considering the layout of those structures, to invent the story of an SS man who, walking alongside them with a ladder in his arms, would prop said ladder near the various hatches of the various gas chambers and, opening the hatches with one hand, pour in the Zyklon B pellets with the other; the SS man would perform this exercise six times. In 1989,62 we were informed that he climbed the ladder three times at each stop, which meant, we were told, that he had to climb up the ladder eighteen times and down it eighteen times, thirty-six ascents and descents in all; Pressac considered the process "irrational," "ridiculous" and a "balancing act" but, he added, "the camp authorities considered] that a little physical exercise would do the medical orderlies responsible for gassing a world of good." The "task [of the SS-man] was something of a tightrope walker's act," he writes mLes Crematoires d' Auschwitz (p. 76). But the tight- rope walker, in fact, is none other than our hoaxer performing one of his fa- vorite numbers.
5.1 1 . A Concentrate of Deceptions:
the Two Accounts of Homicidal Gassings
Accounts of homicidal gassings should constitute the main part of Pres- sac's new book; however, they take up only an extremely limited space. Part of page 34 relates a homicidal gassing in Block 1 1 and, while the author is at it, a homicidal gassing in crematory I, whereas part of page 74 describes a homicidal gassing in crematory II. And that is all!
To ascertain the number of deceptions here, the reader need only count the instances of two types: on the one hand, the grave assertions that are not ac- companied by any evidence, mention of source or reference and, on the other hand, statements that seem to be supported by evidence, mentions of source and references. Amongst the latter, the reader will be able to verify that he has been tricked every time, for every time there is a reference either to anony- mous testimonies, or to witnesses regarding whom Pressac himself, moreover, admits that one should be wary, or whose names are concealed (in this case, he refers to the Kalendarium), or finally to documents proving only "the small truth" and having no relation to "the big lie." This is what may be observed, on the one hand, in notes 106 to 109 and, on the other hand, in notes 228 to 230, as well as in the references to documents (sic) 30 to 35.
62 J.-C. Pressac, A.T.O., p. 386.
94 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Let us take a document and a note as examples.
"Document" 30 consists of nothing but the photograph of a can of Zyklon B! As for note 228, it states simply, "Kalendarium ..., op. cit., p. 440." How- ever, if the reader takes it into his head to consult said work at the page indi- cated, he will discover that it is from this calendar - of which the author spoke the greatest ill in note 107 - that Pressac draws the fiction of the 1,492 gassing victims (Jews arriving from Krakow); as for Danuta Czech, who made the cal- endar, she borrowed the tale from the inescapable Henryk Tauber who, she points out, admits that he saw nothing because during the gassing the Sonder- kommando to which he belonged had been locked by the Germans in. . . the dissection room of crematory II!
5.12. A Hail Storm of Deceptions
Let us linger for a moment on the story of the gassing of those 1,492 Jews in crematory II.
In addition to the deceptions that I have just enumerated, it is worth noting that Pressac has, on this score, eliminated all the material contingencies that he finds awkward. The SS men cannot have poured the Zyklon B into four openings in the roof for the simple reason that no such openings existed - a fact that can be noted on site still today.
Moreover, Pressac knows very well, from having read the documents that I published in 1980 (in particular, Nuremberg documents NI-9098 and NI- 99 12,53 pertaining to Zyklon B and its use), that the members of the Sonder- kommando could never have entered the gas chamber "after fifteen or twenty minutes" and, working in a space of 210 square meters (30 m x 7 m),64 under- taken the colossal task of shaving off all the victims' hair, pulling out their gold teeth, removing their wedding rings and jewelry, dragging 1,492 corpses to a small hoist and incinerating those corpses in "two days" (p. 74). He knows that hydrogen cyanide gas, the main ingredient of Zyklon B, adheres strongly to surfaces, that airing it out is a long and difficult job (it takes nearly a day of aeration for a room at ground level with windows), that it is absorbed by the hair, skin and mucous and penetrates the body to the point of making the handling of cyanide -poisoned corpses a perilous business (contamination can arise from simple contact). Never could the Sonderkommando have en- tered a sea of hydrogen cyanide gas to remove, huffing and puffing, 1,492 cyanide -poisoned corpses. Even for those wearing a mask with a special filter (the "J" filter), any physical effort in the presence of hydrogen cyanide is
As mentioned above, a translation of Document NI-9912 is given in the appendix of the pre- sent work. It is of fundamental importance in appreciating the degree of danger in using Zyklon B.
The space taken up by seven strong concrete pillars should be subtracted from this area of 210 square meters.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 95
ruled out because exertion brings on accelerated breathing, which will draw the gas through the filter. For all the wind that Pressac's ventilators might blow there, no ventilation system could have got rid, in a few minutes, of the molecules of poison adhering to the floor, the ceiling, the walls and the door, infused in the bodies or kept in gas pockets between the piled-up corpses. On this point, I refer to the technique used in the American gas chambers for exe- cuting a single convict with hydrogen cyanide gas.65
As for the incineration of 1 ,492 corpses in two days in a set of fifteen ov- ens (coke-fuelled and probably operating only 12 hours in 24), Pressac knows that it is impossible, since it would involve almost fifty cremations per day per oven (today, in France, a gas-fuelled and therefore much more efficient cre- matory oven can complete only three to five cremations in an eight-hour day).
And then, in any case, where would they have been able to put the 1,492 corpses of the GASSED awaiting cremation? The author, to whom the ques- tion has been put so often, knows that there is no answer.
But there is another question that comes to mind.
According to Pressac, the four crematories of Birkenau had been turned into slaughterhouses. For example, in crematories II and III, the two rooms meant for the reception and storage of bodies arriving each day had been sur- reptitiously transformed, one into a vestibule or changing room where the Jews undressed (Leichenkeller 2), and the other into a gas chamber where those same Jews were gassed (Leichenkeller 1). If this were so, then abso- lutely no place is to be seen where the Germans might have been able to re- ceive and store the corpses of the one hundred detainees who died, on average, in the camp each day, particularly because of the epidemics that were pre- cisely the reason why those crematories had been planned and built66 (and what is true with regard to crematories II and III holds equally, in other terms, for crematories IV and V).67
The problem is therefore the following:
If the buildings called crematories were, in fact, nothing but slaughter- houses for the reception, killing and incineration of Jews, where, at Birke- nau, could the corpses of those who died of natural causes, and, inparticu-
65 66
S. Thion, op. cit. (note 22), p. 301-309.
The four crematories began operating between March 31 and June 25, 1943; Pressac con- firms that, for the year 1943, the death registries (Sterbebucher) permit an estimate of 100 as the daily mortality of "ungassed" persons (p. 145-146).
With respect to crematories IV and V, Pressac persists in eluding the question that I put to him fifteen years ago: "How can one possibly call homicidal gas chambers the two rooms in these crematories that both contain a coal-fired oven?" Also, the layout of the premises is such that the first thing that the future victims would have seen upon entering these cremato- ries would have been the large space used as a cold room, a room that Pressac would have us believe was used for storing the corpses of the gassed!
96 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
lar, those of the victims of the epidemics that ravaged the camp, be received, stored and incinerated?
In other words: Where were Birkenau's true crematories?
Pressac bridles at the restraints of submission to facts and at the refusal of fantasy and lies that every historian, at least in principle, must impose on him- self He is much more at ease in fiction, particularly that of the novelist.
6. The Ramblings of the Novelist
When examining a study of historical nature, it is not customary to dwell much on its style. A historian lacking grace of expression may rightly enjoy more esteem than another who is known for the elegance of his style. But Pressac is one of a kind. His conception of narrative, his vocabulary, the phrasing of his sentences are without parallel in their carelessness, vulgarity and ungainliness. If I am mistaken, let someone name me a single book of his- tory - or even of fiction - where such a poverty of intellect and so many cli- ches, so many lumbering and dull-witted expressions are displayed as in the extracts that follow. Pressac writes a flat and base prose, especially when he seeks to elevate his style, to adorn it or give it some color.
Here are samples from a "rigorous history" (p. 1), on which I shall refrain from commenting. I simply suggest to the reader that, as he goes through them, he always consider the following question: where in blazes did Pressac, who presents himself to as the discoverer of a "rigorous history," find the evi- dence of all the things he tells us here?
"The conversation turned sour and the SS-man hung up. " (p. 24) "Naumann mustn 't have been a 'normal ' SS-man, for a real SS-man never apologized, whatever his behavior. " (ibid.)
"This call made the engineer extremely happy [...]. But his colleague Shultze was less so. " (ibid.)
"Good news usually comes in pairs. " (p. 25) "Naumann [...] asked humbly [. . .]. " (ibid.)
"It was then that Priifer dropped a clanger, trying to push his luck. Naumann 's refusal had greatly frustrated him. He schemed so well [. . .] " (ibid.)
"[. . .] a certain SS adjutant Heider [...]. " (ibid.)
"A latent battle was begun from that moment [...] to sabotage this im- posed business deal.
[...] thanks to a wise administrative blockage [...] and the unantici- pated help of a fire perhaps caused by an Allied bombing raid [...]■" (ibid.)
"[...] he received a curt response [...]. " (ibid.)
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 97
"[...] without privileged relations with party bigwigs [...] The person- nel of the firm sympathized, for Ludwig, aware of his limits, unlike his ag- gressive, pretentious, morally rigid and married younger brother, was quite affable. " (p. 30)
"Of course, this was a pure lie [...]. " (ibid.)
"But, being beholden to them became a servitude and a mortal snare to Ludwig as the events to follow will show. " (ibid., end of chapter)
"Prufer said no more in the personal — and probably only - letter he wrote to Bischojf. In effect, an incredible request had been submitted to Prufer, which left him panting with hope of commercial success. " (p. 31)
"But Prufer had just fallen again into his regrettable failing: exaggera- tion, [...] ranted and raved, in vain, deeming it useless to turn Kammler against him [...]. " (p. 37)
"The SS men of the political section, fearing for their precious lives [...]" (p. 40)
"Himmler had, in cowardly manner, unloaded an abominable criminal task on Hoss who, hardened jailer though he was, did not at all appreciate the dubious 'honor' bestowed upon him. " (p. 45)
"[...] the Reichsfuhrer's mad passion for the fearsome corps de ballet, his Waffen-SS divisions. " (ibid.)
"[...] unhoped-for manna [...] the Jews' undressing out in the open caused disorder [...]. " (ibid.)
"A clever bit was found: put the blame on the Jews for the frightful quantities of gas used. " (p. 47)
"[On the subject of detainees who died of typhus] the civilians and SS men accompanied them to the beyond [...]. " (p. 50)
"[...] while chatting with SS members he had learnt something he was not supposed to know [...]. " (p. 52)
"Actually, Prufer had had one bit of bad luck after another, for Ertl got a severe scolding from Bischojf [. ..]." (p. 53)
"[. . .] which badly needed it [...]. " (ibid.)
"The project was insane [...], but none of those brilliant Topf engineers was aware that they had just crossed the boundary between the normal and the abnormal, which later led them to topple into criminal complicity. " (p. 55)
"The three SS-men were back at Auschwitz for the midday meal. It is not known whether they were able to swallow it. " (p. 58)
"[...] hell had half opened its reddish maw day and night in the depth of the birch forest. " (ibid.)
"[SS general Pohl showed up unexpectedly] at Auschwitz to learn what was happening there and where the tons of Zyklon B that had been allo- cated were disappearing. [...] When he asked about the Zyklon B, he was told that it was being used to destroy both the lice and the Jews. Pohl, im-
98 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
pressionable and sensitive, asked nothing more. [...] once back in Berlin, he informed Ernst Grawitz, the chief of the SS physicians, a pretentious and aggressive fool, who turned up on the 25' at Auschwitz where his idi- otic advice [etc.]. " (p. 59)
"Holick 's and Koch 's return to Erfurt certainly caused a serious stir in the firm. Belonging to Prufer's department, they made their report to him and mentioned the blazes ofBirkenwald. If the engineer knew what was go- ing on therefrom hearsay, he had never seen its result. Made ill at ease by the account, he must have advised them to be quiet and to hurry home to enjoy Christmas. Holick, who had already become acquainted, at Buchen- wald, with the concentration camp world, which he perceived as hard and implacable, could not imagine that Hitler's diatribes against the Jews might materialize into horrors that he had witnessed with Koch. A Topf let- ter of early March 1943 implies that the two men talked. They did so either at the factory, perhaps after having been questioned by the Topf brothers on their stay at Auschwitz, or at home with family members or friends, who hastened to 'confide' their statements to the heads of the firm. As soon as the story leaked, Priifer must have been summoned by the Topfs and or- dered to explain himself. That interview would seem to have occurred in early January 1943. It was all too easy for Priifer to inquire politely of Ludwig Topf if he had had as good a Christmastime as the year before with the charming Miss Ursula Albrecht, to add that this young woman must be relieved and happy that the Director was no longer a soldier, then to con- vince Ernst-Wolfgang Topf, who had approved the first Auschwitz deals and signed with pride the contracts for the sale often triple-chamber ovens for crematories II and III, that if the 'Krematoriumsbau ' department had not landed those sales, the competition, the Heinrich Kori or the Didier- Werke firms in Berlin would have taken care of them. In addition, the Topf ovens had not participated in the Birkenwald atrocities and only had a sanitary purpose, that of destroying pathogenic germs by fire. If Ernst- Wolfgang Topf accepted Prufer's biased explanations, Ludwig Topf, neu- tralized, did not reject them either, for having signed, after his return from the army, the estimate for the ventilations of crematory III, he implicated himself most heavily by signing nine months later that for the airing-out apparatus of crematoria IV and V, which were distinctly criminal. " (p. 65)
"[Priifer] noted with a feigned sadness that the guarantee of crematory IV s oven had expired [...]." (p. 79)
"Topf furiously opposed this detachment of vaults [...]. " (p. 81)
"[. . .] he denied it vehemently. " (p. 82)
"[During a visit by Himmler] The convoy of cars crossed the bridge over the train stations, stopped at the goods station to see the new potato storehouses, abutting on the ramp where the Jews were sorted (document 49), and departed at high speed towards Birkenau. The passage in the re-
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 99
port dealing with Birkenau reads: 'The KGL 's 1st and 2" building sections as well as the crematories and the troop quarters were then inspected in detail. On this occasion, the clean interior of the inmate quarters in the 2" building section, which had just become occupied, was particularly appre- ciated. ' The SS men went by the water treatment station (document 50), the KGL 's two potato storehouses under construction, and made straight for Harmense where there were duck and chicken farms and a fishery near the new barrier on the Vistula. A slight car accident did not at all moderate the mad speed of the inspection, which swooped down on the new female de- tainee camp ofBudy, with its piggeries (document 51), stables and forestry school. Then, at top speed, they took the 'Reichsstrasse ' leading to Raisko, whose SS Institute of Hygiene and SS Establishment for Agricultural Re- search, with its outhouses, were explored from top to bottom (document 52). They toured the greenhouses at a charging pace [...]. " (p. 85)
"[...] which provoked a loud show of disappointment, hardly hiding a craven sense of general relief. " (p. 86)
"They had a hearty feast there. " (ibid.)
"[Title of chapter XI:] Horror, pettiness and final disarray. " (p. 87)
"[IG Farben] were crying and moaning for a thousand tons [of ce- ment...]. " (p. 91)
"The 'chief [Pohl] was generous, too generous [...] knew that he was promising wind [...]. " (ibid.)
"[...] the gypsy children, stricken with 'noma,' with necrotic cheeks and feverish eyes, smiling through fetid gangrene, afflicted Pohl. Having before him the radiant gaze of these little bird-like, ragged creatures, im- mobile before of the doors of the black barrack-stables, with above them in the azure sky, to the left, two squat chimneys spitting flames and to the right, a whitish cloud rising from the Birkenwald, Pohl must have under- stood that his administration had transgressed the ethical norms and would therefore be stigmatized. Remembering the day - Monday, the 22" of May 1933 - when he had, in the gardens of the casino of Kiel, first met Himmler, he cursed it. But the worst was to come. " (ibid.) In his youth, Pressac had been keenly impressed by a novel by Robert Merle68 inspired by the story of Rudolf Hoss, one of the three successive commandants of concentration camp Auschwitz.69 For his part, he dreamed of writing a novel himself one day in which he "would describe a universe result- ing from a German victory in 1945 or 1946,"70 a universe where he would have evoked the extermination of the Jews at Auschwitz. Les Crematoires
68 La Mort est mon metier {Death is My Trade), 1952.
69 J.-C. Pressac, A.T.O., p. 539
70 Ibid, p. 541.
100 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
d 'Auschwitz. La Machinerie du meurtre de masse is, to some extent, the novel of which he dreamed.71
7. Conclusion
Pressac thought that he had found a middle way between the extermina- tionist thesis and the revisionist thesis. His own thesis is, as we have seen, hy- brid and weird: at Auschwitz, an altogether subaltern personnel of civilian and military engineers and technicians had underhandedly converted innocuous cold rooms for the storing of corpses into homicidal gas chambers, whose technique and operation the author is unable to set out for us in a scientific manner.
Pressac 's chosen method of proceeding consists essentially in ignoring the material realities: the structure of rooms that can still be seen today at Ausch- witz and Birkenau and that he dares to christen "homicidal gas chambers," the dangers of using Zyklon B, the daunting difficulties in evacuating gas, the lack of any space to store the bodies of the gassed awaiting incineration, the total absence of places to receive, store and incinerate the corpses of those who died of natural causes (since the crematories intended for that purpose had, we are told, been transformed into chemical slaughterhouses reserved for the reception, gassing and incineration of the Jews), the impossibility for the crematory ovens to burn so many corpses. His method of setting forth his case also involves dissembling and cheating, especially in the use both of docu- ments and of sources and references.
The result of his work is wretched. The single bit of somewhat interesting information that may be drawn from this book is that, according to Pressac, the tally of (Jews) gassed at Auschwitz and at Birkenau was 630,000 and the tally of dead (from 1940 to 1945) was 775,000, a figure rounded up to 800,000. This information is also devoid of any scientific value since nothing is shown to support it. It only attests to the necessity of effecting a cut in the usual estimations, a cut that is doubtless a prelude to further reductions of the same type in a relatively near future.72
Of the 80,000 items in the archives in Moscow that were consulted or that could be consulted, Pressac has really used only one: an insignificant business
A novel marred by so many misspellings and typographical errors that it is astonishing that it should have been published by CNRS editions.
Pressac and the exterminationists had put some hope in the archives in Moscow and in those of all the big cities in the East. They have had to forget that hope: neither Pressac nor Gerald Fleming has made any discovery in Moscow; as for Shmuel Krakowski, he has found noth- ing in Prague, Budapest, Riga or Vilnius that might confirm the "Holocaust" thesis ("Neue Moglichkeiten der Forschung/Die Holocaust-Forschung und die Archive in Osteuropa," An- tisemitismus in Osteuropa, Vienna, Picus Verlag, 1992, p. 115-129).
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 101
letter about gas detectors {Gasprufer). I have reasons to believe that he has passed over in silence the existence of items altogether favorable to the revi- sionist case; in particular, I think that he discovered in those archives some de- tailed plans of the Leichenkeller or morgues of crematories II and III, as well as some detailed plans of the rooms in crematories IV and V that he has chris- tened "homicidal gas chambers." The Germans were never happy with mere general plans: the extraordinarily precise and detailed drawings of the Lei- chenkeller at Sachsenhausen that I personally discovered in 1986 attest to that.73
At Auschwitz, we are told, the Germans committed a crime of gigantic proportions. A forensic study of the weapon that they allegedly used to perpe- trate such an outrage is therefore indispensable. Today forensic studies are carried out on remains that are thousands of years old. That being the case, why not make such a study of buildings or remains that are only half a century old? If crematory I had to be considered, as we are told, "partly recon- structed," how would that hinder a forensic study, were it only to determine precisely which parts were original and which were reconstructed?74 As for
Cf.RHRno. 3, p. 106-107.
The muddled explanation given by the Auschwitz Museum, which holds that the recon- structed "gas chamber" of crematory I is "very similar to the one which existed in 1941- 1942," dates from long ago. It does not date from September 1992, as David Cole imagined. That young American revisionist of Jewish origin believed he had achieved quite a feat in obtaining an explanation of that kind from the mouth of Franciszek Piper, the director of the Museum archives, in a 1992 televised interview. However, I myself had already received that response seventeen years before, on the March 17, 1975, from the mouth of another Mu- seum official, Jan Machalek. I have often related the episode because, turning this muddled explanation to good account, I did not content myself with it, as did D. Cole, but asked to see the drawings so as to get an idea of what had been reconstructed and what had not been re- constructed. It was then that I discovered what I have never ceased to describe in my books, articles and recorded talks and in depositions before courts in France and Canada, with proof in hand, as "the hoax of the gas chamber in crematory I." See especially Storia Illustrata, August 1979, p. 26; Serge Thion, Verite historique ou verite politique? , La Vieille Taupe, 1980, p. 185, 314; The Journal of Historical Review, Summer 1980, p. 109; Winter 1981, p. 335; Summer 1990, p. 187; Spring 1991, p. 33-35; RHR no. 3, p. 75-77; the transcript of my testimony at the first Ziindel trial in Toronto in 1985, p. 2364-2366; see also my video-film on "Le Probleme des chambres a gaz" (1982) and my cassettes on the same subject. More- over, already in 1968 the historian Olga Wormser-Migot had admitted that Auschwitz I was "without a gas chamber" {Le Systeme concentrationnaire nazi (1933-1945), P.U.F., 1968, p. 157). At the first Ziindel trial in Toronto in 1985 Raul Hilberg spoke of a "partially recon- structed gas chamber" (transcript of trial, p. 774). In the same year Pierre Vidal-Naquet said of crematory I that it had been "reconstructed by the Poles after the war [...]; there is no doubt about the remaking" (L 'Allemagne nazie et le genocide juif Gallimard/Le Seuil, 1985, p. 510, 516). In his 1989 book, Jean-Claude Pressac insisted three times on the fact that this crematory, "far from being a faithful reproduction of the original state," had been "restruc- tured," "reconstructed" and "reconstituted," and that "transformations... have been made" (A.T.O., p. 108, 123, 133). It is a pity that in September 1992 D. Cole should have been sat- isfied with F. Piper's stereotypical explanation and that, being unfamiliar with the dossier, he
102 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
the alleged "gas chamber" of crematory II, it is, under its collapsed roof, just about fully preserved - a godsend for the experts. Instead of making a forensic study of some hair, some metal objects and mortar, as was done after the war, why not demand a forensic study of this place?
In publishing Les Crematoires d 'Auschwitz, the authorities at the CNRS have put their backs to the wall. The book's introduction promotes a "histori- cal reconstruction finally free of the oral or written testimonies which are al- ways liable to error and, in addition, are shrinking in number with the passage of time." The time has come to put this idea into action. If those authorities believe that they must reject all forensic work of specialists and independent laboratories which, since 1988, have come to uphold the revisionist thesis and if, moreover, they have reasons, which they refuse to make public, to keep se- cret the results of the counter-study carried out in 1 990 by the institute of criminology at Krakow at the request of the Museum of Auschwitz, there re- mains for them the solution of undertaking their own forensic study, or of en- trusting an international commission of experts with that task.
The greatest crime in history cannot continue to go unanalyzed scientifi- cally: a thoroughly public study is needed. The judges of Nuremberg coolly saved themselves the bother of conducting one, as have a good many others since, particularly those of the so-called "guards of Auschwitz trial" (Frank- furt, December 20, 1963 - August 20, 1965); during their two investigatory visits to Auschwitz, those German judges did not even subject the presumed crime weapon to scrutiny. That absence of curiosity was deliberate, as was the decision to prohibit the revisionist Paul Rassinier from attending the trial.
Of course, it is easy to see what the legend that has developed around the name of Auschwitz would lose from such a study, but there is no doubt that science, history and justice would gain.
Here as elsewhere, the revisionists have opened the way; it would be enough to imitate them and set to work, seriously.
©December 1993
did not confront his interviewee with the drawings that I had published twelve years before, which clearly exposed the fraud of the alleged "partial reconstruction." "Criminological Institute of Krakow," July, 12 1945, report signed by J. Robel.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 103
8. Appendix: Document NI-9912
Document NI-9912 demolishes all alleged
"testimonies," without exception, on the use of Zyklon B
to kill human beings.76
The reader will note that document NI-9912 mentions in six places the use of a device for the detection of hydrogen cyanide residues (cf. the terms "Gasrestnachweisgerat" or "Gasrestnachweis"). Without this device, the disinfection with Zyklon B was impossible. It is therefore incomprehensible that Pressac should dare to offer as definitive proof of the existence of homi- cidal (!) gas chambers the mention, in a purely commercial letter, of an order for ten units of this type widely used during disinfection gassings. At the be- ginning of 1943, the central construction office at Auschwitz {Zentral- Bauleitung) had trouble procuring these units from the usual supplier. At that time the limitations for all products were becoming ever more severe. There is, therefore, nothing abnormal in the fact that the Bauleitung should turn to the firm Topf and Sons. Even in times of peace and prosperity it happens that a firm will request from a third party a product that it cannot obtain at the source. All the more in times of war and rationing. Moreover, in his own book, Pressac mentions other orders addressed to third parties (on page 57, it is a matter of obtaining bitumen, and on page 70, the Zentral-Bauleitung is seen turning to the same Topf and Sons to have them find. . . lifts!).
Document NI-9912 comes from the archives of the Nuremberg trials. It was registered by the Americans at a late date, August 21, 1947, under the classification mark NI (Nuremberg, Industrialists). It comes from the De- gesch78 archives and is listed under four headings, including the one devoted to "Atrocities" [sic].
The original is in the form of four large pages fit to be tacked onto a wall. It is a small poster that must have been distributed in very many copies, in the present case by the hygiene institute of Prague, probably in the middle of the war. Its contents show that it is a text of directives for the use of Zyklon (prus- sic acid or hydrogen cyanide) to exterminate vermin in buildings, which could
For a good part, this appendix is taken from Robert Faurisson's Memoire en defense..., op. cit.,p. 165-178.
The word "Gasprufer" (gas detector) is a generic term. It applies to any device for the de- tection of any gas. In the business letter cited by Pressac the ten detectors are specifically designated as "Anzeigegerdte fur Blausaure-Reste" (devices for detection of traces of hy- drogen cyanide) (doc. 28).
Abbreviation of Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Schddlingsbekdmpfung ("German company for pest control"), which produced, in particular, Zyklon B.
104 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
be either civilian or military buildings (apartment blocks, barracks, etc.). This document reminds us in timely fashion of a truth learned from experience: of all deadly weapons, gas will doubtless long remain the most difficult to han- dle; when it kills, it kills so well that it can be deadly for the killer who dares to use it.
Just as it is easy to kill oneself with prussic acid, it is difficult to kill one's neighbor without running terrible risks oneself.
This document describes the properties of Zyklon B, its risk of exploding, its toxicity. Only persons holding a certificate delivered at the end of a special training course can use this product. The planning and preparation of a gassing call for measures and tasks that require several hours, if not days. Then comes the operation itself. Amongst the numerous details it will be noted that the Zyklon B pellets are not simply poured in a heap or cast about. In order for Zyklon B to have its full effect, it must be spread in a thin layer on paper sheets; none of it must go astray into a corner and all of it is to be retrieved at the proper time. It will take from six to 32 hours to kill the vermin (on average 21 hours). Then will come the most critical moment: that of the airing out. The text says:
"Aeration presents a great danger for both participants and non- participants. Therefore it should be carried out carefully and gas masks should always be worn. "
This aeration will have to last "at least 20 hours." The building must be closely guarded the whole time, and even afterwards. To make sure that no gas remains, the specialists, always in their masks, enter the place carrying strips of paper serving as gas residue indicators. Twenty hours previously, the simple opening of doors and windows as well as that of still more easily opened fixtures (entailing an effort that is nothing compared with the moving of thousands of bodies!) had presented a certain danger since, after the airing out of each floor, the men had had to go out into the open and remove their masks to breathe fresh air for at least ten minutes. All of this was in keeping with the danger at hand posed by the residual gas, and I leave it to the reader to discover, in every line, how flagrantly the accounts of witnesses to homi- cidal "gassings" at Auschwitz offend against the laws of physics and chemis- try when seen in the light of this document.
Editor's remark: The following English translation of Document NT9912 follows the official English translation, but was improved with the help of Mi- chael Humphrey.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 105
Document NI-99 12
Guidelines for the Use of Prussic Acid (Zyklon) for Destruction of Vermin (Disinfestation).
I. Properties of Prussic Acid:
Prussic acid is a gas that is released by evaporation.
Boiling point: 26° C. Liquid: clear and colorless as water.
Freezing point: -15° C. Smell: unique, bitter-sweet.
Specific weight: 0.69. Powerful ability to penetrate.
Vapor density: 0.97 (Air = 1 .0). Prussic acid is water-soluble. Liquid form evaporates easily.
Danger of explosion:
75 g. Prussic acid in 1 cbm. air. (Normal application is ca. 8 - 10 g. per cbm., so not explosive). Prussic acid should not be brought into contact with open fire, glowing metal wire, and so forth. It burns slowly and loses its potency completely. (It produces carbonic acid, water and azote.)
Toxicity to warm-blooded animals:
Prussic acid acts without notice, therefore it should be considered highly poi- sonous and highly dangerous. Prussic acid is one of the most powerful poi- sons. 1 mg. per kg. - body weight is enough to kill a man. Children and women are usually more sensitive than men. A very small quantity of Prussic acid does not harm men, even with constant breathing. Birds and fish are very sensitive to Prussic acid.
Toxicity to insects:
The effect of Prussic acid on insects depends less on temperature than is the case with other gases; that is, it even works at cold temperatures (even down to -5° C). For many species, particularly bedbugs and lice, the eggs are more sensitive than the imagos.
Toxicity to plants:
The degree of toxicity depends on the amount of vegetation on the plant.
Plants with hard leaves are less sensitive than those with soft leaves. Mold
and dry rot are not killed by Prussic acid.
Prussic acid does not kill bacteria.
II. Forms in which Prussic Acid is used:
Zyklon is a mixture of Prussic acid and an irritating agent absorbed in a sub- strate. The substrate may be wood disks, a granular red-brown material ("Dia- griess") or small blue cubes ("Erco").
106 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
The irritating agent is used as a warning method, and has the additional ad- vantage that it stimulates the breathing of insects. Release of Prussic acid and the irritating agent by simple evaporation. Zyklon will keep for 3 months. Use damaged cans first. Always use up the contents of a can completely. Liquid Prussic acid harms polish, varnish, paints, and so on - gaseous Prussic acid will not. The toxicity of Prussic acid is not affected by the irritating agent, but the danger is reduced. Zyklon can be made harmless by burning.
III. Symptoms when Poisoned:
1. Slight poisoning:
Dizziness, headache, vomiting, discomfort, and so on. These symptoms will disappear if one quickly goes out into fresh air. Alcohol reduces the resistance to Prussic acid gassing - do not drink alcoholic drinks before gassing. Administer: 1 tablet Cardiazol or Veriazol to prevent heart trouble, another tab- let 2 to 3 hours later if need be.
2. Severe poisoning:
The victim collapses suddenly and is unconscious. First aid: fresh air, remove gas mask, loosen clothing, assist breathing. Lobelin intramuscular 0.01 g. Camphor injections are forbidden.
3. Poisoning through the skin: Symptoms as for 1 . Treatment also the same.
4. Stomach poisoning:
Treat with:
Lobelin 0.01 g. intramuscular- iron sulfate vitriol - calcinated magnesia.
IV. Protection against Gas:
When gassing with Zyklon use only special filters, such as filter insert "J" (blue-brown) made by the Auergesellschaft, Berlin, or the Dragerwerke, Lubeck.
If gas gets into the mask, leave the building immediately and change filters, then test the mask and mask seating for tightness. The filter insert is ex- hausted when gas can get into the mask. With filter "J," first go into the open air for about 2 minutes, so that moisture from the breath can build up in the fil- ter insert. - The filter must never be changed in a gas-filled room.
V. Personnel:
For every disinfestation, a disinfestation team will be used, consisting of at least 2 men. The gassing leader is responsible for the gassing. His duties in-
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 107
dude particularly inspection, aeration, giving the all-clear and safety meas- ures. The gassing leader should appoint a deputy in case he is absent. The orders of the gassing leader should be obeyed without hesitation. Untrained personnel or trained personnel without a certificate must not be used for gassing operations. Such persons also should not be allowed to enter a room filled with gas. The gassing leader should know where his personnel are at all times. All personnel should be able to prove at all times that they possess official authorization to use Prussic acid for disinfestation of pests. These guidelines should be followed exactly in all cases.
VI. Equipment:
Every man should have with him at all times:
1. His own gas mask.
2. At least 2 special packets for use against Zyklon Prussic acid.
3. The manual "First Aid for Prussic Acid Victims."
4. A copy of the work order.
5. Authorization certificate.
Every disinfestation team should have with it at all times:
1. At least 3 additional special packets.
2. 1 Trace gas detector (Gasrestnachweisgerat).
3. 1 Lobelin injection device.
4. Lobelin, 0.01 g. ampules.
5. (Cardiazol), Veriazol tablets.
6. 1 prybar or spike-hammer to open Zyklon cans.
7. Warning posters of the prescribed kind.
8. Sealing material.
9. Paper sheets on which to lay out Zyklon.
10. A flashlight.
All equipment should be kept clean and in working condition. Damage to equipment should be repaired immediately.
VII. Planning a Gassing:
1 . Will the gassing work?
a) Type and situation of the building.
b) Nature and condition of the roof.
c) Nature and condition of windows.
d) Presence of heating shafts, air shafts, holes in the wall, and so on.
2. Determine the kind of pests to be exterminated.
3. Calculate the volume of the space. (Do not rely on plans, make your own measurements. Only measure exteriors, include masonry in the calcula- tions.)
108 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
4. Prepare the occupants (Remove house animals, plants, food, undeveloped photographic plates, drinks and tobacco, gas mask filters).
5. Determine openings difficult to seal. (Air shafts, drains, large openings with wooden planking, roofs).
6. Determine necessary safety measures. (Guards, work gangs for sealing).
7. Set the date for the operation and the time needed for evacuation.
8. Make plans for the safety of the neighborhood, if necessary.
9. Notify the authorities.
VIII. Preparation for a Gassing:
1. Sealing.
2. Open all doors, wardrobes, drawers, and so on.
3. Spread bedding out.
4. Remove open liquids (left-over coffee, wash-water, and so on).
5. Remove food.
6. Remove plants and house animals (aquariums, and so forth).
7. Remove undeveloped photographic plates and film.
8. Remove dressings for wounds, medications whether open or in packages (especially charcoal).
9. Remove gas mask filters. 10. Prepare to inspect the result. 1 1 .Evacuate the occupants.
12. Collect keys. (All entry door keys.)
IX. Gas concentration and Treatment Period
depend on
- the type of pest,
- the temperature,
- the degree to which the space is filled,
- the air-tightness of the building.
For inside temperatures of over + 5° C one should ordinarily use 8 g./cbm. Prussic acid.
Treatment period: 16 hours, when no other conditions, such as a closed-in method of construction, permit a shorter period. In warm weather one may re- duce the period to 6 hours. When the temperature is under + 5° C the period should be extended to at least 32 hours.
The strengths and treatment periods given above apply to: bedbugs, lice, fleas and so forth, and to eggs, larvae and pupae.
For clothes moths when the temperature is over 10° C, 16 g./cbm. and 21 hours application time. Flour moths, as for bedbugs.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 109
X. Gassing a Building:
1 . Check to make sure all persons have left the building.
2. Unpack the Zyklon cases. For each floor, prepare the necessary quantity.
3. Distribute the cans. One man goes into the building, receives and distrib- utes the cans brought to him by the work gang (He puts them by the sheets of paper.)
4. Dismiss the work gang.
5. Deploy the guard; the leader of the gassing team gives them his orders.
6. Check that the sealing and evacuation are complete .
7. Put on all gas protection gear.
8. Open the cans and pour out the contents. Spread the contents out thinly, so that the Zyklon evaporates quickly and the required concentration of gas is reached as soon as possible. The treatment should begin on the highest floor, the cellar should be treated before the first floor if the former has no exit. Rooms already treated should not be entered again, if possi- ble. The treatment should be carried out slowly and methodically. Go slowly on stairways especially. The treatment should be interrupted only in case of emergency.
9. Lock and seal the entry doors (Don't forget the keyholes) and give the keys to the gassing team leader.
10. On every outside door put up a placard with the inscription: "WARNING: Poison gas - deadly danger - entry forbidden." If necessary, the warning placard should be multilingual. It should show at least 1 clearly visible death's head.
11. All gas protection gear, resuscitation equipment and trace gas detectors should be handy. Every member of the gassing team should know where these items can be found.
12. At least 1 member of the gassing team should remain near the building be- ing gassed. The guard should be notified of his position.
XI. Aeration:
Aeration presents a great danger for both participants and non-participants. Therefore it should be carried out carefully and gas masks should always be worn. Aeration should be done in such a way that gas-free air can be reached in the shortest possible time, that gas flows off to one side, where there is no danger to non-participants. When the aeration is difficult, one man with special training should remain with the building to observe the flow of gas.
1. Make sure that no persons not involved with the gassing remain in the vi- cinity of the building.
2. Post the guards such that they can observe the entrances to the building without being in the way of the flowing gas.
3. Put on gas masks.
110 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
4. Enter the building, shut the doors but Don't lock them.
5. First open the windows on the side of the building away from the wind. Aerate one floor at a time. Begin with the first floor and allow a rest of at least 10 minutes after each floor.
6. In each room of the building the hallway doors, connecting doors and win- dows should be opened. If any windows are difficult to open, wait to open them until after most of the gas has blown away.
7. Planking and other seals that cannot be easily handled should only be re- moved after most of the gas has blown off.
8. When there is freezing or danger of freezing, be sure that heating systems and water lines do not freeze.
9. Rooms with valuable contents such as clothes storage may be closed as soon as the windows are opened.
10. Make sure that open doors and windows do not close on their own.
1 1 .Seals on chimneys should be removed after the provisional all-clear.
12. Aeration should last at least 20 hours.
13. The guard should remain near the building throughout the aeration.
XII. Provisional Ail-Clear:
A gassed room can be provisionally opened to access as soon as the paper strips used as trace gas detectors (Gasrestnachweisgerat) show a lighter blue than the middle of the reference color scale - windows and doors being kept open. Only aeration and clean-up work can be carried on in provisionally opened rooms. Under no circumstances should anyone rest or sleep in a pro- visionally opened room. The windows and doors of such rooms should be kept open.
XIII. Clean-up after the Provisional Ail-Clear:
1. Removal of remnants of Zyklon from the gassed rooms. Usually they should be sent back to the manufacturer along with cans and cases. The inscription "Poison" should be removed from the cases before they are sent. Moist, wet or dirty remnants, and damaged cans should never be re- turned. They can be thrown in the trash or on the cinder heap, but should never be dumped into drains.
2. Mattresses, straw mattresses, pillows, upholstered furniture and other such objects should be shaken or beaten in the open for at least one hour under the supervision of the gassing team leader or his deputy (in rainy weather at least two hours in the hallway).
3. The stuffing of straw mattresses should be replaced, if possible. The old stuffing need not be burned - it can be reused after further aeration.
4. If chimney upper openings were covered, the seals should be removed carefully, otherwise there is danger that the fires in ovens and fireplaces
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 111
will not have enough draft and that carbon monoxide poisoning could re- sult. 5. After the final all-clear a gassing report in the prescribed form should be completed, in two copies. In particular, it should include:
a) Volume of space gassed,
b) Quantity of Zyklon used,
c) Name of the gassing team leader,
d) Names of the other personnel involved,
e) Duration of treatment,
f) The date and hour of the final all-clear for the disinfested rooms.
XIV. Final Ail-Clear:
1 . Never before 21 hours after aeration was begun.
2. All objects removed for shaking out should be brought back.
3. Windows and doors should be closed for one hour.
4. Heated rooms should have their temperature restored to at least 15° C.
5. Trace gas detection. The paper strips should not be a brighter blue than the bright end of the reference color scale even between sheets or mat- tresses laid together, and in places difficult of access or difficult to aerate. If this is not the case, the aeration should be continued and trace gas detec- tion should be repeated after a few hours.
6. In buildings in which people will soon sleep trace gas detection should be done in every room separately. People should never sleep in a room that has been gassed the night following the gassing. The windows should re- main open the first night the room is in use again.
7. The leader of the gassing team or his deputy should not leave the building until the final all-clear has been given for the last room.
Published by the Health Authority of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in Prague
112 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
9. Three Further Notes to my Reply to Jean Claude Pressac
9. 1 . Jean Claude Pressac and Robert Jan van Pelt
Jean-Claude Pressac's work on Auschwitz79 has just been translated suc- cessively into German80 and English.81 These two translations are rich in reve- lations as to both the work and the personality of J.-C. Pressac, pharmacist of La-Ville-du-Bois (departement of Essonne, France).
In the German translation, the author once more revises downwards his es- timation of the number of dead at Auschwitz. In 1989, he evaluated the num- ber of the gassed alone at a figure between "1,000,000 and 1,500,000,"82 which let it be assumed that, for him, the total number of dead must be some- where from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000. In 1993, in the book to which I wrote a reply, Pressac reduced the total of dead to 775,000 (rounded up to 800,000), of whom, he specified, 630,000 Jews gassed {Les Crematoires..., p. 148). In my Reponse, I announced that this downward revision would probably be fol- lowed by another downward revision. I wrote in a footnote:
"I have been informed by a reliable source, which I cannot disclose, that Pressac intends, when he can, to reduce the total of deaths at Ausch- witz to 700,000, if and when the disposition of the public seems ready for this new reduction. " (note 4 at the bottom of pages 13-14.) However, in the German translation Pressac sets the number of dead at Auschwitz at 630,000 to 710,000 - in round numbers - of whom, he specifies, 470,000 to 550,000 Jews gassed. (Die Krematorien..., p. 202).
The English translation is more interesting still. To begin with, the text no longer contains any estimation of the total number of dead or of the gassed!
I know, but cannot reveal my source here either, that Pressac met with dif- ficulties when seeking to publish his book in English in the United States. He
J.-C. Pressac, Les Crematoires d'Auschwitz. La Machinerie du meurtre de masse, CNRS editions, 1993, viii-156 pp. and 48 pages photographic section.
J.-C. Pressac, Die Crematorien von Auschwitz/Die Technik des Massenmordes, Mu- nich/Zurich, Piper Verlag, 1994, xviii-211 p.
J.-C. Pressac with Robert- Jan Van Pelt, "The Machinery of Mass Murder at Auschwitz," chapter 8 (p. 183-245) of the collective work published by Israel Gutman and Michael Ber- enbaum, Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 1994, xvi-638 pp.
J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, New York, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989, 553 p.
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 113
was, for a time, in delicate discussions with Michael Berenbaum, director for scientific matters at the Holocaust Memorial Museum, which opened in Wash- ington in April 1993. Pressac, who tries to compensate for his frail personality by assuming an attitude of bravado, affirmed that he would not "let himself be trifled with." However, the English translation, issued in July 1 994, shows not only that he "let himself be trifled with" but also that he consented to one of the worst humiliations that an author can experience: the imposition of a tutor! He was obliged to cut parts out of his book, rework it and reduce it to the di- mensions of a chapter in a collective work, and all under the supervision of a close associate of M. Berenbaum. For a start, he was forbidden to publish his own figures of total dead or gassed. Note the terms in which M. Berenbaum puts the pharmacist back in his place. He writes, in effect:83
"Robert-Jan Van Pelt has worked closely with Mr. Pressac to ensure that a technical article was clear and lucid as well as precise and informed by the latest scholarship. "
How could one make it any clearer that to M. Berenbaum's taste Pressac's book in French (Les Crematoires...) was confused, obscure, imprecise and in- sufficiently scientific? It must be said that, despite the efforts of RJ. van Pelt, Pressac's text is as abhorrent in English as it was in French.
The same collective work in English (Anatomy...) confirms that, from 1982 (!), Pressac, who liked to present himself as an independent researcher, had been receiving money from a rich Jewish organization (the Beate Klarsfeld Foundation). M. Berenbaum writes:84
"Since 1982, the work of Mr. Pressac has been promoted and sup- ported on a documentary, editorial and financial level by the Beate Klars- feld Foundation. "
9.2. Fundamental Questions about Auschwitz
- At the end of Alain Resnais's 1955 film Nuit et Brouillard (Night and Fog), which still today is constantly shown in all the schools of France, the number of dead at Auschwitz is said to total 9,000,000: "9,000,000 dead haunt this landscape"!
- However, ten years before, at the Nuremberg trial, a document having "the value of genuine evidence" (sic) had set that number at 4,000,000.
- In 1989, Pressac reduced the total of dead to a figure most likely between 1,500,000 and 2,000,000.
- In 1993, he reduced that total to a figure of about 775,000.
Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, op. cit. (note 81), p. xv. Ibid., p. xiii.
114 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
- In 1994, he has arrived at a figure somewhere between 630,000 and 710,000. Because of this, he is ordered to keep quiet. And he agrees to keep quiet.
The revisionists, for their part, will not keep quiet. They will persist in pos- ing questions and in offering their answers:
1. What is the total number of dead at Auschwitz? Is it 9,000,000, as French schools still dare to teach children? Or is it perhaps 630,000, as Pressac now views it?
The revisionists propose the figure of 150,000, supported by research.
2. Why the persistent refusal to provide us with any physical representation of the Nazi gas chamber, that fantastic chemical slaughterhouse using hydro- gen cyanide? Why do the authorities now refrain from showing, in a pho- tograph, the alleged homicidal gas chamber of Auschwitz I, which has been visited by millions of tourists to date? Why has the prosecution never dared to present us with a forensic study of the crime weapon?
The revisionists, for their part, have arguments to say that most deaths at Auschwitz were due to the epidemics there and that it takes only a little com- mon sense to realize that the places "in their original state," "reconstructed" or "in ruins" can never have been homicidal gas chambers but rather. . . typical morgues for the storage of corpses awaiting cremation. And the revisionists have at their disposal forensic studies (the Leuchter report, the Rudolf report and the Luftl report, and even the draft of a Polish report) to uphold what they put forward.
Only those who are indifferent to facts and figures can claim that all this is of no importance.
©November 1994
9.3. Ten Years Ago, Jean-Claude Pressac's Capitulation
Ten years ago to the day, on June 15th, 1995, Jean-Claude Pressac capitu- lated, but the text of that capitulation was made public - discreetly - only in small print at the very end of a book by Valerie Igounet published in Paris in April 2000 under the title Histoire du negationnisme en France (editions du Seuil). It may be feared that a good number of that work's readers have paid but scant attention to these two half-pages (651-652) in a great mass of text, where the author lets J.-C. Pressac have his turn at talking. Nonetheless they are of capital importance for the history of the "Nazi gas chambers" contro- versy. On them J.-C. Pressac states quite simply that, when all is said and done, the official dossier on the Nazi concentration camps is "rotten." He even adds that the dossier is irremediably "rotten" and that, consequently, it is "bound for the rubbish bins of history"! He draws up a veritable indictment
Robert Faurisson, Reply to Jean-Claude Pressac on the Problem of the Gas Chambers 115
against "memory" which has "taken precedence over history," against the dis- tortions inspired by "resentment and vengeance," against the communists and their associations, which have set themselves up as the guardians of a false truth (he does not dare, however, to implicate the Jews and Jewish associa- tions). He says: "Approximation, exaggeration, omission and lying character- ize the majority of the accounts of that period." He asks: "Can things be put back on an even keel?" and answers: "It is too late. An overall rectification is humanly and materially impossible."
He had taken the term "rotten" from professor Michel de Boiiard. A former internee at Mauthausen (he had been convicted of acts of resistance), that his- torian, at once a Roman Catholic and close to the communists, became after the war dean of the literature and social sciences faculty at the university of Caen (Normandy) and a member of the Institut de France. He headed the commission for the history of the deportation within the Comite de I 'histoire de la deuxieme guerre mondiale, directly responsible to the Prime Minister's office. A holder of the decorations Croix de guerre and Medaille de la Resis- tance, he was a commandeur of the Legion d'honneur. For further information about the late Michel de Boiiard' s sudden declarations of 1986-1987, which were amply revisionist in nature, one may consult the pages listed under his name in the index of my Ecrits revisionnistes (1974-1998).
There is an explanation for J.-C. Pressac' s sudden change of mind. On June 15, 1995, the moment when he signed his act of surrender, the man was still feeling the effect of the humiliating blows that he had taken the previous month, on the 9th of May to be precise, in the 1 7th chamber of the Paris crimi- nal court, presided over by Madame Martine Ract-Madoux. A deafening me- dia clamor had, in September 1993, accompanied the appearance of our man's volume on The Auschwitz Crematories. The Machinery of Mass Murder. I had replied with a little book entitled Reponse a Jean-Claude Pressac sur le probleme des chambers a gaz. That reply led to my prosecution under the Fabius-Gayssot Act prohibiting the disputing of crimes against humanity as defined and punished by the judges at Nuremberg. My barrister, Maitre Eric Delcroix, and I had requested the summoning, under pain of arrest, of J.-C. Pressac as a witness. Two articles in my aforementioned Ecrits (p. 1674-1682 and 1683-1693) give an account of that session in court relating the witness's increasingly plain discomposure, his evasiveness and inability to answer Maitre Delcroix's questions, as well as the consternation of the presiding judge at the sight of one who, arms raised on high, declared that too much was being asked of him, that he had but one life, that he was alone in his struggle.
The legal proceedings brought against us for the offense of revisionism, in France and abroad, have been particularly trying, not to say exhausting. We have at times known discouragement and been tempted to consider pointless any system of defense worthy of the name. But it must be acknowledged that those court cases have greatly strengthened our cause. Our opponents refused
116 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
all our offers of debate, all public confrontation. They trumpeted that their dossier, that of the "Holocaust" or "Shoah," was as solid as could be. The only times where we have been able to force them to confront us in any arena be- fore an audience have been those proceedings that they had the temerity to undertake against us. Sometimes they have been able to give the impression of winning at the level of the historical or scientific controversy. Such has been the case more recently with the trial they won in London against David Irving. However, David Irving is at the very most a semi-revisionist, and he does not know the revisionist argumentation well at all. During his lawsuit he did not know how to shut up a certain species of sub-Pressac, a sort of rabbinical vi- sionary, the Jew Robert Jan van Pelt.85 He had not accepted the offer to come to his aid made by an expert like Germar Rudolf. In all the cases where the re- visionists have really known how to stand up for themselves, the opponent's rout has been patent. On this score, Ernst Zundel's two long trials in Toronto in 1985 and 1988 were exemplary. Obviously I am not speaking here of the judicial conclusions but only of the results obtained at the historical or scien- tific level with, on the one hand, the rout of the opposing party's experts and witnesses and, on the other hand, the significant contributions, on the occasion of those trials, made by revisionist researchers to the advancement of histori- cal science (particularly with the Leuchter report on Auschwitz and Ma- jdanek).
J.-C. Pressac died on July 23rd, 2003, at the age of 59. The man whom the media of the Western world had saluted as a sort of genius who had, allegedly, floored revisionism in general and Robert Faurisson in particular, departed this life in the most complete obscurity: not a single organ of the mainstream press that had so extolled him even announced his death.86
Thus June 15th, 1995, with that act of surrender by J.-C. Pressac, consti- tutes one of the most noteworthy dates in the history of revisionism.
Robert Faurisson ©June 15,2005
"Robert Jan van Pelt, a scholar who is clearly inferior to Pressac both intellectually as well as regarding his critical attitude," Carlo Mattogno, "My Memories of Jean-Claude Pressac," The Revisionist, 1(4) (November 2003), p. 434.
In spite of a persistent rumour, I must, yet once more, make it clear here that J.-C. Pressac was never my "collaborator" or my "disciple."
117
Auschwitz: The End of a Legend
By Carlo Mattogno
1 . Introduction to this New Edition
The first edition of the following work appeared in Italian and then in an English translation in 1994. At that time I had not yet gained access to the ar- chives in Moscow, so that the documentation in my possession was rather lim- ited. It therefore inevitably contained several inaccuracies (particularly the overestimation of deaths of registered inmates in Auschwitz) which I cor- rected in this new issue. Auschwitz: The End of to Legend constituted a sort of synthesis of my knowledge on cremation and on the alleged homicidal gas chambers, which I had acquired until then, but already in 1995, when I was able to visit the Moscow archives for the first time - accompanied by Jtirgen Graf and the late Russell Granata - my work changed from the outset. Above all, my study on the cremation ovens of Auschwitz, which I thought to have concluded in 1994, benefited from this. Thanks to the large documentary col- lection, I was able to develop this work in successive years to an encyclopedic work of more than 1,000 pages. But this documentation also benefited my study of the alleged homicidal gas chambers, which I expanded into three dis- tinct works analyzing the origin and development of stories about the alleged first homicidal gassing in Block 1 1 of the Auschwitz main camp,1 the gassings in crematorium I of the same camp,2 and in the so-called "Bunkers" of Birke- nau.3 As a result of this vast documentation, I also authored numerous separate articles published in the revisionist journals The Revisionist and Viertel-
Originally published as Auschwitz: Fine di una leggenda. Considerazioni storico-techniche sul libro "Les crematoire d' Auschwitz. La machinerie du meurtre de masse" di Jean-Claude Pres- sac, Edizioni di Ar, Padova 1994; first English edition 1994 by Granata Publishing. Quotations from Pressac's latest and last book refer to the original French version.
1 C. Mattogno, Auschwitz: The First Gassing, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2005.
2 C. Mattogno, Auschwitz: The Crematorium I, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2005. C. Mattogno, The Bunkers of Auschwitz, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2004. www.vho.org/tr
118 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
jahreshefte fur freie Gesc hie htsforsc hung.5 These subsequent developments have fully confirmed the validity of my arguments against the theses of Jean- Claude Pressac, which now appear even less substantial. This is a sufficient reason to reissue this work.
Carlo Mattogno, April 2005
2. Introduction
Jean-Claude Pressac is the author of a large-format book on the Auschwitz- Birkenau complex entitled Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, published in 1989 by the Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 515 Madi- son Avenue, New York, NY 10022. That work, which was acclaimed at the time of its publication as the definitive proof of the existence of homicidal gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau, brought Pressac praise as specialiste incon- teste des recherches sur les techniques de V extermination nazie ("unquestion- able specialist in the research of Nazi extermination techniques") and as ex- pert inconteste, sinon unique ("unquestionable expert, if not unique")6 in this field.
But praise from shallow journalists aside, to the expert eye, Pressac reveals a surprising ignorance of the chemical-physical properties of Zyklon B and its use for the purpose of disinfestation, as well as the structure and functioning of cremation ovens.7 This double incompetence in the two essential aspects of
www.vho.org/VffG
L 'Express, September 23-29, 1993, pp. 78 and 80.
These examples are sufficient to illustrate the level of technical competence of Jean-Claude Pressac:
He thinks that "the temperature has to be raised to 27°C for hydrocyanic acid to evaporate" (J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, New York 1989, p. 375; http://holocaust-
history.org/auschwitz/pressac/technique-and-operation/pressac0375.shtml), ignoring that evaporation of hydrocyanic acid can occur even below its boiling point (25.6°C), even at temperatures below 0°C (see in this connection: G. Peters, Die hochwirksamen Gase und Ddmpfe in der Schddlingsbekdmpfung: Sammlung chemischer und chemischtechnischer Vortrdge, Verlag von Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1942, pp. 85-88).
Regarding the cremation ovens, Pressac presents an "Operation plan of a Topf oven with three chambers which was built in two models in Crematories II and III" (J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., ibid., p. 492) based on the deposition of H. Tauber, in which the gases of the gas generators pass around the chambers: The technical basis of this plan is a translation er- ror! (Pressac's two translators have translated the Polish preposition przez, (through), as around. The translation error is found on p. 489. The Polish text says: przez obie boczne re- torty (through the two lateral chambers); Archiwum Panstwowego Muzeum w Oswi^cimiu, hereafter: APMO, Dpr.-Hd, 1 la, p. 133). Even his knowledge about architecture is totally unsufficient. He does no even realize that the way the basements of the crematoria II and III were designed clearly proves that they were built below groundwater level.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 119
the problem inevitably led Pressac to unfounded conclusions in his 1989 work.
Despite this, that book is valuable for its considerable documentation and for a critical spirit uncommon in traditional historiography, where, regarding the sources, a systematized theological dogmatism rules. Pressac should fur- thermore be acknowledged for his courage in overcoming, or at least attempt- ing to overcome, the traditional historiographic methods in this field, which he justifiably labels as:8
"a history based for the most part on testimonies, assembled according to the mood of the moment, truncated to fit an arbitrary truth, and sprin- kled with a few German documents of uneven value and without any con- nection with one another. "
That book provided enough arguments for historical revisionism to be con- sidered crypto-revisionist, evidently even by its own publisher, since it has been practically impossible to obtain.
Another book by Jean-Claude Pressac, entitled Les crematoires d'Au- schwitz: La machinerie du meurtre de masse (The Crematoria of Auschwitz: The Machinery of Mass Murder) published in Paris, 1993, should have com- plemented his earlier book by virtue of the vast amount of documentation he encountered in Moscow, particularly the archives of the Zentralbauleitung (the Auschwitz Central Construction Office), which were left intactes ("in- tact") in the hands of the Soviets (p. I).9
But in fact, reading his Les crematoires d 'Auschwitz, one senses an uncom- fortable reversion: Jean-Claude Pressac returned to the worst cliches of the worst traditional historiography. This was inevitable: In the 80,000 (eighty thousand!) documents at Moscow, and in the entire archives of the Central Construction Office, Pressac found not a single proof Tor the existence of one single homicidal gas chamber at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Pressac states that these archives were left intact because the second and last director of the Central Construction Office, SS-Obersturmfuhrer Werner Jothann, ignored the "'explosive' contents of the documents" since "the cre- matories were equipped for homicide" under the direction of SS-Sturmbann- fiihrer Karl Bischoff, Jothann's predecessor (p. 1). But on page 88, Pressac contradicts himself, stating that Bischoff "was promoted to the inspection of 'Silesia' constructions, but kept control over the Central Construction Office of Auschwitz" (my italics).
Concerning Crematory II at Birkenau, for example, no "criminal trace" (Pressac' s term) is dated prior to March 31, 1943, the date of the official con- signment of the crematory to the administration of the camp. Now that is, to
9
Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 264.
Page numbers with no other indications refer to: J.- C. Pressac, Les crematoires
d Auschwitz: La machinerie du meurtre de masse, SNRS, Paris 1993.
120 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
say the least, just a little bit strange for an extermination plant that was sup- posed to have functioned:10
"as a homicidal gas chamber and incineration installation from [the] 15th of March 1943, before its officially coming into service on [the] 31st of March, to [the] 27th of November 1944, annihilating a total of approxi- mately 400, 000 people, most of them Jewish women, children and old men. "
Thus, for over twenty months of alleged extermination activity in this sup- posedly homicidal crematory, for an extermination of 400,000 people, the ar- chives of Moscow do not even contain one single "criminal trace"! And the same goes for the other crematories at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
This must have disturbed Pressac, who must have found himself in the dif- ficult position of making these documents say what they do not say. This need explains Pressac 's cranky method, which is characterized by his indiscrimi- nate use of sources, and by arbitrary and unfounded deductions. These are in- serted into the body of the text within a dense web of notes, which are sup- posed to give the impression that Pressac's deductions are supported by the documents quoted. The connection between the various documents appears forced, and the interpretation of those documents is contorted to make it seem as if they support the existence of homicidal gas chambers.
Pressed by revisionist research, which demonstrates the impossibility of mass extermination at Auschwitz-Birkenau from the technical point of view, Pressac downplays not only the numbers of victims, but also the intentions of the SS. The number of presumed homicidally gassed victims, which in 1989 was "about 900,000,"" of whom 750,000 were supposedly killed at Cremato- ries II and III alone,10 is here reduced to only 630,000 (p. 148) and in the Ger- man edition even further down to 470,000 to 550,000. 12 All these figures are completely arbitrary. Furthermore, even the gas chambers are shrinking: they have suddenly become "little," which means that their extermination capacity must have been small. In effect, Pressac has been forced to "balance" the ca- pacity of the homicidal gas chambers to that of the cremation ovens. Accord- ing to his 1989 work, more victims had been gassed then there was capacity to cremate.
All these changes have naturally required jarring contradictions with re- spect to his earlier Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers. But this is unimportant to an author, who seems to accept or reject figures and arguments depending on his whim.
10 Ibid., p. 183.
11 Ibid., p. 97.
Die Krematorien von Auschwitz. Die Technik des Massenmordes, Piper, Munich 1994, p. 202.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 121
To complete the picture, Pressac has again enormously exaggerated the ca- pacity of the crematories of Auschwitz-Birkenau as he did in 1989, arriving at conclusions which are technically and thermotechnically senseless, due to his apparent ignorance of essential aspects of cremation.
The subject of homicidal gas chambers has caused Pressac no less difficul- ties, not only due to the absolute lack of proof on this subject in the Moscow documents, but above all, because the documentation on ventilation installa- tions in the basement of Crematories II and III show undeniably that homi- cidal gas chambers were not planned, and were not installed. We shall subse- quently see by what means Pressac has attempted to overcome this difficulty.
The critique presented here is essentially based upon a scientific study of the cremation ovens, and of the presumed homicidal gas chambers at Ausch- witz-Birkenau, which has involved several years of research, initially with the very valuable collaboration of Engineer Dr. Franco Deana of Genoa, and En- gineer H.N. of Danzig. That work originally consisted of two volumes entitled Auschwitz: The Cremation Ovens and Auschwitz: The Gas Chambers. How- ever, due to the increased documentation from Moscow archives, the first vol- ume subsequently developed into a work of two volumes itself with the Title The Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz. A Historical and Technical Study, which is currently being published in Italy.13 A summary of this work appeared in the anthology Dissecting the Holocaust. ,14 The present work is a synthesis of these studies. The interested reader can find many references in those detailed stud- ies, which are not included in this critique.
3. The Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau According to Jean-Claude Pressac
A scientific study of the cremation ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau must confront and resolve two fundamental thermotechnical problems: that of ca- pacity, and that of efficiency. Capacity is the number of corpses cremated within a time frame (reference: one day of activity). Efficiency is the relation between heat produced and heat used: specifically, fuel consumption. Jean- Claude Pressac does not confront either of these two problems scientifically, limiting himself simply to a series of statements as to the capacity of the ovens (which he erroneously calls "efficiency"), sprinkled here and there throughout his book. These statements, under analysis, yield the following argument:
13
14
Iforni crematori di Auschwitz. Studio storico-tecnico con la collaborazione del dott. ing. Franco Deana. An English translation is planned to be published by Theses & Dissertations Press.
C. Mattogno, "The Crematoria Ovens of Auschwitz and Birkenau," in: G. Rudolf (ed.), Dis- secting the Holocaust, 2m ed., Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2003, pp. 373-412.
122 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
1. The mobile oil-heated Topf two-muffle oven, which was installed in Da- chau at the end of 1939, had a capacity of two corpses per hour (p. 7). Thus, the cremation of one corpse in one muffle lasted one hour.
2. The Topf two-muffle "Auschwitz model" oven heated by coke was of a design different from that of the Dachau oven. This was the result of a change in the first two-muffle Topf oven at Buchenwald, which was originally heated with combustible oil, into a coke-fired oven via the installation of two gas generators in the rear (p. 12). Thus, the above-mentioned capacity of two corpses per hour does not apply to this oven.
3. The installation of forced air blower {Druckluftgebldse) reduced the du- ration of cremation (pp. 13 and 68).
4. The "Auschwitz model" oven had an actual capacity of 30 to 36 corpses in ten hours (p. 13).
5. The ovens were used 21 hours a day, because their functioning required three hours rest (p. 13).
6. The three two-muffle ovens of Crematory I at Auschwitz had a capacity of 200 to 250 corpses per day (pp. 49, 80).
7. The two Topf three-muffle ovens heated by coke at Buchenwald (of which one was also adaptable for heating with combustible oil) resulted in "an incineration capacity of one-third higher than the results gained by experience with the double-muffle ovens."
8. The capacity of the five three-muffle ovens of this model installed in Crematories II/III in Birkenau was 800 corpses per day (p. 39) or 1,000 per day (p. 80).
9. The capacity of each of the two eight-muffle ovens installed in Cremato- ries IV and V at Birkenau was 500 corpses per day (p. 80).
10. During the first experimental cremation in Crematory II on March 4, 1943, 45 corpses of "fat men" were cremated; three for every muffle, and the cremation lasted 40 minutes (p. 72).
11. The "official" capacity of the crematories was as follows:
Crematory I : 340 corpses daily
Crematory II : 1 ,440 corpses daily
Crematory III : 1 ,440 corpses daily
Crematory IV : 768 corpses daily
Crematory V : 768 corpses daily
Pressac comments:
"These official figures derive from false propaganda but are neverthe- less valid. Their apparent validity rests on the fact that the duration of the incineration of two children weighing 10 kg each and of a woman weigh- ing 50 kg is equal to that for a man weighing 70 kg, which introduces a factor of multiplication varying from 1 to 3. This turns all figures on the crematory capacity into futile speculations. "
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 123
3.1. Capacity: The Facts
This reasoning is completely unfounded from both the technical and the documentary points of view. In this regard, we note the following: On 1 : The reference cited by Pressac is a letter from the Topf firm dated No- vember 1, 1940, to the SS Neubauleitung (New Construction Office) of the Mauthausen camp (note 9 on page 97). This document is a letter attached to a "cost estimate" of:
"One Topf two-muffle coke-fired cremation oven equipped with a forced air blower, one Topf draught booster system. " The oven offered is not the Dachau oven but rather the one in- stalled in Crematory I at Auschwitz. This is evident not only from the "cost estimate" mentioned above but also from Topf technical design D57253 attached to the letter dated June 10, 1940, concerning pre- cisely the first two-muffle oven of Crematory I at Auschwitz. This drawing is published by Pressac as Document 6.
Concerning the capacity of this model oven, one reads in the above letter:
"Our Mr. Priifer had already communicated to you that in the oven presented above it is possible to cremate two corpses per hour. " (My emphasis) On 2: As stated above, it is evident that the capacity of two corpses per hour refers not to the Dachau oven but to the "Auschwitz model" oven since "the oven presented above" is precisely that model. On 3: The source cited by Pressac is the Topf letter of January 6, 1941, to the SS-Neubauleitung of the Mauthausen camp (note 25 on page 98). That the installation of forced air blowers reduced the duration of cremation is an arbitrary assumption by Pressac without any foundation in the text (or in reality). The text states:16
"In both ovens we arranged it that the generator gases attack the item to be incinerated from above and below, thereby effecting a rapid cremation. "
This letter refers to the two-muffle oven of the Auschwitz model, mentioned in technical drawing D57253, and to the coke-fired oven (drawing D58173), which was never installed, so that the "rapid cre- mation" (with respect to the civilian ovens) is nothing but the duration of one hour indicated by Priifer in the letter of November 1, 1940. This "rapid cremation" depended upon the relative arrangement of the grate, made of fire-resistant clay, with respect to the opening connect- ing the muffle to the gas generator.
15 Kostenanschlag of Topf for KL Mauthausen of November 1, 1940. Bundesarchiv Koblenz (hereafter: BK), NS4 Ma/54.
16 Letter from Topf to SS-Neubauleitung KL Mauthausen of January 6, 1941. BK, NS4 Ma/54.
124 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
On 4: Pressac's citation from the Topf letter of July 14, 1941, to the SS- Neubauleitung of Mauthausen camp is correct, but Pressac apparently hasn't the slightest idea of the meaning of this document.17 This letter speaks of the incineration of 30 to 36 corpses in about ten hours in a two-muffle oven, corresponding to an incineration time of 33 to 40 minutes per corpse. These results could only be obtained under opti- mal conditions with the aid of an forced draft system {Saugzuganlage). The installation's typical time limit for the cremation of one adult corpses was 40 minutes for the main combustion in the muffle, plus another 20 minutes of post-combustion in the ash compartment under- neath the muffle. This was altogether one hour, which even in the 1970s represented the minimum duration obtainable in gas ovens, as resulted from cremation experiments conducted in England.18 The du- ration of 33 minutes (plus 20 minutes of post-combustion) could only be obtained in exceptional cases, and only for a short time. These times, however, applied in actuality only to the oven at Gusen, a Topf two-muffle mobile oven, which was originally oil-heated and then transformed into a coke-fired oven like the first oven at Dachau with the installation of two lateral gas generators (illustrated in Document 7 of Pressac). Because of local technical difficulties, these short times apply only theoretically to the ovens in Crematory I at Auschwitz.
In Auschwitz, the first cremation occurred on August 15, 1940 (p. 13). After only three months, on November 22, the Central Construc- tion Office sent a letter to the SS Main Office Budget and Construc- tion {Hauptamt Haushalt und Bauten) in Berlin which stated:19
"The past operation of the crematory has shown that even in the
relatively favorable times of the year, the oven with two muffles is
too small. " (Therefore insufficient - Author)
According to Pressac, from May to December 1940 there were 2,000 deaths at Auschwitz (p. 146), an average of eight per day. Ac- cording to an official Polish report,20 1,600 deaths occurred in Ausch- witz between June 1 940 and January, again in average some eight per day. From February to March 1 94 1 , 1 ,400 deaths were reported, which
Letter from Topf to SS-Neubauleitung KL Mauthausen of July 14, 1941. Staatsarchiv Wei- mar, LK 4651.
"Factors Which Affect the Process of Cremation: Third Session" by Dr. E.W. Jones, assisted by Mr. R.G. Williamson. Extracted from: The Cremation Society of Great Britain Annual Cremation Conference Report, 1975. APMO, D-Z/Bau, nr. inw. 1967, p. 65.
Report on Auschwitz of The Polish War Crimes Office, 1945. Archiwum Glownej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Instytutu Pamieci Narodowej (Archive of the Central Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against the Polish People - National Memorial, Warsaw), MSW Londyn, 113, p. 518.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 125
amounts to an average of some 23 per day. If we assume the latter av- erage for November 1 940 as well, the first double-muffle oven would have been insufficient to cremate this low quantity of bodies. The let- ter in question is part of the Moscow documents from the Central Con- struction Office of Auschwitz, but Pressac does not even mention it. His motive in excluding it is easily understandable.
On 5 : The gas-generating ovens heated with coke required a daily interrup- tion for cleaning the gas generators, since cinder, the residue from coke, melted and adhered to the grates. If cinder accumulated there over a long period of time, it would impede the passage of primary combustion air through the bars of the grill, causing poor operation of the cremation ovens. From a letter by Engineer H. Kori at the Lublin camp of October 23, 1941,21 one deduces that the cremation ovens in the concentration camps were used only twenty hours at a stretch.
On 6: Accepting the data in the Topf letter dated July 14, 1941, the capacity of a two-muffle oven over 21 hours of activity would be:
30 corpses ■*■ 10 hours x 21 hours = 63 corpses; 36 corpses ■*■ 10 hours x 21 hours = 76 corpses, so that the capacity for three ovens would be 63 x 3 = 189 and 76 x 3 = 228 corpses per day. Pressac unjustifiably estimates an excess of 200 to 250 corpses per day. I say unjustifiably, since the data supply a maximum capacity for an oven with two muffles from the very begin- ning.
On 7: In a letter sent to Ludwig and Ernst- Wolfgang Topf dated November 15, 1942,22 Engineer Priifer indicates that the three-muffle ovens he designed, which were installed in the crematory at Buchenwald, had an efficiency greater by one-third than what he had expected. Here Pressac, who normally confuses capacity with efficiency, commits the opposite error by confusing efficiency - that is, reduced coke con- sumption per cremation - with capacity - that is, cremations per time. In effect, the greater efficiency depended upon a thermotechnical ad- vantage, of which Priifer himself was not aware (maybe because he had designed the three- and eight-muffle ovens during his "spare time," as he wrote in a letter to Topf dated December 6, 194123): The higher efficiency was the result of the fact that the three-muffle oven had only two gas generators - just like the two muffle oven. The third muffle in the middle was fed with the hot gases coming out of the lat- eral muffles. This reduced the fuel consumption by V3.
21
Letter of H. Kori G.m.b.H. to SS-Sturmbannfuhrer Lenzer, Lublin, of October 23, 1941. Ar- chiwum Panstwowego Muzeum na Majdanku, sygn. VI-9a, vol.1.
22 APMO, BW 30/46, p. 18
23 APMO, BW 30/46, p. 6.
126 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
This advantage in reduced fuel consumption had its price, though, be- cause the third muffle had to accommodate the gases of two gas gen- erators. Thus, the volumetric velocity of the gases passing through the central muffle was roughly twice as high as in the outer muffles. As a result, some of the flammable gases reached the flue. This, along with a careless use of the forced draft systems, caused the damage of the flues and chimney of Crematory II at the end of March 1 943 But this has nothing to do with capacity. Instead, Pressac interprets this by claiming that the duration of a cremation in the three-muffle oven was reduced by one-third as compared to the two-muffle oven, which is technically absurd, since the heat theoretically available in each of the muffles was greater in the two-muffle oven than in the three-muffle oven (about 210,000 kcal/h/muffle as opposed to 163,000 kcal/h/muffle; or given in amount of coke per muffle: 30 kg/h/muffle as opposed to 23.3 kg/h/muffle).
On 8: But even if, for the sake of argument, Pressac's interpretation were cor- rect, then it would follow that the maximum capacity of a three-muffle oven would be twice as high as that of the double-muffle oven (3/2 (rela- tion of muffles) x 4/3 (relation of capacity) = 2):
36 corpses ■*■ 10 hours x 21 hours x 2 = 151.2 corpses per day, therefore the capacity of five ovens would be: Therefore the maximum capacity of five three-muffle ovens would be (5x151.2) = 756 corpses per day. But Pressac mentions an effective capacity of 800 corpses per day, which is then magically transformed into 1,000. Thus Pressac is not even consistent with his own techni- cally errant presuppositions.
On 9: Pressac does not even attempt to justify in some way the capacity that he attributes to the eight-muffle oven, which is as technically un- founded as the capacity he attributes to the three-muffle oven.
On 10: The cremation of 45 fat adult corpses - three per muffle - in the five ovens of Crematory II at Birkenau in 40 minutes (reference from the witness H. Tauber) can be taken seriously only by those who have not the vaguest idea of the structure and operation of these ovens. First of all, the cremation time of one adult male corpse was an average of 60 minutes; secondly, the maximum amount of heat that the two gas gen- erators could produce, which was designed for the cremation of only one corpse at a time in each muffle, would have been insufficient to maintain a muffle temperature of 600°C when assuming the simulta- neous cremation of two corpses in each muffle. 600°C is less a tem- perature than required for a complete combustion of the heavy hydro- carbons, which develop during the cremation of a corpse. 700°C is a minimum required. This means that not even the simultaneous crema-
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 127
tion of two corpses in one muffle is a fortiori thermotechnically im- possible - not to mention three or even more corpses. On 11: Pressac's reasoning, according to which all the capacity figures from the ovens at Auschwitz-Birkenau are futile speculations due to the pre- sumed presence of small-sized corpses, is in reality a simple antici- pated alibi: Not able to understand thermotechnical phenomena, with which he is forced to deal, he does not want others to understand, and therefore decrees that any calculation to the problem of capacity of the ovens is "futile speculation." Even here, Pressac is profoundly mis- taken. We have confronted and resolved the problem on the basis of the percentage of infants and children presumed homicidally gassed at Birkenau, by their age and average weight. The result is that the capac- ity of the ovens, for the assumed presence of infant and child corpses, would have been increased by twenty percent.
Moreover, Pressac contradicts his own assertion, since he accepts H. Tauber's story as true. Henryk Tauber declares, the plans of the SS men thwarted, because:24
"according to the calculation and plans for this crematory, five to seven minutes were allotted to burn one corpse in a chamber! " The testimony of H. Tauber is full of thermotechnically unfounded statements of this type. And besides, the cremation of nine adult corpses within 40 minutes would correspond to a capacity of 1,417 adult corpses per 2 1 -hour working day.
3.2. The Coke
Pressac mentions absolutely nothing about the consumption of coke at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
3.3. The Ovens
Before explaining the question of the cremation ovens, it is opportune to rapidly examine Pressac's historical and technical assertions on this subject to furnish other elements, with which to judge his competence and the value of his conclusions.
Pressac 's claim: The Volckmann-Ludwig system cremation oven went off the German market toward the end of 1934 (p. 4). Pressac begins his "reca- pitulative chronology" with the Volckmann-Ludwig patent (p. 110). He even presents a technical drawing as Document 2, which has nothing to do with the
24 J-C. Pressac, op. cit. (note 7), p. 489.
128 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
theme he has developed, evidently only to impress those who exalt him as un- opposed expert on the subject of cremation.25
In fact: The H. R. Heinicke company, holder of the Volckmann-Ludwig patent, at that time had its headquarters at Chemnitz. They installed fifteen other ovens of this type in Germany between 1935 and 1940.26
Pressac's claim: From the W. Miiller oven of Allach, the SS deduced that a cremation without casket permitted a cremation time reduction to half an hour, and that 1 00 kg of coke were enough to cremate twenty corpses in one day (p. 6).
In fact: In a gas generator oven, heated with coke, the casket delayed corpse-water vaporization by 5 to 6 minutes, acting in a way as a thermal shield until breaking apart by the effect of the flames. Simultaneously, the heat produced by the casket, which raised the temperature of the muffle to 1 , 1 00°C, accelerated the vaporization process, therefore cremation without a casket did not take less time than cremation with a casket.
Regarding the consumption of coke in the gas generator ovens, incompara- bly the most important fact to be found in the specialized German literature of the time is the cremation experiment conducted by Engineer Richard Kessler, one of the top specialists on cremation during the 1920s and 1930s. This ex- periment occurred on January 5, 1927, in the Gebriider Beck, Offenbach sys- tem oven, at the crematory of Dessau.27 The results of the experiment, dis- played in two thermotechnical diagrams, for each of the eight corpses cre- mated one after the other, were an average consumption of 29.5 kg of coke, plus the casket. These diagrams are of exceptional importance in understand- ing the operation of the gas generator cremation ovens. With the oven at ther- mal equilibrium (this state would have been reached in theory after twenty consecutive cremations), the consumption of coke would have been reduced to 23 kg, plus the casket. A wooden casket averaging 40 kg produced an actual quantity of heat equal to that produced by 1 5 kg of coke, therefore a cremation
On the Volckmann-Ludwig oven see: Dipl. Ing. Volckmann, Hamburg, "Ein neues Ein- ascherungsverfahren," Zentralblatt fur Feuerbestattung, 1931; Kurt Priifer, "Ein neues Ein- ascherungsverfahren. Eine Entgegnung," Die Flamme, 40 (193 1); Richard Kessler, "Der neue Einascherungsofen System Volckmann-Ludwig," Zentralblatt fur Feuerbestattung, 1931; Friedrich Helwig, "Vom Bau und Betrieb der Krematorien," Gesundheits-Ingenieur, 54(24) (1931); H. Wolfer, "Der neue 'Volckmann-Ludwig' -Einascherungsofen im Stutt- garter Krematorium," Gesundheits-Ingenieur, 55(13) (1932).
H.R. Heinicke, VL-Kremationsofen Bauart Heinicke. Summary of the sales kindly furnished by the H.R. Heinicke company of Stadthagen.
The two Volckmann-Ludwig ovens installed in the crematory of Dortmund in 1937 are described in Herman Kamper, "Der Umbau der Leichenverbrennungsdfen und die Einrich- tung von Leichenkuhlraumen auf dem Hauptfriedhof der Stadt Dortmund," Gesundheits- Ingenieur, 64. Jg., Heft 12, 1941.
R. Kessler, "Rationelle Warmewirtschaft in den Krematorien nach Massgabe der Versuche im Dessauer Krematorium," Die Warmewirtschaft, 4(8-1 1) (1927).
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 129
without a casket required about 38 kg of coke, and with 100 kg of coke three corpses could be cremated, not twenty. The "deduction" is evidently not that of the SS, but rather that of Pressac, and it is a very poor deduction.
Pressac 's claim: For him, the function of the forced draft blower was:
"to increase the quantity of combustion gas and thus avoid the waste of
additional fuel when incinerating frozen ' corpses. " (p. 29)
In fact: Here our author confuses the abilities of the Volckmann-Ludwig gas oven with the coke ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Actually, in the gas generator oven heated by coke, the forced draft blower, impacting directly on the draft of the gas generator, caused an increase in the combustion capacity of the firing grate, and consequently an increase in the consumption of coke.
Pressac 's claim: In Crematory I at Auschwitz, which had a chimney 15 meters high,
"Kohler added an exterior flue twelve meters long to obtain a draft
length of twenty-seven meters. " (p. 40)
In fact: In reality, the draft force of a chimney is determined by the height and cross-section of the exhaust gas ducts above the grate. The working for- mula given by Engineer W. Heepke in his classic work on crematories28 is precisely Z = 0.6 x H (for a fume temperature of 250°C), where Z is the force of the draft and H the height of the flue above the furnace grate. The length of the smoke conduit can only have a negative influence on the intake because too long a conduit would cool the fumes excessively.
Pressac 's claim: Pressac attributes the last page of a cost estimate by Topf for Auschwitz dated April 1, 1943, in the amount of 25,148 Reichsmark, pub- lished by R. Schabel,29 to the planned Crematory VI, "based on the principle of open air incineration." (p. 69)
In fact: Pressac' s interpretation is unsustainable since the document in question mentions:
"one smoke flue gate valve made of cast iron with pulleys, steel cable,
and hand winch, "
and a smoke flue infers a closed combustion muffle on one side and on the other a chimney; installations that would not be recommended for an open air combustion.
28
29
W. Heepke, Die Leichenverbrennungs-Anstalten (die Krematorien) , Verlag von Carl Mar- hold, Halle a.S. 1905, p. 71.
R. Schnabel, Macht ohne Moral: Eine Dokumentation iiber die SS, Roderberg- Verlag, Frankfurt/Main 1957, p. 351.
1 30 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
3.4. The Flames
Pressac 's claim: Pressac has the audacity to accept the story told by vari- ous eyewitnesses of flames coming out of the chimneys (of Crematories II and III) (p. 91).
In fact: This is technically impossible. Any uncombusted gas emitted from the muffles would either be burned in the smoke flues if there were the neces- sary ignition temperature and combustion air, or, should these two conditions not exist, they would emerge from the oven uncombusted. In the first case, completely combusted gas would be emitted from the chimney (particularly nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and a minimum amount of sulfur diox- ide); in the second case, only smoke would emerge.30
3.5. The Pits
Pressac 's claim: Even the story of the cremation pits, similarly accepted by Pressac, is technical nonsense.31
In fact: The cremation of corpses in pits by the process described by the eyewitnesses is impossible due to the lack of oxygen in the lower portion of the pit. In 1871, the attempt to cremate the dead soldiers from the Battle of Sedan, by opening mass graves, filling them with tar and setting them on fire, resulted in charring of the uppermost layer of corpses, the baking of the inter- mediate layer, and no effect on the bottom layer.32
Pressac 's claim: The Pressac technical drawings of the cremation ovens contain structural errors due to his lack of thermotechnical knowledge.
In fact: We have to restrict ourselves to a few examples:
- Plan of the modified Dachau oven (p. 14): The connection of the two gas generators to the muffles is incorrect (the products of combustion of the gas generators were emitted in the posterior part of the muffles and dis- charged directly into the smoke conduit).
- Plan of the three-muffle oven at Buchenwald (p. 28): The connection sys- tem of the gas generators to the muffles is wrong (the two gas generators were connected only to the two lateral muffles; the products of combustion entered into the central muffle through the three inter-muffle openings that were found in the inner wall of the lateral muffles).
For this see C. Mattogno, "Flames and Smoke from the Chimneys of Crematoria," The Revi- sionist, 2(1) (2004), pp. 73-78.
For this see C. Mattogno, "Combustion Experiments with Flesh and Animal Fat. On crema- tions in pits in the alleged extermination camps of the Third Reich," The Revisionist 2(1) (2004), pp. 64-72.
Dr. H. Frohlich, "Zur Gesundheitspflege auf den Schlachtfeldern," Deutsche Militardrztliche Zeitschrift, I, 1-4, 1872, pp. 109f.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 131
- The plan of the "rustic" three-muffle oven (p. 37) and plan of the presumed arrangements of the two simplified three-muffle oven (p. 50): The oven only had one gas generator. The cost estimate of February 12, 1942, men- tions only one horizontal firing grate,33 not two. The connection system of the two gas generators to the three muffles through three connection aper- tures is wrong; the discharge system of the combusted gases is wrong. Due to the draft of the chimney, most of the combusted gases would have passed through the point of least resistance, that is, through the muffle closest to the smoke conduit.
- Plan of the initial eight-muffle oven (p. 78): The discharge system of the combustion gases is wrong; the external muffle of every couple of muffles was connected to the horizontal smoke conduit through a vertical conduit placed in the wall of the posterior part of the muffle. Pressac places this conduit between the two muffles.
- Plan of the reinforced eight-muffle oven (p. 78): The discharge system of the combusted gases is wrong; the discharge conduit situated by the gas generators (at the right of the plan) did not exist.
4. The Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau According to Cremation Technology
Here we briefly review the results of our thermotechnical study on the Auschwitz-Birkenau cremation ovens.
4.1. Coke Consumption
The coke consumption results from the actual average consumption of the Topf double-muffle ovens in Gusen (30.6 kg of coke for each corpse), accord- ing to the method calculated by Engineer W. Heepke34 - the most thorough to be found in the German technical literature of the period - which permits to establish the heat balance of the oven.35
The heat balance of the Topf double, triple, and eight-muffle ovens at Auschwitz can be calculated by taking into consideration the different operat- ing temperatures, cremation times, firing grates per muffle, and surface area of
Kostenanschlag aufLieferung von 2 Stuck Dreimuffel Eindscherungs-Ofen und Herstellung
des Schornsteinfutters mit Reinigungstur of Topf, February 12, 1942. APMO, BW 30/34, pp.
27-33.
W. Heepke, "Die neuzeitlichen Leicheneinascherungsofen mit Koksfeuerung, deren War-
mebilanz und Brennstoffverbrauch," Feuerungstechnik, 21(8/9) (1933).
See in this regard C. Mattogno, "The Crematoria Ovens...," op. cit. (note 14), p. 391.
132
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
the ovens. Our calculations for the coke required for a single cremation in these type of ovens in thermal equilibrium resulted in the following:36
Auschwitz Crematoria: Coke Consumption per Corpse
|
Type of oven |
Emaciated Corpse |
Normal Corpse |
|
Two-muffle Oven Three-muffle Oven Eight-muffle Oven |
32.5 kg 22.0 kg 16.0 kg |
23.5 kg 16.0 kg 12.0 kg |
4.2. Capacity
The average cremation time of a continuously operating oven was about forty minutes of principal combustion (in the muffle), obtainable with the aid of the installation of an intake draft system (data relative to the Gusen oven).
The average time of a cremation without an intake draft system (taking into account the combustion capacity of the furnace grill) was sixty minutes, as is evident from the statement by Engineer Priifer (in the November 1 , 1 940, let- ter), as well as from the diagrams published by Engineer R. Kessler concern- ing the principal combustion in the muffle (considering the structural differ- ences of the Gebriider Beck oven compared to those at Auschwitz-Birkenau). Since the Auschwitz-Birkenau ovens lacked draft intake installations (p. 81), the average time for a cremation (principal combustion in the muffle) was one hour. The continuous operation of the ovens was 20 hours per day, at the most. Therefore, the capacity of the single crematories was as given in the fol- lowing table. This is the maximum theoretical capacity. The existing docu- ments show that the effective capacity was much less.
Maximum Capacity of the Crematoria of Auschwitz
|
Crematory |
Corpses per day |
Faktor 1.2 |
Pressac's Claim |
|
Crematory I |
120 |
144 |
340 |
|
Crematory II |
300 |
360 |
1,440 |
|
Crematory III |
300 |
360 |
1,440 |
|
Crematory IV |
160 |
192 |
768 |
|
Crematory V |
160 |
192 |
768 |
|
Totals: |
1,040 |
1,248 |
4,756 |
Supposing the reality of homicidal gassings, and when considering the per- centage of small-sized bodies among the corpses, as well as average weight as a function of age, the daily capacity would have increased by a factor of 1.2
It is assumed: for normal corpses a weight of 70 kg; for moderately thin corpses a weight of 55 kg, with loss of 25% of protein and 30% of body fat; for the emaciated corpse 40 kg, with loss of 50% of protein and 60% of body fat.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 133
(third column). The forth column gives the data from the letter of June 28, 1943, which Pressac considers "credible."
Since in twenty hours the ovens altogether could burn (based on the com- bustion capacity of the single oven's grill) 23,200 kg of coke,37 the average coke consumption for each corpse according to Jean-Claude Pressac would be (23,200-^4,756 =) 4.88 kg, which is thermotechnically impossible.
4.3. The Reason For Constructing Large Crematories
The decision to build three more crematories at Birkenau was made on August 19, 1942 (p. 49), after Himmler, during his inspection of Auschwitz on July 17 and 18, 1942, had ordered that the actual forecast for the KGL (prisoner of war camp) at Birkenau be increased from 125,000 to 200,000 prisoners (p. 44). It also came during the terrible typhus epidemic in the sum- mer of 1942, which caused decimation in the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp: In the male sector alone, from August 1 to 19, 4,1 13 deaths were registered,38 on the average 216 per day. In the third trimester of 1942, the mortality was 20.5% of the average camp population,39 which did not exceed 25,000 in- mates. The capacity of the crematories was therefore quite adequate for the camp population established by Himmler, and provided for a possible future typhus epidemic.
4.4. Number of Cremations in 1943: Estimate of the SS.
The Aktenvermerk (file memo) of March 17, 1943,40 (mentioned by Pressac on p. 119) shows the coke consumption estimate for the four crematories at Birkenau. The operational time of the crematories is estimated at 12 hours. The letter indicates the combustion capacity of the firing grates; therefore one is able to calculate the number of corpses that could possibly be cremated, namely, about 362 emaciated adult corpses per day.
From January 1 to March 10, 1943, ca. 14,800 inmates died in Auschwitz, an average of 207 per day. In February 1943, the mortality was approximately 7,400 inmates, an average of 264 per day.
In the same period, according to the Kalendarium of Danuta Czech, the number of the alleged gassing victims was appr. 72,700, an average of 1,054
Crematorium I: 30 kg/h of coke x 6 fire places = 180 kg/h; crematoria II & III: 35x10x2 =
700 kg/h; crematoria IV & V: 35x4x2 = 280 kg/h; total: 1,160 kg/h x 20 hours = 23,200 kg
of coke.
D. Czech, Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-
1945, Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbeck 1989, p. 281.
H. Langbein, Menschen in Auschwitz, Europaverlag, Vienna 1987, p. 74.
APMO, BW 30/7/34, p. 54.
1 34 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
per day. From March 14 to 31, 1943, the number of the alleged gassing vic- tims was appr. 15,300, an average of appr. 900 per day.
Based on these figures, the minimal coke consumption would have to have been 21,420 kg,41 but the file memo mentioned above expects a coke con- sumption of only 7,840 kg for a daily operation time of the ovens of 12 hours.
This estimate therefore refers exclusively to deceased registered inmates of the camp.
4.5. Number Cremated in 1943: Coke Consumption
From March 15 to October 25, 1943, a total of 607 tons of coke was sup- plied to the crematories of Auschwitz-Birkenau. Furthermore, a total of 96 m3 (3,390 cu. ft.) of wood was delivered in September and October 1943,42 which correspond to about 21.5 metric tons of coke. In terms of energy, this amounts to a total of 628.5 tons of coke.
In this period, the number of natural deaths among the prisoners was about 16,000, that of the presumed gassed about 1 16,800,43 thus altogether allegedly about 132,800. For the prisoners deceased of natural causes, there results an average coke availability of (628,500=16,000=) 39.3 kg per corpse, a figure which is quite compatible with the consumption of the ovens, if considering the coke required to reheat the ovens each day. For the presumed homicidally gassed plus the prisoners deceased of natural causes, however, there results an availability of (628,500=132,800=) merely 4.7 kg, which is thermotechnically impossible.
The estimate of the SS of March 17, 1943, and the quantity of coke sup- plied to the crematories from March to October 1943 demonstrate that the crematories cremated only the corpses of the registered prisoners deceased of natural causes and that, consequently, there was no mass homicidal gassing.
4.6. Cremation Capacity of the Crematories in 1943
From March 14 to October 25, 1943, the crematories at Birkenau were op- erable only for a total of 421 days. The maximum number of cremations theo- retically possible (taking into account the corpses of babies and children) is about 105,000 corpses,44 but the number of corpses to be cremated (presumed
Appr. 200 inmates + appr. 900 presumed gassing victims = 1,100 corpses per day, of which
appr. (1,100x30=46=) 720 were to be cremated in crematoria II & III and the rest of 380 in
crematoria IV & V, with a consumption of (720x22+380x16=) 21,420 kg coke.
APMO, D-Au-I-4, segregator 22, 22a.
This number is derived from the Kalendarium, op. cit. (note 38).
C. Mattogno, "The Crematoria Ovens. . . ," op. cit. (note 14), p. 404. For the crematoria II &
III, 67 days of activity (from October 26 to december 31, 1943) have to be deducted from the
356 days of activity of that year, thus 222 days remain, x 360 cremations per day = 79,920
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend
135
homicidally gassed plus registered prisoners) is claimed to have been about 142,000. Thus, the cremation capacity of the crematories rendered the crema- tion of presumed homicidally gassed prisoners impossible; therefore, there was no mass homicidal gassing.
In his gigantic work Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, published in 1989, Jean-Claude Pressac states that from April to October 1943 the crematories at Birkenau cremated 165,000 to 215,000 corpses with 497 tons of coke,45 which means that for him it was possible to cremate a corpse with an average of 2.6 kg of coke!
According to Rudolf Hoss, Crematories II and III could cremate 2,000 corpses per day, and the Crematories IV and V 1,500 per day.46 Hence the av- erage consumption of coke per corpse was respectively 3.5 kg and 1.8 kg!
4.7. The Duration of the Fireproof Brick of the Cremation Ovens
In his 1989 book, Jean-Claude Pressac furnishes the following numbers of corpses cremated at Auschwitz-Birkenau:
|
Cremation Site |
No. of Cremations |
Page AT. (9 |
|
Crematory I |
10,000 |
132 |
|
Crematory II |
400,000 |
183 |
|
Crematory III |
350,000 |
183 |
|
Crematory IV |
6,000 |
236 |
|
Crematory V |
15,000 |
236 |
|
Cremation Pit 1942 |
107,000 |
162,213 |
|
Cremation Pit 1944 |
50,000 |
236, 390 |
|
Total: |
938,000 |
These numbers refer exclusively to those presumed homicidally gassed and do not include the corpses of the registered prisoners who died of natural causes.
In his 1 993 book, Jean-Claude Pressac reduced the number of presumed homicidally gassed to 630,000 and in the 1994 German edition to 470,000 to 550,000. He claims a total general death toll of 775,000, rounded up to ap- proximately 800,000 (p. 148), and reduced this in the German edition to 631,000 to 71 1,000 inmates (p. 202).
bodies cremated; the crematoria IV & V had altogether 132 days of activity, x 192 crema- tions per day = 25,244 cremated bodies; total: 105,264 cremated bodies. J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 227.
Martin Broszat (ed.), Kommandant in Auschwitz. Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen des Rudolf Hoss, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1981, p. 171 (Engl.: Steven Paskuly (ed.), Death Dealer. The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz, Da Capo Press, New York 1996).
1 36 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
This revision of the number of those alleged to have been homicidally gassed has no relation to the Moscow documents studied by Pressac. The re- duction is dictated exclusively by his realization that the Birkenau crematories in 1943 and especially in spring and summer of 1944 (see next chapter, 4.8.) could not have cremated the corpses of the presumed homicidally gassed even with the inflated capacity numbers he adopted. To eliminate the contradiction, he decreed that the number of the deported brought to Auschwitz-Birkenau at this time according to the Auschwitz Kalendarium (about 53,000) and, conse- quently, of those alleged killed with gas (about 42,000) is exaggerated (p. 147). Thus, on the basis of simple conjecture, Pressac expects to "correct" on one little page the recent study by Franciszek Piper on the number of victims of Auschwitz-Birkenau,47 which is the most in-depth and documented work of established historiography, compiled with the help of the documents in pos- session of the Auschwitz museum. From the point of view of the supporters of the reality of homicidal gas chambers, the reference work therefore remains that of Piper, and the affirmations of Pressac are mere unfounded conjectures.
All the same, even the new number of cremations adopted by Pressac is technologically impossible. He reduces the number of those allegedly cre- mated in the open air in 1942 from 107,000 to 50,000, and has them no longer incinerated in "cremation pits," but on pyres. For 1944, he does not furnish any numbers. We therefore take those given in his 1989 book: 50,000. There- fore, of the 775,000 cremated claimed by Pressac, about 100,000 were alleg- edly cremated in the open, and the remaining 675,000 in the crematories.
Engineer R. Jakobskotter, speaking in 1 94 1 of the Topf ovens heated with electricity in the crematory of Erfurt, stated that the second oven was able to perform 3,000 cremations, while the normal duration of the fireproof bricks of the ovens was 2,000 cremations.48 The Gusen oven lasted for 3,200 crema- tions,49 after which it was necessary to dismantle it and replace the fire- resistant walls.50 The duration of one muffle was therefore about 1,600 crema- tions. Even if supposing that the ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau were used to the extreme limit of 3,000 cremations per muffle, they altogether would have been able to cremate about 156,000 corpses. According to Pressac, the total
47 F. Piper, "Estimating the Number of Deportees to and Victims of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp," Yad Vashem Studies 21 (1991), 49-103; Auschwitz. Wie viele Juden, Polen, Zigeu- ner... wurden umgebracht, Universitas, Krakow 1992.
R. Jakobskotter, "Die Entwicklung der elektrischen Einascherung bis zu dem neuen elek- trisch beheizten Heissluft einascherungsofen in Erfurt," Gesundheits-Ingenieur, 64(43) (1941), p. 583.
The cremation oven of Gusen went into operation on January 29, 1941. From February to October 1941 in the Gusen camp, 3,179 prisoners died. H. Marsalek, Die Geschichte des Konzentrationslager Mauthausen. Dokumentation, Osterreichische Lagergemeinschaft Mauthausen, Vienna 1980, p. 156.
"Bescheinigung iiber besondere Berechnung geleistete Tagelohn-Arbeiten," October 12 - November 9, 1941. BK, NS4 Ma/54.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 137
number of the victims among the registered prisoners was 130,000 (p. 146). Hence, the cremation of 675,000 corpses would have required at least four complete replacements of the fire-resistant bricks of all the muffles. This means that for Crematories II and III alone 256 tons of fire-resistant wall ma- terial would have been necessary (not counting that for the gas generators), with a labor time of about 7,200 hours (based on that required at Gusen).
However, in the archives of the Central Construction Office that were left "intact" by the SS of Auschwitz, which Pressac and I have examined in their entirety, there is not a trace of these enormous projects. This means that they were never carried out.
Once more we conclude that the cremation of 675,000 corpses was techno- logically impossible. Consequently no mass extermination was perpetrated at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
4.8. The Deportation and "Extermination" of the Hungarian
Jews51
Jean-Claude Pressac, embarrassed by the technical impossibility of a mass cremation of the Hungarian Jews alleged to have been gassed, plays at reduc- tion by declaring that of the approximately 438,000 deportees to Auschwitz- Birkenau, 146,000 were able to work and therefore were saved; the 292,000 remaining were incapable of work, and were gassed (p. 147). He also men- tions the estimates of G. Wellers, who represents the orthodox view on the matter. Wellers claims that 410,000 Hungarian Jews had been gassed (p. 147).
From these, Pressac calculates that with a total capacity of Crematories II, III, and IV, and of the "cremation pits" of 3,300 corpses per day, with the pos- sibility of an extension to 4,300 (Pressac does not say how), "the SS could an- nihilate up to 300,000 people in seventy days" (p. 148).
Regarding the first point, Pressac does not furnish any proof of the transfer of (146,000 - 28,000 registered prisoners =) 118,000 Hungarian Jews from Auschwitz. With the same "logic" one could claim that (438,000 - 28,000 =) 410,000 Hungarian Jews were transferred from Auschwitz, and thus did not undergo extermination.
Nevertheless, the deportation of the Hungarian Jews took place from May 15 to July 8, 1944, in a time frame of 54 days, not 70; therefore, even assum- ing the maximum capacity of 4,300 corpses per day (54 x 4,300), it would have been possible to cremate 232,200 corpses, not 292,000. As a matter of fact, after eliminating the pauses between the various waves of deportation and the actual days of deportation and arrival of deportees to Auschwitz,
51 For this see C. Mattogno, "Die Deportation der ungarischer Juden von Mai bis Juli 1944. Ei- ne provisorische Bilanz," Vierteljahreshefte fur freie Geschichtsforschung, 5(4) (2001), pp. 381-395.
138 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
which were 39,52 the installations at Birkenau would have been capable of cremating 39 x 4,300 = 167,700 corpses.-And where would the remaining 124,300 corpses have been put?
I may also point out that the aerial photographs taken by Allied airplanes on May 31,1 944,53 were made exactly at the crucial time of presumed exter- mination. On that day at least 9,050 deportees arrived at Birkenau, and this af- ter 15 days of intense arrivals (184,000 deportees, averaging 12,300 per day) and with an extermination toll of 2/-$ of them - according to Pressac's hypothe- sis - or at least 122,700 killed with gas.
The highest theoretical capacity of the Birkenau crematoria, considering the presence of children among the cremated, would have been 1 , 1 04 bodies per day.54 Therefore, from May 17 to 31 not more than (15x1,104=) appr. 16,600 bodies could have been cremated, so the "cremation pits" had to deal with the rest of about 106,000 bodies within 15 days, or in average about 7,100 per day. But the aerial photograph of Birkenau of May 31, 1944, shows only one small column of smoke corresponding to a surface on the ground of perhaps 50 m2, which would be sufficient for the cremation of some 50 bodies at best.55
These photographs56 constitute irrefutable proof that the story of extermi- nation of the Hungarian Jews is historically unfounded.
5. Genesis and Development of the "Final Solution"
5.1. Choosing Auschwitz as Extermination Center
Jean-Claude Pressac states that the last stage of the "final solution"
"was not decided on by the SS authorities in Berlin until after May- June 1942. Its actual technical implementation was the task of the SS men of the Construction Office of Auschwitz and the engineers of the firm J. A. Topfand Sons of Erfurt. " (p. 2) Regarding this, Pressac reports:
52 R.L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, Columbia University Press, New York 1981. See the summary table of the deportations on p. 602 of vol. 2.
53 Records of the Defense Intelligence Agency (RG 373). Mission 60 PRS/462 60 SQ, CAN D 1508, Exposure 3055, 3056.
C. Mattogno, "The Crematoria Ovens. . .," op. cit. (note 14), p. 398.
For this see my study in preparation: Cremazione all'aperto e crematori a Birkenau nel 1944 (Auschwitz: Open Air Incinerations, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago, in preparation). J.C. Ball, Air Photo Evidence, Ball Resource Services Ltd., Delta, B.C., Canada, 1992 (www.air-photo.com). 57 See in this connection: Carlo Mattogno, la soluzione finale: Problemi epolemiche (Edizioni di AR, Padua 1991) and C. Mattogno, J. Graf, Treblinka. Extermination Camp or Transit Camp? Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2004, pp. 179-201.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 139
"at the beginning of June 1942, Himmler summoned Hoss to Berlin and informed him of the choice of his camp as center for the mass annihilation of the Jews. The chief of the SS had chosen Auschwitz because of its favor- able situation close to the railway, and because the camp would soon be provided with a powerful crematory capable of cremating 1,400 bodies per day (an episode that Hoss wrongly places in the summer of 1941, which Eichmann also did after having read Hoss's writings). The action would begin July 1, and everything would have to be ready to execute it by this date. " (p. 41, my emphases)
In reality, it is Pressac who wrongly places in 1 942 an event which, accord- ing to the chronological and logical developments of the events referred to by Hoss, could only have taken place in 1941.
Let me summarize the chronology. In the memoirs which Hoss wrote while in a Polish prison, he wrote:58
"In the summer of 1941 - at the moment I am not able to cite the exact date - I was suddenly summoned to Berlin to the Reichsfuhrer [Himmler], by his aide. Contrary to his usual habits he revealed to me in absence of his aide the following: The Fiihrer has ordered the final solution of the Jewish question, and we SS must execute this order. I chose Auschwitz, both for its optimal communications position and because the adjacent land can be easily isolated and camouflaged. You will learn further details from Sturmbannfuhrer Eichmann, of the RSHA, whom I will send to you shortly. Soon thereafter, Eichmann came to me at Auschwitz, where he re- vealed to me the plan of action for the various countries. Hence, we went on to discuss the means of effecting the extermination plan. The means could only be gas. " Hoss continued:
"Eichmann promised that he would inform himself on the existence of an 'easily produced gas which would not require any particular installa- tions, and that he would later inform me on the matter. We went to inspect the area to establish the best location, and ascertained that it was the farm [the future Bunker 1 ] situated at the northwest corner of the future third sector of buildings, Birkenau. [5 ] Eichmann then returned to Berlin, to re- port to him [Himmler] the content of our conversation. At the end of No- vember in Eichmann 's office in Berlin a conference was held on the entire Jewish Section, at which I was invited to participate. [...] We were not told when the action would begin, nor had Eichmann been able to find the ap- propriate gas. In the autumn of 1941, by means of a secret order given to the prisoner of war camps, the Gestapo separated all the politruks, the commissars and some political officials and sent them to the closest con-
Kommandant in Auschwitz, op. cit. (note 46), pp. 157-159. The future section Bill at Birkenau.
140 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
centration camp, to have them liquidated. At Auschwitz small transports of these men were continuously arriving; they were then shot in the gravel pit by the buildings of the [tobacco] monopoly, or in the courtyard of Block II [Block 11]. On the occasion of one of my service trips, my substitute, Hauptsturmfuhrer Fritzsch, on his own initiative, used gas to exterminate these prisoners of war; he filled the cells located in the basement to over- flowing with Russians and, protecting himself with a gas mask, had Cyklon B [Zyklon B] infused, which provoked the immediate death of the victims. On Eichmann 's next visit, I reported to him on the use of Zyklon B, and we decided that it would be the gas used for the imminent mass slaughter. The killing of the Russian prisoners of war with Cyklon B, which I referred to above, continued, but no longer in Block II, because after the gassing, the entire building would have to be aired out for at least two days. As a result, the mortuary room of the crematory near the hospital was used, after the doors were rendered gas proof, and gas emission holes were opened in the ceiling. I wouldn 't know at what period exactly the extermination of the Jews began; probably already in September 1941, but perhaps only in January 1942. "
It is thus clear that the presumed summons of Hoss to Berlin came before the first alleged homicidal gassing in the Bunker of Block 1 1 (and before the successive gassings in the morgue of Crematory I at Auschwitz); but since Pressac places this event "between the fifth and the end of December 1941" (p. 34), it is just as clear that the summons dates back to the summer of 1941, not to 1942.
Himmler's second motive for choosing Auschwitz - the planned extraordi- nary cremation capacity - does not find any verification in the "memoirs" and in the sworn testimonies of Rudolf Hoss, but is the simple fruit of the fantasy of Jean-Claude Pressac. This is equal true for both the alleged precise date of the presumed summons (at the beginning of June) and for the date of the be- ginning of extermination (July 1). Both are Pressac's invention.
One may ask why Pressac would begin his book with these manipulations. The answer is simple: Not having found any evidence in Moscow of criminal aims in the plans of the crematories of Birkenau, and being forced to admit that these crematories were initially planned "without homicidal gas cham- bers" (p. 53), he had to postpone the alleged decision to exterminate the Jews by one year, since otherwise the planning of four crematories without gas chambers in the very place destined to be the principal center of such an ex- termination would have appeared too unlikely. Yet still, Pressac contradicts himself, because he places the beginning of the homicidal activities in Bunker 1 at the end of May 1942 (p. 39), that is, before R. Hoss allegedly knew or re- ceived the alleged extermination order from Himmler according to Pressac (beginning of June 1942).
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 141
It is opportune to remember that the beginning of the activity at Bunker 1 was placed in January 1942 in the first edition of Kalendarium of 'Auschwitz;60 in the second edition, it was moved to March.61 Pressac finally moves it to the end of May. In all three cases this was done without any proof of any kind. In addition, since the second edition of Kalendarium of Auschwitz places the be- ginning of the activity in Bunker 2 at June 30, 1942,62 it is evident that Hoss theoretically must have been summoned to Berlin at the beginning of June, and it matters little that Hoss never specifies it: Jean-Claude Pressac decrees it authoritatively.
Finally, the declaration of Rudolf Hoss himself on the presumed summons to Berlin by Himmler in June 1941 upsets Pressac 's reasoning from the very beginning.
5.2. Auschwitz: The First Gassing
Granting this, let us now follow this reasoning in its successive illogical and anachronistic development.
As indicated, Pressac places the first homicidal gassing in Auschwitz be- tween December 5, 1941, and the end of that month (p. 34). Regarding this, Pressac writes:
'According to Hoss (who was not present), death would have been im- mediate. Others speak of the gassing having lasted two days, with the in- troduction of a second toxic quantity, because the first did not kill every- one. Hydrocyanic acid, vaporizing at 27° C, used in an as yet unheated basement in full Silesian winter and a misreading of the lethal dose could explain the abnormal duration of this gassing. " (p. 34, my emphases) According to the Auschwitz Kalendarium and based upon various eyewit- nesses, this presumed event was supposed to have occurred between Septem- ber 3 and 5, 1941. 63 Polish historian S. Klodzihski sent a questionnaire on the alleged first gassing to 250 former prisoners of Auschwitz who were regis- tered before September 1941. With the help of their responses, Klodzihski al- ters the date of this gassing to a time frame between September 5 and 9, 1941.54 Pressac, who in 1989 still followed the Auschwitz Kalendarium liter- ally,65 now moves the date by at least three months. On what basis? On the ba-
D. Czech, Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau, in: Hef-
te von Auschwitz, Wydawnictwo Panstwowego Muzeum w Oswi^cimiu, 3, 1960, p. 49.
D. Czech, op. cit. (note 38), p. 186.
Ibid., p. 239.
Ibid., pp. 117-119.
S. Klodzihski, "Pierwsza zagazowanie wi?zniow i jencow w obozie oswi^cimskim,"
Przeglqd Lekarski, I, 1972.
J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 132.
142 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
sis of my study Auschwitz: The First Gassing,66 in which I demonstrated that this event has no historic foundation, because it is not only unsupported by any document, but even contradicted by available documents, and finally, be- cause all the testimonies on this subject contradict each other in all essential points. Instead of accepting the inevitable conclusion, Pressac accepts merely one of my observations as correct,67 but then he decrees that this supposed event did not only occur, but also that "at the present time" its official date is that which he indicates (p. 34).
Here Pressac gives one of many examples of his captious method. The story of the introduction of a second batch of Zyklon B, which killed those still alive, comes from the testimony of Michal Kula (deposition of June 11, 1945),68 who, however, places the first homicidal gassing with absolute cer- tainty in August 1941:69
"According to my information, the first gassing took place the night of
the 14-15 and the day of the 15th of August 1941, in the Bunkers of Block
11. I remember this date exactly, because it coincides with the anniversary
of my arrival at the camp, and because then the first Russian prisoners of
war were gassed. "
Michal Kula is the witness from whom Pressac takes the story of the four wire-mesh columns for the introduction of Zyklon B into the supposed gas chambers of Crematories II and III (p. 74).70
Pressac's explanation for the "abnormal" duration of the supposed gassing is the cold temperature and executioners' alleged ignorance of the lethal dose. These claims have already been discredited in my book both on the basis of testimonies from witnesses (witness Glowacki: "there was a tremendous heat"; witness Kielar: "the air was muggy and hot") and by practical experi- ences during disinfestation of the military barracks with Zyklon B during the years 1940 to 1941. During these experiments local temperatures were at times between -4°C and -8°C, during which the major part of the gas had evaporated after just one or two hours.71 Finally, in the work mentioned I have also shown that the lethal dose of hydrocyanic acid for human beings was per-
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: La prima gasazione, Edizioni di AR, Padua 1992. Revised and
expanded Engl, edition see note 1.
Ibid., Italian version, p. 159: "Since moreover the first gassing, according to the judge Jan
Sehn, was an execution of condemnees to death selected by the commission presided over
by Mildner, which arrived at Auschwitz 'in November 1941' and concluded its work 'after a
month,' the first gassing in any case could not have occurred before December."
Ibid., p. 85.
Ibid., p. 84.
Pressac even presents his own drawing of such columns, J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit.
(note 7), p. 487.
C. Mattogno, op. cit. (note 66), pp. 13 If. The reference is to the article by G. Peters and W.
Rasch, "Die Einsatzfahigkeit der Blausaure-Durchgasung bei tiefen Temperaturen," Zeit-
schriftfiir hygienische Zoologie und Schddlingsbekdmpfung, 1941.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 143
fectly known since the 1930s, on the basis of the book Schddliche Gase, Ddmpfe, Nebel, Ranch und Staubarten (Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin 1931), the classic by Ferdinand Flury and Franz Zernik. This is in direct con- tradiction to the statements of Jean-Claude Pressac (see above).72
Pressac's thesis includes another contradiction, because this supposed event, predating by at least five months the alleged decision to exterminate the Jews (according to Pressac) evidently has no connection with this any more than do the successive gassings in the morgue of Crematory I of Auschwitz, starting in January 1942. All the same, Pressac affirms that at the end of April 1942, it was decided due to difficulties to "transfer the activity to Birkenau" (p. 35). In other words, it was decided to put Bunker 1 into operation, al- though it was linked to the extermination of the Jews.
Here Pressac destroys the logically sound, though historically false argu- ment, which he put forth in his 1989 book:73
"Because the lethal dose for humans was not known, the SS had made a botched trial gassing in the basement of Bunker 11 of the Stammlager on 3, 4, and 5 September 1941, the victims being 850 Soviet POWs and other prisoners.
It was subsequently seen to be more convenient to gas people as re- quired in the very place where all corpses inevitably had to go eventually: the morgue of Krematorium I.
But trials to perfect the technique could not be carried out in this cre- matory attached to the camp, hence the idea of establishing Bunker 1 in an isolated location on the edge of Birkenau wood. "
Regarding the "final solution," Pressac inflicts the final blow to the tradi- tional interpretation of the Wannsee conference declaring in this connection:
"January 20, 1942, the so-called Wannsee conference was held in Ber- lin. If an operation to 'expel' the Jews towards the East was indeed antici- pated with the evocation of a 'natural' elimination by work, no one spoke then of industrial liquidation. In the days and weeks that followed, the Bau- leitung of Auschwitz received neither appeal, nor telegram, nor letter call- ins for an installation adapted to this end. " (p. 35, my emphasis) The story of this supposed "final solution," begun with a verbal order from Himmler, could only have been concluded with another verbal order:
"The end of November [1944], on the verbal order of Himmler, the homicidal gassings were stopped. " (p. 93) Needless to say, there is no proof of the existence of this "verbal order."74
G. Peters, W. Rasch, ibid., pp. 28f. and 36f.
J.-C. Pressac, op. cit., (note ), pp. 184.
The Kalendarium places this alleged order under November 2, 1944, op. cit. (note 38), p.
921.
144 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
6. Crematories II and III
6.1. The Originally Intended Use of the Crematories
Jean-Claude Pressac affirms that a capacity of 1,440 corpses per day was planned for the new crematory destined for the main camp, which later be- came the prototype for Crematories II and III at Birkenau (p. 28). As we have seen, that is what - according to Pressac - induced Himmler to choose Auschwitz for carrying out the extermination of the Jews, in addition to the good railway connection (p. 41). He nevertheless specifies that:
"Although Crematory II has served as a catalyst for the choice of Auschwitz in the liquidation of the Jews, it is not linked directly to this ex- termination, but is considered as an occasional supplementary means; Crematory III is planned only as an extension of II, to deal with an effec- tive 200,000 prisoners, and is only 'criminalized' for the needs of the SS bureaucracy. " (pp. 54f.)
Crematory III had a "sanitary orientation" (p. 50), equal to Crematory II, of which it was naturally the extension; the structures of Crematory II and III were not planned with the intention of homicidal gassing (p. 63), and none of the four crematories at Birkenau initially anticipated homicidal gas chambers (p. 53). Crematories IV and V instead "belonged to Bunkers 1 and 2" (p. 50); they were "destined to Bunkers 1 and 2" (p. 52), "connected directly to Bun- kers 1 and 2" (p. 54).
So according to Pressac, Crematories II and III initially had a normal hygi- enic-sanitary purpose, while Crematories IV and V (which were not equipped with homicidal gas chambers) had a criminal function because they were sup- posed to have cremated corpses form alleged homicidal gassings in the Bun- kers 1 and 2.
This results in the nonsensical conclusion that the technicians of the Auschwitz Central Construction Office assigned thirty muffles with a pre- sumed capacity of 2,880 corpses per day to the normal health measures of the camp (i.e., for the incineration of victims of epidemics), but only sixteen muf- fles with a claimed capacity of 1,536 corpses per day to mass extermination. In other words, they expected more corpses from natural mortality than from mass extermination!
Another Pressac conclusion, even more revealing is that Auschwitz was chosen by Himmler to commence extermination of Jews because of the design of the new crematory, which Pressac presumes could cremate 1 ,440 corpses per day. However, instead of making this crematory and its twin Crematory III the fulcrum of the extermination, the technicians of the Central Construction Office turned to two other crematories of distinctly lower capacity!
Regarding the genesis of the other three Crematories (III, IV and V), Pres- sac writes:
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 145
"The 19th [August] is to be considered the date when the decision to build three other crematories at Birkenau was ratified, of which two were linked directly to the criminal process of annihilation of the Jews. " (p. 49) But August 1 9 is also the date, on which a terrible typhus epidemic raged at Auschwitz-Birkenau that decimated the prisoners of the camp. Pressac him- self admits that:
"the pressure of the typhus epidemic, with its 250 to 300 deaths daily among the prisoners as well as among the civilians and the SS men, plus the incessant arrivals of Jewish convoys, pushed Bischoff on Hoss's or- ders, to expedite the crematory program and to double it. " (p. 50) Actually, the decision to construct four crematories at Birkenau resulted exclusively on the terror, which the typhus epidemic spread among the SS in light of the proposed expansion of the camp's population by about ten times.
6.2. The Term "Special"75
Pressac shows that the installations and the precautions of the SS aimed at halting the typhus epidemic bore the designation "special" (Sonder-) in the SS terminology. Doctor Wirths:
"foresaw a return of the typhus if some 'special measures ' (Sonder- massnahmen) to improve the sanitary situation were not taken urgently. " (p. 82, my emphasis) Pressac explains correctly that:
"the terms 'special measures/Sondermassnahmen' and 'special meas- ures ofconstruction/Sonderbaumassnahmen ' designate the dispositions re- lating to the sanitary issues or to the buildings if involved (for example, water supply, hygienic measures applied to the prisoners, etc." (p. 107, note 256, my emphasis)
With the construction of the disinfection and disinfestation installation of the Zentralsauna:
"the SS wanted to 'definitively' counter any resurgence of the typhus at Birkenau. " (p. 69)
The Zentralsauna was in fact part of the Sonderbaumassnahmen (p. 107, note 256) and, as with the crematories, was involved in the Durchfuhrung der Sonderbehandlung (implementation of the special treatment) (p. 61).
If, therefore, the construction of the new crematory had a purely sanitary purpose (by Pressac's admission), and if its construction was to be accelerated "due to the situation created by the 'special actions,'" as is stated in a docu- ment of the end of July 1942 (p. 47) - written at a time when the typhus epi-
75 See C. Mattogno, "Sonderbehandlung" ad Auschwitz. Genesi e significato. Edizioni di Ar, Padova 2001; Engl.: Special Treatment in Auschwitz, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2004.
146 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
demic reaped a rich harvest - it is clear that these "special actions" (Sonderak- tionen) were linked to the fight against the epidemic and had no criminal con- notation.
And if the same document mentions "4 barracks for the special treatment of prisoners at Birkenau" (p. 46, my emphasis), it is equally clear that even this "special treatment," reserved for registered prisoners of the camp, re- ferred simply to the "sanitary measures applied to the prisoners," to use the words of Jean-Claude Pressac.
And if finally on August 26, 1 942, during a massive typhus epidemic, Zyk- lon B was picked up at Dessau "for special treatment," it is still clear that it served disinfestation purposes (p. 47). 7
It should be pointed out that an Auschwitz construction plan from Oct. 28, 1942, shows a disinfestations building with a floor area of 1,000 m2 destined "for special treatment," that is, for the hygienic-sanitary treatment of inmates. This building included a heating facility, showering facilities, and a disinfest- ations facility and was estimated to cost 73,680 Reichsmark. A second smaller disinfestations facility was planned for the guards.77
Contradicting himself once more, Pressac claims that the term "special treatment" was an agreed-upon term that designated "the liquidation by gas of the unfit Jews at Birkenau." (p. 46) He further specifies that:
"the killing itself was called 'special treatment' or 'transfer of Jewish
population, ' whereas the entire operation, including selection, transport of
the unfit, and homicidal gassing, was termed 'special action, ' a term not
specifically criminal, since it could apply to a non-criminal operation as
well. " (p. 46)
Pressac himself mentions a case in which the term "special action" had no criminal meaning at all. After a strike (in an extermination camp!) of the civil- ian workers on December 17 and 18, 1942, the Gestapo made a "special ac- tion" consisting of the interrogation of these workers in order to find out what had produced the refusal to work (p. 63).
In brief: neither "special measure," "special construction measure," "spe- cial treatment," nor "special action" had a criminal significance, and Jean-
In the Auschwitz construction plan of October 28, 1942, a disinfestation facility Entwesung- sanlage of 1,000 m fur Sonderbehandlung was foreseen and planned specifically for the hygienic-sanitary treatment of the prisoners; it was endowed with heat, showers, and disin- festation installations (Heiz-Brause- u. Desinfektionsanlage) and had a cost of 73,680 RM. Another Entwesungsanlage smaller (262.84 m ) was destined for the guard troops (fur die Wachtruppe). Zusammenstellung des Bauvorhaben Kriegsgefangenenlager Auschwitz (Durchfiihrung der Sonderbehandlung, 28. Oktober 1942. Photocopy in: Florian Freund, Bertrand Perz, Karl Stuhlpfaffer, "Der Bau des Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau," Zeitgeschichte, no. 5/6, May- June 1993, p. 207).
"Zusammenstellung des Bauvorhabens Kriegsgefangenenlager Auschwitz (Durchfiihrung der Sonderbehandlung)" October 28, 1942; cf. F. Freund et al. ibid.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 147
Claude Pressac does not produce a single document to support the contrary. Therefore, his claims are completely unfounded.
6.3. The Purpose of Zyklon B Deliveries
What Pressac writes about the supply of Zyklon B to Auschwitz is abso- lutely unbelievable. He pretends that the SS Economic Administrative Main Office (Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt, WVHA) knew nothing about the typhus epidemic that raged at Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1942. This epidemic re- quired enormous quantities of Zyklon B for the purpose of disinfestation. He maintains that the camp administration, which did not want the WVHA to know of the epidemic, could not request Zyklon B without revealing the true, horrific conditions prevailing in the camp to its superiors in Berlin. This is how the camp administration extricated itself, according to Pressac:
"A ruse was devised. The blame for the bewildering quantities of gas used was placed on the Jews. The shipment authorization given on August 26 was for 'special treatment. ' Although the authorities of the SS-WVHA of Berlin knew the end result of the 'treatment, ' they were unaware of the specifics, that is, the quantities of toxin used. Since 2% to 3% was enough, this allowed to make the WVHA think that the majority of the Zyklon B de- livered was needed for homicidal gassings in Bunker 1 and 2. In this man- ner, 97% to 98% of the gas could be used for delousing. " (p. 47) The goal of this reasoning is quite clear. The purpose for ordering Zyklon B are allegedly twofold: On the one hand the "special treatment" (procure- ment of August 26) and the "resettlement of Jews" (October 2), terms that Pressac interprets in the criminal sense. On the other hand, the disinfestation ("gas for disinfesting of the camp" July 29). 78 There would therefore exist two types of procurements, bureaucratically defined: one for gassing Jews, the other for disinfestation of the camp. But in this case, the quantity of Zyklon B for a homicidal purpose would be enormous, because the request of October 2 alone refers to 5 tons gross. This contradicts the thesis advanced by Pressac in his 1989 book that only 2-3% of the Zyklon B supplied to Auschwitz was used for the purpose of homicide.79 To overcome this contradiction, Pressac has found nothing better than to assert that the request for Zyklon B, suppos- edly for the purpose of homicide ("special treatment," "resettlement of Jews") was in reality only a camouflage for requests with a sanitary purpose! Just how far the WVHA was unaware of the epidemic of typhus that raged at Auschwitz can be deduced from the fact that Doctor Wirths, who on Septem- ber 6, 1942, had been
78 NO-2362, NO-2363; D. Czech, op. cit. (note 38), p. 259. J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 188.
148 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
"appointed chief garrison physician of the Auschwitz camp in order to stem the epidemic of typhus, " (p. 116)
came from the Inspectorate of the Concentration Camps,80 that is, from Of- fice Group D of the WVHA.
Realizing the naivete of his reasoning, Pressac seeks to render the picture he has drawn more credible by falsifying the purpose of Pohl's visit of Sep- tember 23, 1942, to Auschwitz:
"The Chief of the SS-WVHA, General of the SS Army Corps Pohl, ap- peared unexpectedly in the morning of September 23 at Auschwitz in order to find out what was going on and where the allotted tons of Zyklon B were vanishing. Pohl went first to the Bauleitung, had the general layout of the camp explained and the buildings that had been erected, those under con- struction (including the four crematories of Birkenau), and those planned described to him. His question on Zyklon B was answered that with this product Jews and lice were destroyed at the same time. " (p. 59, my em- phasis)
Pressac's source for the above is the diary of Johann Paul Kremer81 (Pres- sac's notes 182f on p. 105). In reality, Kremer's diary entry reads as follows: "In the morning, Obergruppenfiihrer Pohl arrived with his entourage at the residence of the Waffen SS. In front of the door a sentinel. For the first time I am presented arms. The evening at 20 hours; dinner at the SS Offi- cers Club in the company of Obergruppenfiihrer Pohl: a real feast. We were served fried pike made to order, real coffee, an excellent beer, and some sandwiches. "
That is all. The rest is the product of Pressac's imagination. On p. 117 Pressac contradicts himself twice by writing that Pohl had gone to Auschwitz: "above all concerned with constructing a large water purification sta- tion at Broschkowitz (north of the town of Auschwitz) to reduce the risk of typhus. " (p. 1 1 7, my emphasis)
Therefore the WVHA knew very well about the typhus epidemic, and Pohl did not inspect Auschwitz to ask "where the allotted tons of Zyklon B were vanishing."82
Auschwitz vupar les SS, Oswi^cim State Museum, 1974, p. 337.
The WVHA was informed monthly of the number of prisoner deaths in all the concentration
camps, including Auschwitz (PS- 1469).
Ibid., pp. 233f.
I have been accused of having misrepresented Pressac's thoughts on that issue; I refer the
reader in this regard to my study Olocausto: dilettanti nel web. Effepi, Genova 2005 (also to
appear in The Revisionist).
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 149
6.4. Structural Changes of the Crematories
Jean-Claude Pressac's fundamental thesis is that Crematories II and III, planned and constructed as simple sanitary installations, were subsequently turned into instruments of crime:
"Towards the end of October 1942, the obvious idea prevailed to trans- fer the 'gassing' activity of Bunkers 1 and 2 into a room of the crematory, equipped with artificial ventilation, as had been practiced in 1941 in the morgue of Crematory I. " (p. 60)
That is an arbitrary statement by Pressac, not supported by any document. He adds an equally unfounded assertion, that
"in November 1942, the SS of the Bauleitung was determined to equip the crematories with homicidal gas chambers. " (p. 66) According to Pressac, initially the intentions of the SS were to
"use the 'morgue 1 ' of Crematory 11 for the gassings as soon as it was
operational, Or, if shipment of the required material was delayed, to fall
back on the 'Leichenhalle ' [morgue] of Crematory I after having installed
the final ventilation system already delivered. This ventilation system was
capable of extracting 8,300 m of air per hour from all the rooms of the
building, and about 3,000 m per hour from its 'Leichenhalle. '" (p. 61)
This appears clearly irrational even from Pressac's perspective. After all,
the Central Construction Office could have continued to use Bunkers 1 and 2
as it had done until then for mass extermination of the Jews while they were
waiting for the requested materials to arrive for the homicidal transformation
of morgue 1 of Crematory II. According to Pressac, the gassings in Crematory
I had already been transferred to Birkenau at the end of April 1942 because
"gassings required the total isolation of the crematory zone, which dis- turbed the activity of the camp, [...] while [the crematorium was] in opera- tion, gassings could not be performed. " (p. 35) . . . and the crematorium was operating quite often!
The idea that the SS were thinking to move the supposed homicidal gas- sings back to Crematory I, occurred to Pressac probably because a note dated November 27, 1942, gives the order to install the ventilation system in the morgue of Crematory I (p. 60). But at the same time Pressac writes with refer- ence to the installation of a temporary ventilation system in crematory I, which was performed by the Boos firm between February 23 and March 1, 1941 (p. 18), that
"homicidal gassings with a toxic agent could be carried out there be- cause its morgue was mechanically ventilated. " (p. 23) Therefore, if the temporary ventilation system already allowed homicidal gassings, why install a permanent system? If instead the permanent system was indispensable for homicidal gassings, why wasn't it installed immediately
1 50 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
instead of being left in a storage room? It had been shipped by Topf on April 16, 1942.
Then Pressac claims, the idea to use Crematory I for mass gassings was discarded by the Construction Office. They instead concentrated their efforts on the criminal transformation of Crematory II and III:
"Transferring the homicidal gassings to Crematories II and III seemed easy on paper, but was much less so because the building, planned by Priifer and improved by Werkmann, had not been envisioned for this pur- pose. The ground floor with its oven room and service rooms, did not need to be modified. But the basement had to be amended so that the 'special actions ' could be carried out there. " (pp. 63f, my emphasis) There is no doubt that starting at the end of 1942, the basement of Crema- tory II underwent various changes if compared with the initial layout. There is also no doubt that the oven room had not undergone any modification in num- ber or capacity with respect to the initial plan. How to explain this inconsis- tency? If Crematory II had been planned as a simple sanitary installation, ade- quate for the natural death toll of the camp, its transformation into an instru- ment of mass extermination would have required a corresponding increase in the capacity of the ovens: in other words, the installation of additional ovens. But that did not happen. Therefore, all that can be done to support the exter- mination thesis in this regard is to excessively inflate the real capacity of the ovens and, contradictingly, to infer that the ovens could handle even a mass extermination without difficulty although they were designed for hygienic purposes. To overcome the contradiction, Pressac simply declared that Crema- tory II could really cremate 1 ,440 corpses in 24 hours (a figure which would make experts wonder).
The reality is quite different. The installation in Crematory II and III of a 210 m2 gas chamber (the area of morgue 1), in which it would have been pos- sible to gas 1 ,800 victims without difficulty (the eyewitnesses speak even of 3,000), would have required 75 muffles for the cremation of all the corpses in one day - instead of the existing 15. The time required to cremate the bodies of the victims would have taken five days, presenting a serious obstacle to an extermination process. The mere fact, therefore, that the oven room was not transformed, demonstrates that the changes made in the basement were not of a criminal nature.
The changes made in the basements of Crematories II and III are once more visible from plan no. 2003 of December 19, 1942, which Pressac con- siders a "bavure architecturale'^3 (architectural glitch), in which the slide for the corpses no longer appears:
With the term "Ziavwre" Pressac means:
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 151
"The north stairway becomes the only possible access to the morgues, which implies that the dead will have to descend the stairs walking. " (pp. 64f.)
Actually, Plan 2003 was nothing more than a proposal to transfer the basement access to the street side84 and not a plan to eliminate the slide. Therefore, the absence of the slide is basically a simplification of a part of the drawing, which is technically irrelevant. The elimination of the slide would have been technically irrational (unless the lift were used to transport the corpses to the mortuary rooms), since the natural mortality at the camp con- tinued. In fact, the slide was constructed according to the original plan both in Crematory II and in Crematory III. This was independent of the fact that:
"Plan 2003 arrived too late at construction sites 30 (Crematory II) and 30a (Crematory III), " (p. 65)
as Pressac claims. That, however, could not be valid for Crematory III (which was in a less advanced construction stage) but, more precisely, de- pended on the logical necessity of an easy access for the corpses to the mortu- ary chambers.
The initial plan of the SS (November 1942) was, according to Pressac, to install in Crematories II and III two homicidal gas chambers operating alter- nately:
"The SS had also envisioned that both morgues be used as gas cham- bers, at that time wrongly believing that the large capacity expected for the five three-muffle ovens would permit an alternating operation. In this con- figuration, an exterior undressing room was indispensable, opening di- rectly to the access stairway that connected the two rooms through the cen- tral vestibule. Moreover, it was further essential to improve the ventilation of morgue 2 by adding an air intake fan. At the time it had only an duct that drew out air from the room. After the ovens had been tested and their capacity could be estimated more accurately, this solution was rejected be- cause it ended up producing a heap of corpses in the basement, which the ovens on the ground floor would have taken too long to incinerate. " (p. 66, my emphasis)
Here Pressac gets entangled in another series of insurmountable contradic- tions. On one hand, the plan of the double homicidal gas chamber, which de- pended on an overestimate of the capacity of the ovens, could not have been done in November 1942, because the two three-muffle ovens of the crematory of Buchenwald that were of the same model as the ovens in Crematories II and III of Birkenau went into operation on August 23 and on October 3, 1942,
"Any indication noted in any document whatsoever (writing, plan, photo) relating to an abnormal use of the crematories that could only be explained by the massive gassing of human beings. " (p. 60)
"Verlegung des Kellerzuganges an die Strassenseite," J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit.
(note 7), p. 302.
1 52 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
respectively (p. 39). In November, therefore, the oven's real capacity was per- fectly known, having already been in activity a total of four months. Further- more, the plan of the double homicidal gas chamber could not have been abandoned in November 1 942 in consequence of the real capacity resulting from the testing of the ovens, because the first test of the ovens in Crematory
II took place, according to Pressac, on March 4, 1943 (p. 72).
What is certain, however, is that Jean-Claude Pressac admits the irrational- ity of a plan which envisioned a capacity of corpses in the basement of the crematories, which would have been enormously greater than that of the ovens on the ground floor. In fact, he even states that these alleged homicidal gas chambers were divided in two in order to balance the process of extermina- tion. And because the capacity of the ovens was in his opinion - which lacks any technical basis - still inferior to that of the gas chambers:
"The search for a better arrangement continued even after the start of operation. Thus, at the end of 1943, so as to 'standardize' the operation of Crematories II and III, the administration of the camp had their gas cham- bers divided in two, devoting no more than 100 m for gassing, to kill and incinerate 500 to 700 unfit arrivals (including many children) in twenty- four hours. " (p. 67, my emphasis)
The source of this information is the deposition of H. Tauber, which, how- ever, speaks only of Crematory II. Therefore, Pressac's attribution of this sup- posed modification to Crematory III is unwarranted as well. In his book of 1989, Pressac comments regarding H. Tauber's story concerning the division of the gas chamber and of the successive gassings as follows:85
"One of the very few contestable points in the deposition. " Needless to say that there is no proof of this supposed division, neither documentary nor architectural.
To summarize: Since the maximum real capacity of Crematories II and III of 360 corpses per day (considering the presence of the corpses of children), Pressac admits a fortiori the pointlessness of a supposed extermination plan by the Construction Office.
The final project of the SS effectively accomplished, according to Pressac, was the transformation of morgue 1 into a homicidal gas chamber, and of morgue 2 into an undressing room. That would mean that Crematories II and
III were no longer provided with mortuary rooms. So, one may ask, where did the SS expect to deposit the corpses of the registered prisoners deceased of natural causes, which had to be cremated? The question is even more legiti- mate, because for each of the planned Crematories II and III originally three(!)
85 Ibid., p. 484.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 153
mortuary rooms were planned, exclusively for sanitary purposes, with a total floor area of 671 m2.86
6.5. Ventilation System
In support of his thesis, Pressac quotes a series of "glitches," which we shall deal with subsequently. Nevertheless, the "definitive" proof is connected to the ventilation system of the crematories.
The initial ventilation project of the new crematory included:
- An intake ventilator no. 450 for the B-Keller (the future morgue 1) with a capacity of 4,800 mVh;
- An outlet ventilator no. 450 for the B-Keller with a capacity of 4,800 m3/h;
- An outlet ventilator no. 550 for the L-Keller (the future morgue 2) with a capacity of 10,000 m3/h;
- An outlet ventilator no. 550 for the oven room with a capacity of 10,000 m3/h;
- An outlet ventilator no. 375 with a capacity of 3,000 m3/h for the autopsy room (p. 30).
Since Pressac indicates even the volume of the respective rooms (p. 30), it is possible to calculate the number of air exchanges estimated within one hour:
- (4,800-483) = 9.93 exchanges for the B-Keller;
- (10,000-966) = 10.35 exchanges for the L-Keller;
- (10,000-1,031) = 9.69 exchanges for the oven room;
- (3,000-300) - 10 exchanges for the autopsy room.
Subsequently, the capacity of the fans was allegedly increased as follows (p. 38):
- intake fan for B-Keller: 8,000 m3/h (=16.56 air exchanges per hour);
- outlet fan for B-Keller: 8,000 mVh (= 16.56 air exchanges per hour);
- outlet fan for L-Keller 13,000 mVh (=13.45 air exchanges per hour);
- outlet fan for oven room: 12,000 mVh (= 1 1.64 air exchanges per hour);
- outlet fan for autopsy room: 4,000 mVh (= 13.33 air exchanges per hour); The capacity of the ventilators mentioned by Pressac is not certified by any
document. He obviously calculated them on the basis of the power of the mo- tors. These are shown in the D59366 Topf plan of March 10, 1942 (Pressac's Documents 13-15) which, by its own date, refers to a period, in which the cre- matory was being planned exclusively for hygienic purposes.
86 Ibid., p. 286. See in this regard also C. Mattogno, "The Morgues of the Crematoria at Birke- nau in the Light of Documents," The Revisionist, 2(3) (2004), pp. 271-294, especially part II, "The Use of the Morgues of the Crematoria at Birkenau in 1943-1944," pp. 279-283.
1 54 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Pressac states that the morgues 1 of Crematories II and III were actually equipped with ventilators with a capacity of 8,000 m3/h of air (p. 74 and 118), and he even mentions the invoice of the ventilation system for Crematory III: invoice No. 729 of March 27, 1943 (p. 105, note 184).
He suggests that the increase of ventilator capacity from 4,800 to 8,000 m3/h was meant to compensate for the arrangement of the ventilation system planned and built for a normal mortuary room. In fact he states, in relation to the "gas testers," which we will deal with later:
"The SS wanted to verify if the power of the ventilation of morgue 1 would compensate for its original disposition, that is, air intake at the top and outlet at the bottom [of the morgue], which was designed for a mortu- ary, but which would have to be inverted for gas chamber, requiring air in- take at the bottom and the outlet at the top. " (pp. 7 If.) And because by this time morgue 2, having become a changing room, no longer required a ventilation system - Pressac claims - the ventilation systems were installed in Crematories II and III but the ventilators' motors were not. (pp. 79f)
The study of the ventilation systems of Crematories II and III actually pro- vides definite proof that morgue 1 was NOT transformed into a homicidal gas chamber. First of all, the Topf invoice No. 729 dated March 27, 1943,87 cited by Pressac mentions that a ventilator with a capacity of 4,800 m3/h was re- quired for the B-Raum, the supposed homicidal gas chamber, and that a venti- lator with a capacity of 10,000 m3/h was needed for the L-Raum, the supposed changing room. The same capacities are indicated by the invoice No. 171 of February 22, 1943, for Crematory II.88
In his preceding 1989 work, Pressac publishes a table which summarizes "Dimensions and volumes of the Krematorium II and III Leichenkeller" on the basis of the plans of the crematories:
Morgue 1 measured 30 m in length, 7 in width, and 2.41 in height; it there- fore had an area of 210 m2 and a volume of 506 m3.
Morgue 2 was 49.49 m long, 7.93 m wide, and 2.30 m high, so its area was 392.5 m2, its volume 902.7 m3.86
Consequently, for the supposed homicidal gas chamber, the SS had fore- seen (4,800=506=) 9.48 air exchanges per hour, while the supposed changing room (10,000=902.7=) 11 air exchanges per hour: Thus the gas chamber was less ventilated than the changing room! But that's not all. In Engineer W. Heepke's classic work on the planning of crematories, one reads that for morgues/mortuaries it was necessary to provide a minimum of five air changes per hour, and in case of intense utilization, up to ten exchanges.89 It is
87 APMO, D-Z/Bau, nr. inw. 1967, pp. 246f. (see appendix, Document No. 2). Ibid., pp. 23 If. (see appendix, Document No. 3). W. Heepke, op. cit. (note 28), p. 104 (see appendix, Document No. 4).
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 155
therefore evident that the ventilation system of morgue 1 was planned and built for a morgue. As a means of comparison, the Zyklon B disinfestation gas chambers with the DEGESCH circulation system, the plans of which Pressac publishes in documents 16 and 17, were designed with seventy-two air ex- changes per hour.90
Additionally, we notice that seventeen air exchanges per hour were planned for the first ventilation system by the Topf firm for Crematory I of Auschwitz (p. 18). This was almost twice that of the alleged homicidal gas chamber of Crematories II and III! These plans were for the autopsy room and morgue, without any homicidal purposes, with a purely hygienic goal.
Concerning the ventilation of morgue 2, it is true that the motor destined for this area does not figure in Plan 2197 of March 19, 1943, but that does not mean that it was decided not to install it at all. The work done in the cremato- ries demonstrate the contrary. In Crematory II, the ventilation system of the alleged homicidal gas chamber in morgue 1 was installed between February 22 and April 14, 1943; the ventilation system of morgue 2, the alleged chang- ing room, was installed between March 15 and 28; the ventilation system of morgue 2 of Crematory III was installed between April 12 and 22, as Pressac informs us in his 1989 book.91 If the absence of ventilator motors had been based on the SS decision to convert morgue 2 into a homicidal gas chamber, it is difficult to understand why they later had the ventilation systems installed in the two crematories of morgue 2 after all, after they had allegedly decided that morgue 2 did not need a ventilation system! It is therefore evident that the SS had the ventilation system of morgue 2 installed because they intended to use it. That the motors were not installed immediately was solely coincidental.
What has been presented here is already more than sufficient to give the le- thal blow to Jean-Claude Pressac's thesis about the criminal character of the "glitches" listed by him. They all have a completely different background if put into their proper context.
This follows, among other things, from the article by G. Peters, E. Wustiger mentioned by Pressac on pages 41 and 103, from which he also draws Documents 16-17. The title indica- ted by J.-C. Pressac: "Entlausung mit Zyklon Blausaure in Kreislauf-Begasungskammern," (Zeitschrift fur hygienische Zoologie und Schadlingsbekampfung, Heft 10/1 1, 1940; note 134 on p. 103) is wrong; the exact title is: "Sach-Entlausung in Blausaure-Kammern" (Zeitschrift fur hygienische Zoologie und Schadlingsbekampfung, 1940, pp. 191-196; see appendix, Documents No. 5 and 6). On page 195 one reads:
"Ventilator with motor. For this a capacity of 12 m per minute with a static pressure of 80 mm of water column is sufficient to produce a very rapid development of the gas as well as a sufficiently rapid ventilation (72 air exchanges per hour) of the contents of the gassed chamber. " J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 370.
1 56 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
6.6. "Gassing Cellar" and other "Glitches"92
Pressac correctly states that the struggle against typhus at Auschwitz was aided by the disinfestation systems (p. 84). Since the appearance of the first cases of typhus, the SS had begun to think of expanding the existing systems and to also use new technologies. This was the topic of a meeting on June 30, 1942 (p. 83). The compelling necessity of new disinfestation systems is con- firmed by the design of the Zentralsauna (November 24, 1942),93 which, be- cause of its importance in the fight against the typhus epidemic, was part of the "special construction measures." Its construction was part of the category "implementation of special treatment." There is circumstantial evidence indi- cating that in the meantime, at the end of 1942, the SS had decided to install several temporary disinfestation gas chambers in the Crematories II and IV,94 which were in a more advanced phase of construction. That would explains in a historical and logical manner all the "glitches" mentioned by Pressac, which we shall address shortly.
- The term "special cellar" {Sonderkeller) applied to morgue 1 (p. 60) matches other similar terms beginning with "special," which are all linked to the fight against typhus.
- The term "gassing cellar" ( Vergasungskeller) designates a disinfestation basement. In the explanatory report on the construction of the POW camp Birkenau dated October 30, 1941, the two Zyklon B disinfestation buildings subsequently built, BW5a and 5b, are equipped with a "gassing room" (Vergasungsraum).95
- The plan to preheat morgue 1 (p. 73) makes sense for a disinfestation gas chamber, because it would permit shorter gassing times (the duration of a gassing using 20 g of hydrocyanic acid per square meter required 45 minutes at a temperature of 25°C to 35°C, but three hours at a tempera- ture of 0 to 5°C).96 In contrast to that, the temperature in a homicidal gas chamber packed with human beings would be raised quickly by the vic-
For a more thorough study of this topic see C. Mattogno, "The Morgues of the Cremato- ria...," op. cit. (note 86), pp. 271-278, 286-289. 93 J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 68.
That is not unusual. Disinfestation installations were planned in the crematories at Majdanek (a), Dachau (b), and Stutthof (c).
a) Plan of October 23, 1941 (Archiwum Panstwowego Muzeum na Majdanku, sygn. VI-9a, vol. 1)
b) Plans of the "Baracke X" (crematorium) of March 1942 (NO-3884, NO-3885, NO-3887)
c) Plan of the crematorium of May 29, 1945 (J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 561)
95 APMO, nr. neg. 1034/7, p. 5.
F. Puntigam, H. Breymesser, E. Bernfus, Blausduregaskammern zur Fleckfieberabwehr. Sonderveroffentlichung des Reicharbeitsblattes, Berlin, 1943, p. 31.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 157
tims' body heat. A preheating would therefore not be necessary for a homicidal gas chamber.97
- The presence of a gas-proof door (p. 80) is perfectly normal in a disinfes- tation gas chamber.
-Regarding the presence of 14 showers in morgue 1: According to Pres- sac, this is a "glitch" because these showers were false (p. 80), and were used therefore to deceive victims of alleged homicidal gas chambers. That these showers were false is a simple arbitrary statement by Pressac. There are, in fact, documents proving that the SS did build in a real shower for inmates.92
- The mention of "a wooden fans" (Holzgebldse) destined for morgue 1 (p. 70) is for Pressac yet another "technical glitch" because:
"it proved that the air extracted was no longer that of a morgue, permeated by miasmas, but air mixed with a corrosive substance, which could be vented only by a non-corroding fan made entirely of wood (preferably cypress). The gaseous toxin used in the homicidal gas chambers was concentrated hydrocyanic acid (20 g/m ), and acids are corrosive. " (pp. 70f, my emphasis) yet the above-mentioned wooden fan was later replaced with a metal one, as is clear from the file memo of March 25, 1943,98 which reads:
"Instead of the wooden fan for the exhaust system of morgue I, a wrought- iron-type fan was adopted into the final design. " Pressac must therefore explain why, given that hydrocyanic acid (as he says) is corrosive, the engineers of the Central Construction Office re- placed a wooden fan with a metal one, and why the Degesch engineers proposed a metallic apparatus for the disinfestation gas chamber with their circulation system, like those that appear on Documents 16 and 17 of Pressac' s book. Why would they have done this - so that they could have been "corroded" by hydrocyanic acid?
In these standard gas chambers (also referred to as "normal gas cham- bers"), which had a volume of 1 0 m3, one can of Zyklon B of 200 g (HCN contents) was used in order to produce a gas concentration of 20 g/m3. Pressac states, as always without any proof, that this was the con- centration of the alleged homicidal gas chambers. But previously he claimed that the concentration of gas used in homicidal gas chambers of
The body of a normal adult, standing, produces 1.72 kcal per minute (a). 1,800 bodies pro- duce therefore 3,096 kcal per minute. The heat of vaporization of hydrocyanic acid is 6.67 kcal/mole; since its molecular weight is 27.03, the vaporization heat of 6 kg of hydrocyanic acid is (6,000x6.67)/27.03 = 1,480 kcal, less than half of the heat produced by 1,800 bodies in one minute.
a) F. Flury, F. Zernik, Schddliche Gase, Ddmpfe, Nebel, Rauch und Staubarten, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin 1931, p. 29. APMO, BW 30/25, p. 8.
158 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Birkenau was 12 g/m3.99 We shall later learn Pressac's reason for this in- crease.
- "Drahtnetzeinschiebvorrichtung" - wire mesh push-in device - does not mean "introduction devices made of wire netting" {dispositifs d 'introduction en treillis de fil de fer, p. 79). The German verb "ein- schieben" means to insert, to slide into, to push in, for example, to insert or push a drawer into a cabinet.
The alleged device for the introduction of Zyklon B in the alleged homi- cidal gas chambers would be called "Einwurfvorrichtung' (throw in de- vice). Pressac himself speaks in fact of deversement, "pouring out," of the Zyklon B in the alleged homicidal gas chambers (p. 89). The wooden blinds (Holzblenden, p. 79) cannot be what Pressac maintains either, i.e. wooden covers or lids of the alleged introduction devices for the Zyklon B. These devices would be called "Holzdeckel," precisely covers, not blinds.
Pressac states that the above-mentioned devices were found in "morgue 1" (p. 79), that is, the alleged homicidal gas chamber. But in reality, in the inventory of Crematory II,100 these devices are attributed to morgue 2, the alleged changing room (for the supposed homicidal gas chamber). Did the SS want to gas the victims in the "changing room"? But that's not all! These devices do not figure at all in the inventory of Crematory III.101 Then how did the SS think they could introduce the Zyklon B into the gas chamber? By affably asking the victims to carry in the cans of Zyklon B and open them after the gas-proof door closed behind them? Therefore, these devices could have been anything but what Jean-Claude Pressac claims.
- The designation "undressing cellar" (p. 74) attributed to morgue 2 is per- fectly normal, if we assume that a temporary disinfestation gas chamber was installed in morgue l.102
6.7. The "Normal Gas Chamber"
Jahrling's "glitch" shows once again, as if there were any more need for it, with what kind of distorted logic Pressac has fabricated his "criminal traces." The paragrpah merits citation in its entirety. But first, it is necessary to give a brief historical introduction.
Nineteen Zyklon B gas disinfestation chambers with the circulation system were planned for the new reception building of the main camp, where newly
" J.-C. Pressac, "Les Carences et Incoherences du 'Rapport Leuchter,'" Jowr J, 1988, p. III.
100 Ubergabeverhandlung of Crematory II, March 31, 1943. APMO, BW 30/43, p. 12.
101 Ubergabeverhandlung of Crematory III, June 24, 1943. APMO, BW 30/43, p. 24. See C. Mattogno, "The Morgues of the Crematoria...," part II, op. cit. (note 86).
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 159
arriving prisoners would be registered, bathed and disinfested. But these circu- lation systems were never installed.
At the end of 1943, it was instead decided to transform eight of these rooms into microwave disinfestation chambers, in line with a new process de- veloped by the Siemens company. Work began in February 1944 (p. 88). At the same time, it was decided to put the eleven remaining rooms into opera- tion by installing DEGESCH ciculation system. The Boos company, which should have performed this work, raised objections. The Testa company (Tesch & Stabenow), distributor of Zyklon B, had also taken an interest in the affair, as had chief garrison physician Dr. Wirths, who remembered that ac- cording to an ordinance in effect, Zyklon B had to be replaced by another gas: Arginal,103 the use of which required an adaptation of the Zyklon B gas cham- bers (pp. 88f.).
"On this occasion, the civil employee Jdhrling committed an extraordi- nary blunder in a letter destined for the Testa company. He designated the delousing gas chambers as 'Normalgaskammer, ' a word underlined and put in quotation marks, as if there existed 'normal' gas chambers and oth- ers which were 'abnormal. ' The appellation was taken up by the Testa company, which first stated that the conversion to Arginal was only obliga- tory in the new installations, and insisted that the personnel who handled the normal gas chambers with the hydrocyanic acid should be particularly well trained: implying that their operation was distinctly more complex than the simple pouring of Zyklon B into the 'abnormal' gas chambers. " (p. 89, my emphasis)
If Pressac had familiarized himself even a little with the disinfestation gas chambers using hydrocyanic acid, he would have known that a "normal gas chamber" was a gas chamber according to the German norms established in those years, that is, a standard DEGESCH room with a circulation system. A disinfestation room not conforming to the norm was a simple auxiliary gas chamber (behelfsmdssige Blausaurekammer).
Therefore, Jahrling simply wanted to underline that the planned transfor- mation of the operating system referred to gas chambers planned as hydro- cyanic gas chambers with the DEGESCH circulation system, that is, as normal gas chambers, and not to chambers without such a system, that is, abnormal gas chambers, like that in building BW 5b in Birkenau.
The gas in question called Arginal (Alkylformiat) was used together with Cartox for the dis- infestation of silos against calandra granaria (grain weevil), a fearful grain parasite (H.W. Frickhinger, Schddlingsbekdmpfung fur Jedermann, Heilingsche Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 1942; G. Peters, op. cit. (note 7), pp. 37f and 55-57). 104 F. Puntigam et al. (note 96). This work describes with great accuracy two types of gas chambers: the standard ones with the Kreislauf system and the Behelfsmdssige Blausdure- kammern (pp. 62-68).
1 60 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
6.8. "10 Gas Testers:" The Definite Proof?105
The request for "10 gas testers" (10 Gaspriifer; p. 71. See appendix, Documents No. 7 and 8), supposing that it really deals with "indicator devices for prussic acid residue" (Anzeigegerdte fur Blausdure Reste; p. 72), is per- fectly normal for a disinfestation gas chamber.
Instead, Pressac writes, as enthusiastically as naively:
"This document constitutes the definitive proof for the existence of a
homicidal gas chamber in Crematory II. " (p. 72, my emphasis)
This document can be at best an indication, not a definitive proof of the existence of a gas chamber. But that this gas chamber was homicidal, is a simple arbitrary affirmation by Jean-Claude Pressac.
On this subject Pressac adds a very important explanation:
"Some experiments with the preliminary introduction ofZyklon-B were
made. The measurement of the residual hydrocyanic gas would have been
done by a chemical method and not with the ten gas detectors requested
too late to be delivered on time. " (p. 73, my emphasis)
Although this document jibes perfectly with my thesis, it raises some seri- ous problems, which neither Pressac nor any other historian ever addressed. To break them down:
a) In German technical terminology, the term "Gasprufer" refers to simple analyzers of combustion gases.106
b) To prove the existence of hydrocyanic acid gas residue, there was only a chemical method, and no detectors based on physical properties.107
c) The apparatus that was used for this test was called "Gasrestnachweis- geratfur Zyklon " (gas residue detection device for Zyklon).108
d) This apparatus was required equipment at all of the disinfestation instal- lations, including those at Auschwitz.
e) Since these devices were available in the disinfestation installations at the camp, it would not have made sense to request them from a company that did neither produce them nor knew how to get them. They could have been obtained from the above-mentioned disinfestations installa- tions or ordered directly from the companies which made or distributed them (the same ones that distributed the Zyklon B).
For a more in-depth study of the topic dealt with in this chapter see C. Mattogno, "The 'Gas Testers' of Auschwitz. Testing for Zyklon B Gas Residues. Documents - Missed and Mis- understood," The Revisionist, 2(2) (2004), pp. 140-149; Mattogno, "Auschwitz: 'Gas Test- ers' and Gas Residue Test Kits," ibidem, pp. 150-155.
"Hiitte" des Ingenieurs Taschenbuch, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1931, vol. 1, p. 1013, No. 3, with specific and exclusive reference to the "Rauchgasanalyse" (analysis of combustion gases) (p. 1011) (see appendix, Document No. 9 & 12). 107 F. Puntigam et al. (note 96), p. 21.
Letter of the Tesch & Stabenow company of July 29, 1942, to the Waffen-SS Kriegsgefan- genenlager Lublin, Verwaltung (see appendix, Documents No. 10 and 11).
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 161
f) Since the camp administrations did not request gas masks with the spe- cial filter "J" (for hydrocyanic acid) together with the gas testers, it is clear that it was possible to procure them at the camp, where it could also procure the Gasrestnachweisgerdte fur Zyklon. My conclusion: the ten gas testers were simple analyzers of the combustion gases. They were meant to be installed either in the ten flues of the cremato- ries II and III or in the chimney ducts of all crematories in Birkenau (II to V).
And this is all Pressac has to offer as homicidal "evidence" for the crema- tories II and III.
7. Bunkers 1 and 2109
Before examining Jean-Claude Pressac' s statements on Bunkers 1 and 2, it is important to emphasize that the term "Bunker" like those of "red house" and "white house" cannot be found either in any German document or in any reports of the clandestine Polish resistance movement. It has been created by post-war "eye" witnesses.
Pressac states that Bunker 1, destined for mass extermination, went into operation at the end of May 1942 (p. 39), that is, as we have seen, even before Rudolf Hoss - according to Pressac - received from Himmler the alleged or- der for extermination of the Jews.
There exists no document on the existence of Bunker 1 (and 2) as homi- cidal installations. What Pressac says on the subject, as if it were certified his- torical truth, is in reality the simple result of extrapolation of testimonies, which contradict each other on all essential points.110
According to Pressac, Bunker 2 began its activity at the beginning of June 1942 (p. 41). Pressac describes the genesis of the installation as follows:
"Not far from Bunker 1 arose a second little whitewashed farmhouse with an area of 105 m . It was simple to transform it into a gas chamber. The operation had already been implemented at Bunker 1, and it could have held half a thousand people. But Hoss wanted to improve the ventila- tion. He consulted Bischoff, who showed him an article by G Peters, the director of the Degesch Company (the enterprise producing the Zyklon B),
! For this topic see C. Mattogno, op. cit. (note 3).
On page 59, Pressac writes regarding prisoners working at cremating corpses buried in
common graves:
"They had become, involuntarily, the only witnesses, apart from SS men, of the outward signs of the massacre of the Jews, for among the prisoners that had participated in this 'cleansing, ' none were left alive. " (my emphasis)
How, then, is the fact explained that the eye witnesses of the alleged extermination activity
of the Bunkers were still left alive?
1 62 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
which described a delousing installation using Zyklon B with eight little gas chambers of 10 m arranged side by side. " (pp. 4 If.) The article, as Pressac himself informs us, had been requested by the Boos Company:
"in order to use it as a guide for equipping the future prisoner recep- tion building of the main camp with a battery of nineteen similar delousing gas cells. " (p. 42)
Therefore the article concerned the nineteen Zyklon B disinfestation cham- bers with the circulation system planned for the new reception building. The date of the request is July 1, 1942 (p. 103, note 135), that is, one month after the presumed beginning of the alleged activity of Bunker 2. This article in- cluded the previously mentioned schematic plan for a DEGESCH circulation gas chamber, as published by Pressac as Document 16f. That this article was shown by Bischoff to Hoss for the purpose of furnishing Bunker 2 with a ven- tilation system, is not attested to by any document. Quite to the contrary: it is the pure fantasy of Jean-Claude Pressac, who states, moreover, that no me- chanical ventilation system was installed in Bunker 2. Finally:
"four little gas chambers of about 50 m were constructed in the white farmhouse [Bunker 2]. These were arranged parallel to each other, with- out mechanical ventilation, but oriented in the most likely direction of the wind (North-South at Birkenau). " (p. 42, my emphasis) The aim of Pressac's pretensions is obvious. One of the criticisms made of his 1989 book regarding the alleged homicidal chambers is that the Germans' alleged homicidal gas chambers were supposed to have been technologically unsophisticated, even though they were at the forefront of technology in Zyk- lon B disinfestation chambers, thanks to their invention of the DEGESCH cir- culation system. Pressac must therefore establish in some manner a connection between the two types of systems, which he does in a crafty manner, asserting on the one hand that the transformation of Bunker 2 into a homicidal gas chamber had been done:
"by emulating the delousing facilities installed by the Degesch of Frankfurt/Main (cells placed in parallel), " (p. 115, my emphasis) and furthermore that the first homicidal gassing in Crematory II had been done with the introduction of 6 kg of Zyklon B, which
"represents a concentration of about 20 g of hydrocyanic acid per m , identical to that prescribed by the directors of Degesch for their delousing cells. " (p. 119, my emphasis)
Thus, the engineers of the Central Construction Office would have drawn the least significant element from the article of G. Peters (and E. Wtistiger): the arrangement of the gas chambers in parallel. Only a foundation of 1 05 m2 remains of the presumed Bunker 2, which, however, shows non-parallel(!) subdivision in seven locations. Nothing is known about the height of these lo-
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 163
cations. The volume assumed by Pressac (four chambers of 50 m3 each) is therefore simply the fruit of his imagination.
Even though it would have been possible to install only one gas chamber in this building (which would have to be expected; after all, this building was supposed to be used for mass exterminations), they supposedly installed four chambers with (105 m2-4=) 26.25 m2 each, which would have hindered the extermination process considerably.
Concerning the concentration of hydrocyanic acid: since the volume of morgue 1 (506 m3) would have been reduced to about 406 m3, after the re- moval of about 1 00 m3 occupied by the 1 ,492 bodies of the victims and the re- inforced concrete pillars, the concentration obtainable with 6 kg of Zyklon Bm would have been (6,000-406=) about 14.8 g/m3, not 20.
But who cares: Pressac states authoritatively that the concentration of hy- drocyanic acid in the alleged homicidal gas chamber was 20 g/m3. Period. By so doing, the second fictitious connection between the DEGESCH disinfesta- tion gas chambers and the alleged homicidal gas chambers is created from thin air.
In the beginning, the SS had not planned undressing rooms for Bunkers 1 and 2; the victims undressed "in the open air," but then:
" B is choff demanded in his second report the construction, close to the
two Bunkers, of four wooden huts as undressing rooms for the unfit. The
cost of each hut was 15,000 RM. The request was formulated thus: [four
pieces huts for the special treatment of the prisoners at Birkenau. (pp.
45f, Pressac's emphasis)
The report in question was written at the end of July 1942, during a full scale typhus epidemic. As we have explained, the "special treatment of the prisoners" did not have a criminal significance, but was a health measure in- cluded in the sanitary provisions taken by the SS to stop the epidemic. Need- less to say that the connection between these four huts and the Bunkers 1 and 2 is, as usual, based only on Pressac's fantasy and has no documentary basis whatsoever.112
The "bathing facilities for special actions" (Badeanstalten fur Sonderak- tionen) mentioned in the file memo of August 21, 1942 (p. 52), had the same function; each had to be equipped with two three-muffle ovens of the simpli- fied models, evidently to cremate infected corpses of prisoners who died of typhus.113
This figure in reference to the first alleged homicidal gassing in Crematory II is pure inven- tion by Jean-Claude Pressac. There exists no document, and no witness affirms, that on such an occasion 6 kg of Zyklon B were used. Pressac draws this figure from R. Hoss, who speaks in general of 5-7 cans of Zyklon B, of 1 kg each (NI-034, NI-036). 112 On the question of these four huts for special treatment see C. Mattogno, Special Treatment in Auschwitz, op. cit. (note 75), pp. 27-28, 36-39. On this ibidem, Part II, §12, "Bathing Facilities for Special Actions," pp. 67-72.
1 64 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Pressac believes he has found another "glitch" in a plan of the area of in- terest at Auschwitz-Birkenau. This plan allegedly
"indicates that the zone where Bunkers 1 and 2 and their burying pits
were situated was classified a 'prohibited area. '" (legend of Document 21
and p. 52)
But this document bears the date of June 2, 1943, at which time the two bunkers had ceased their alleged activity two and a half months earlier, and the so-called "cremation pits" (which Pressac transforms for the occasion into "burying pits") had allegedly been covered over and the earth leveled. What, therefore, did the SS want to hide in this zone?
Actually, the "prohibited area" refers to the entire white area within the oblique hatching, and therefore includes the entire zone of the camp of Birke- nau. The "prohibited area" is clearly related to various camp closures decreed by Hoss due to typhus: July 10, 1942 (p. 115), July 23 (p. 116), February 8, 1943 (p. 118). In June 1943, typhus still raged in the Gypsy camp at Birkenau, and in Sector BI cases of typhus were reported until the end of July 1943 (pp. 120 and 121).
In May- June 1944, during the deportation of the Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz,
"Bunker 2 was reactivated on this occasion for small groups, whose
bodies were burned in an incineration pit of 30 m . " (pp. 90f.)
This is decidedly irrational. According to this, the SS is supposed to have equipped an extermination installation providing "half a thousand" corpses at a time with a cremation area sufficient at most for 50 corpses. That is only a tenth of the actual needs. Furthermore, it is necessary to add that the "eyewit- ness" Miklos Nyiszli speaks of two "cremation pits" measuring 50m x 6m (600 m2 altogether) and consuming 5,000 to 6,000 corpses per day.114 In his preceding book, Pressac considers this witness credible. His only fault: He multiplied all numbers by 4!115 Yet in this specific case, Pressac claims a cre- mation pit area 20 times less than that declared by Nyiszli, and a cremation capacity - deduced from the area - that would have been 100 to 120 times lower!
On page 147, a second cremation pit suddenly appears, "much smaller" than the first. Pressac introduces this to increase the capacity of Bunker 2 slightly, so as to make the alleged extermination of the Hungarian Jews appear technically somewhat more plausible. This does not change anything we have demonstrated above.
M. Nyiszli, Medecin a Auschwitz: Souvenirs d'un medecin deporte, Julliard, Paris 1961, pp. 96-98 (Engl: Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account, Arcade Publishing, New York 1993). 115 J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 479. Actually M. Nyiszli is a false witness. See in this connection our study "Medico ad Auschwitz": Anatomia di unfalso, Edizioni La Sfinge, Parma 1988.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 165
8. Crematories IV and V
Pressac states that the Crematories IV and V depended on the homicidal activity of Bunkers 1 and 2 (p. 50) and were thus assigned to them (p. 52).
This logistic arrangement was, to say the least, an unhappy one, given that the distance of the crematories (road distance) from the claimed location of Bunker 1 was about 800 meters, and from the ruins of the supposed Bunker 2 about 900 meters. Therefore, the corpses would have to have been transported to the crematories by truck. If one considers that in Crematory I (according to Pressac) a more rational extermination procedure had already been worked out, one subsequently begun in all four of the other crematories of Birkenau - placing the homicidal gas chamber right in the crematory - the planning of two "criminal" crematories not only without gas chambers, but even 800 to 900 meters away from the alleged homicidal gas chambers, is decidedly non- sensical.
Describing the genesis of these crematories, Pressac writes:
"As for Crematory IV (and V), its first drawing of August 1942 showed only the incinerator portion. In mid-October, the Konrad Segnitz company, assigned to do its roofing, depicted the crematory's final dimensions, which showed the oven room as an extension of a huge morgue, 48 by 12 meters (576 m ), indicating its function 'at the end of the sequence. ' The undressing and the gassing of the victims was always situated in Bunker 2, but the corpses thus produced were deposited in the mortuary of Crema- tory IV to be incinerated. Then the SS tried to place a gas chamber (heated with a stove) at the center of the building, which would have given it the following logical arrangement: Undressing room - gas chamber - airlock - oven room with 8 chambers. " (p. 67, my emphasis) The drawing of the Segnitz company is Plan 1361, dated October 14, 1942.116 The claim that the SS "then" tried to install a homicidal gas chamber at the center of the building, heated by a stove, is false because the presence of a stove at the center of the building appears already in Plan 1678 from August 14, 1942, and Pressac comments on this as follows:117
"The presence of a stove in the uncompleted room of Drawing 1678 is a formal indication that it was used for gassing. "
Thereupon, Pressac expounds the subsequent development of the plans for Crematories IV and V:
"But an undressing room was missing. The erection of a hut outside compensated for this absence and created the following sequence: undress- ing room - gas chamber - mortuary - airlock - oven room with 8 muffles.
J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 397. 117 Ibid., p. 392.
1 66 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Having incineration capacities half of those of Crematories II and III,
Crematories IV and V were to have more modest gas chambers as well.
The SS combined their need for gas chambers of lower capacity (100 m )
for 'treating' small groups of victims with the proposal for an alternative
operation and thus established, on January 11, 1943, the final plan of
Crematory IV (and V). " (p. 67)
The simplified plan laid out by Pressac includes this sequence: an undress- ing room, which serves two homicidal gas chambers (nos. 1 and 2), each for 500 "unfit," a corridor, a mortuary room, an airlock, and the oven room (p. 67). He adds that:
"this conception necessitated the construction of an outdoor undressing
room, which was not indispensable during nice weather, when the victims
undressing outside (summer 1944), but it was necessary during winter. To
avoid constructing it, the SS assigned to the Central Hall a double function
as undressing room and mortuary, alternately. " (p. 68)
In summary, the criminal structure of Crematories IV and V, "established by the technicians and engineers of the Construction Office," revealed itself as "aberrant" (p. 68), because after having furnished Bunkers 1 and 2 with two undressing shacks each (according to Pressac), "the technicians and the engi- neers of the Construction Office" now inexplicably had to "avoid" building a single shack near Crematories IV and V! For what reason? Impenetrable mys- tery!
Pressac states that Crematories IV and V were each equipped with two gas chambers of 1 00 m2 each, in total 200 m2, which could hold altogether 1, 000 people, with a density of five people per square meter. But in his book Ausch- witz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers, he wrote:
"The floor area of the block of three gas chambers was 240 m (4,800
m ). 2,400 people could therefore be squeezed in at a density of ten per
square meter. " (my emphasis)
In his second book, the third gas chamber, initially discarded, suddenly re- appears on page 147. For what reason, we shall see later. In the above- mentioned 1989 book, Pressac admitted that the extermination system of Cre- matories IV and V was even more "aberrant," even with his forcibly inflated oven capacities:118
"It would take four \ov]five days to cremate 2,400 bodies. "
Considering the maximum real capacity of the ovens, the cremation of 2,400 corpses would have required over twelve days. Inversely, to cremate 2,400 corpses in the course of one day would have necessitated 100 muffles instead of the existing eight.
The gassing technique imagined by Pressac is this:
118 Ibid., p. 384.
Printing error for 480 m .
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 167
"The first gassing was catastrophic. An SS man, mask on face, had to climb on a little ladder to access a 'window, ' open it with one hand, and with the other, pour the Zyklon B. This feat was like a balancing act, and had to be repeated six times. " (p. 76, my emphasis)
Pressac forgets to add that the SS juggler would also have had to plead af- fably with the victims not to push him backwards, or grab him, or pull him in, while holding himself with one hand on the ladder. He would have had to ex- tend his other hand inside the window (perched at 1.70 meters above the pavement) to pour a can of Zyklon B into the gas chamber! Pressac's narration continues:
"When the air-tight doors were opened to evacuate the gas, it was per- ceived that the natural ventilation was ineffective and it was urgently nec- essary to open a door in the north corridor to induce an air current. " (p. 76, my emphasis)
The story of ventilation in Crematories IV and V is one of those tales, which illustrates the silliness of Pressac's argumentation. In his book Ausch- witz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers Pressac pretends to see this door "urgently" opened in the north wall of Crematory IV in a photo- graph,120 which shows only the south side of Crematories IV and V. Since these two crematories were constructed mirror-symmetrically, Pressac thinks that a door he claims to have discovered in the south side of Crematory V proves that there must be a similar door in the north wall of Crematory IV. But Crematory V is in the background partially obscured by trees. The south wall of Crematory V is so indistinct that one can make out a door in connec- tion to the corridor not based on information in the photo, but only by using a great deal of imagination. A close examination of the original photograph121 shows that Pressac has mistaken for a door the shade produced by trunks of trees delimited at the bottom by lighter ground.
Priifer, arriving at Birkenau the 18th or 19th of May,
"stated with feigned sadness that the warranty for the oven of Crema- tory IV had expired, and that it was no longer possible to repair an oven built with second class materials. He judged that the gas chambers were nevertheless still usable, on the condition that they be mechanically venti- lated. He pocketed an order for two ventilation systems for Crematories IV and V, amounting to 2,510 RM, and departed on the 20th. " (pp. 79f.) The source indicated by Pressac in note 247 (p. 107) is a "letter and esti- mate from Topf of June 9, 1943." But in Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers he affirms, regarding this same source:122
120 Ibid., pp. 41 6f.
121 APMO, nr. neg. 20995/465.
J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 386.
1 68 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
"The author would point out that NOTHING in this letter indicates that the air extraction systems proposed for Crematories IV and V were for the gas chambers, and that they could on the face of it, only be for the furnace rooms. " (capital letters by Pressac.)
Given that the ventilation systems were so urgent and essential for the smooth operation of the alleged homicidal gas chambers, one would have ex- pected them to be installed immediately. But this is what happened instead:
"Concerning these latter ones, Topf who had found an adequate elec- tric motor only with difficulty, nevertheless shipped by snail-freight one of the two ventilation systems on December 21. It was put into storage at the construction depot on January 1, 1944, and left there until May 1944. " (p. 88) Regarding this, Pressac adds:
"The ventilation system, which had been in storage since January, was installed in May in Crematory V, whose oven was judged capable of func- tioning correctly. For the two gas chambers and the corridor, representing a volume of 480 m , Schultze had anticipated a ventilation of the same ca- pacity, almost equal to that of the morgues of Crematories II and III: A ventilator, no. 450 with a 3.5 CV motor, extracting 8,000 m per hour. " (pp.89f)
Morgue 1 (the alleged homicidal gas chamber of Crematories II and III) measured, according to Pressac, 483 m3 (p. 30) and had in his opinion a venti- lator capacity of 8,000 m3 per hour (p. 38), corresponding to 16.56 air changes per hour. Therefore Pressac reasons that Schultze had planned a ventilator for the three alleged homicidal gas chambers of Crematory V, which measured 480 m3, with a capacity of 8,000 m3/h of air as well, corresponding to 16.66 air exchanges per hour. Therefore, the two systems had the "same power."
I already pointed out that the volume of morgue 1 was 506 m3,123 and not 483 m3, and that the ventilators of its system had a capacity of 4,800 m3/h, not 8,000, which corresponds to 9.41 air exchanges per hour, and not 16.56. And regarding the rooms in Crematory V, plan 2036 of January 11, 1943, 124 indi- cates the following floor areas of the three rooms supposedly transformed into homicidal gas chambers:
(12.35 m x 7.72 m = 95.3 m2) x 2.20 m = 209.6 m3
(1 1.69 mx 8.40 m = 98.2 m2) x 2.20 m = 216.0 m3
(1 1.69 mx 3.50 m= 40.9 m2) x 2.20 m = 90.0 m3
Totals: 234.4 m2 515.6 m3
Here Pressac found himself faced with another difficulty: Since the com- bined volume of the two alleged gas chambers (which he mentions on pages
Theoretical volume including the concrete pillars and beam (appr. 9 m). J.-C. Pressac, Auschwitz:..., op. cit. (note 7), p. 399.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 169
67f.) is 425.6 m3, a fan with a capacity of 8,000 m3/h of air would correspond to 18.8 air exchanges per hour. In other words, engineering specialists from the Topf company are supposed to have equipped ground-level rooms, pro- vided with doors and windows (and which therefore would have been more easily ventilated then windowless basements), with a ventilating system pro- portionally more powerful than those of basement rooms, which were more difficult to ventilate! Then Pressac introduces the third gas chamber, and de- creases the total volume from 515.6 to 480 m3, so that he can deceptively ob- tain two ventilation systems "of the same power."
On page 90, Pressac presents a plan which shows the
"ventilation of the gas chambers of Crematory V, designed by Karl
Schultze in June 1943, and installed in May 1944. "
The source is not indicated, because it does not exist. This plan is in fact the simple fruit of Pressac' s imagination. Furthermore it is a mistaken fruit, because the letter from the Topf company of June 9, 1943, mentions:125 "the construction of walled ventilation ducts "
while Pressac's plan shows bare pipes.
9. Conclusion
With this, we have reached the end of our critique of Jean-Claude Pressac's last masterpiece.
On February 21, 1979, 34 French historians published a declaration in France's largest daily newspaper Le Monde, which closed with the following axiom:126
"We must not ask ourselves how technically such a mass murder was possible. It was technically possible because it took place. Such is the obligatory point of departure for all historic investigation on this subject. " Jean-Claude Pressac, however, did not comply with this dogma. He wanted to study the cremation ovens and the alleged homicidal gas chambers of Auschwitz-Birkenau technically, although he lacked the required technical competence to undertake such a study. Nevertheless, Pressac had to accept the revisionists' methodic principle, according to which technical arguments must prevail, if they conflict with witness testimonies. He has applied that principle by reducing the number of the alleged victims of homicidal gassing, due pre- cisely to its incompatibility with the capacity of the cremation ovens, which Pressac craftily inflated. In this manner, he has opened an irreparable leak in traditional historiography, because technology reveals the material impossibil- ity of mass extermination at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
125 APMO, BW 30/27, p. 18.
126 Le Monde, February 21, 1979, p. 23.
1 70 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
If Pressac wanted to be coherent in his technical stance, all that would have remained for him was to accept this conclusion. If not accepting it, he could only go backwards, declaring that one must not ask how such alleged mass ex- termination was technically possible - in acceptance of the 1 979 appeal of the French historians.
In any case, one thing is certain: Jean-Claude Pressac' s Auschwitz books represent the end of a legend.
10. Appendix
10.1. Preface to the Documents
The technical documents included in this appendix refer to two important aspects of the presumed "machinery of mass murder" treated in this study: that of the ventilation of the basement morgues of Crematories II and III, and that of the gas testers.
According to Pressac, morgue 1 is the presumed homicidal gas chamber. Documents 2 and 3 refute the affirmations of Jean-Claude Pressac, according to which the capacity of the ventilators of the ventilating system for Cremato- ries II and III of Birkenau was 8,000 m3 of air per hour. The actual capacity was 4,800 m3 of air per hour, corresponding to 9.48 exchanges of air per hour.
These documents show, moreover, that the capacity of the exhaust ventila- tor of morgue 2 (the presumed undressing room) was 10,000 m3 of air per hour, corresponding to 1 1 exchanges of air per hour. The consequence is that, paradoxically, according to the Pressac thesis, the Central Construction Office engineers of Auschwitz and the Topf engineers provided a lower number of air exchanges for the homicidal gas chamber than for the dressing room!
The number of air exchanges planned for these locations is in reality that which Engineer Wilhelm Heepke, one of the most specialized German engi- neers in the field of crematories, prescribed for morgues planned for intense use (Document 4). Therefore, the morgues were projected and constructed as - morgues.
The warm-air circulation disinfestation chambers constructed by DE- GESCH (DEGESCH Kreislauf-Anlage fiir Entlausung mit Zyklon-Blausdure) had in effect a ventilator with a capacity of 12 m3 of air per minute, corre- sponding to 72 exchanges of air per hour (Documents 5 and 6).
With this falls also the affirmation of Pressac according to which morgue 1 was supposed to have been transformed into a homicidal gas chamber. The fact that Crematories II and III, which were projected and constructed as plain hygienic-sanitary installations, entered into function with the same number of ovens and with the same capacity of the ventilators of morgue 1 as projected
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 171
from the very beginning, demonstrates that they were not transformed into a "machinery of mass murder."
On February 26, 1943, the Zentralbauleitung of Auschwitz requested Topf to send ten gas testers {Gaspriifer, Document 7). The Topf company suppos- edly responded with a letter dated March 2, 1943, which speaks of "An- zeigegerdte fur Blausdure Reste" (Indicator devices for prussic acid residues, Document 8). Jean-Claude Pressac attributes to this document the value of a definite proof of the existence of a homicidal gas chamber in Crematory II.
The gas testers were devices for the analysis of combustion gases, based on physical methods (Document 9). The test kit for Zyklon B residual gas, how- ever, was called "Gasrestnachweisgerdt fur Zyklon" (gas residue indicator de- vice for Zyklon, Document 11). It was based on chemical methods and was distributed by the same company which supplied the Zyklon B. Gasrest- nachweisgerdt came in a small wooden box containing:
1) a bottle with Solution 1 (2.86 g of copper acetate per liter)
2) a bottle with Solution 2 (475 ml at room temperature of a saturated solu- tion of benzidine acetate in 525 ml of water)
3) a mixing utensil with two markers for measuring equivalent room areas
4) a cardboard roll with strips of blotting paper
5) color test pattern (strips of test paper in a test tube)
6) six empty thick-walled test tubes with cork stoppers].
The test for residual gas (Gasrestprobe) was accomplished by mixing in the mixing utensil the required proportions of Solutions 1 and 2. In the solu- tion thus obtained, one immersed the lower parts of six strips of blotting pa- per, each one of which was then introduced into a test tube which was quickly secured with a cork stopper. The person performing the test, wearing a gas mask, entered the testing area with the test tubes which were opened at vari- ous locations exposing the strips of blotting paper which were moistened with the test solution. The paper strips reacted in the presence of hydrocyanic acid gas, taking on a blue coloration which becomes more intense with a higher concentration of the gas.127
Document 1 1 is a photograph of a Gasrestnachweisgerdt, which was found by the Soviets at Auschwitz after the liberation of the camp.
Document 12 shows two gauges (Anzeigegerdte) of gas testers {Gaspriifer) used for analyzing combustion gasses for C02 or CO/H2
A. Sieverts, A. Hermsdorf, "Der Nachweis gasformiger Blausaure in Luft," Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie, 34 (1921), pp. 4f.
1 72 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
10.2. Documents
Document No. 1
Table of contents of the first volume of my study I forni crematori di Ausch- witz. Studio storico-tecnico con la collaborazione del dott. ing. Franco Deana (the second volume contains only document reproductions and photographs).
THE CREMATORY OVENS OF AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU
PART ONE: MODERN CREMATION WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON
COKE-FIRED OVENS
Introduction
Chapter I: The Cremation
1. General Principles of Combustion Techniques
2. Chemical Reactions During a Cremation
3. The Process of Cremation Chapter II: Cremation Technology
1 . Coke-Fired Cremation Ovens: Structure and Operation
2. Coke-Fired Cremation Ovens: General Principles of Theory and Design
a. The Gas Generator
b. The Cremation Chamber or Muffle
c. The Recuperator
d. The Chimney
e. Drying the Oven
f. Cremation Experiment
Chapter III: Modern Cremation: Genesis and Development of Cremation Ovens Chapter IV: Scientific Cremation Experiments in Germany until the 1920s Chapter V: Technical Development of German Cremation Ovens until the 1930s Chapter VI: Duration of Cremation
Chapter VII: Heat Balance of a Coke-Fired Cremation Oven Chapter VIII: Ethical and Legal Norms of Cremation
Chapter IX: Crematories and Cremations in Germany (1878-1939): a Statistical Over- view
Chapter X: Mass Cremation for Hygienic-Sanitary Purposes Chapter XI: Overview of Current Cremation Ovens
PART TWO: THE FIRM J. A. TOPF & SOHNE OF ERFURT AND THE CRE- MATORY OVENS OF AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU Chapter I: Brief History of the Firm J. A. Topf & Sohne of Erfurt Chapter II: Topf Cremation Ovens for Civilian Use
1 . Coke-Fired Cremation Ovens
2. Gas-Fired Cremation Ovens
3. Electrically Heated Cremation Ovens
Chapter III: Patents and the Topf Application for a Patent
Chapter IV: The Topf Waste Incinerator
Chapter V: Topf Cremation Ovens for Concentration Camp
1. Single-Muffle Coke-Fired Cremation Oven
2. Mobile Double-Muffle Nafta-Fired Cremation Oven (Transformed to a immobile Coke-Fired Oven)
3. Double-Muffle Nafta- or Coke-Fired Cremation Oven
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 173
Chapter VI: The Topf Firm and the Construction of the Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz- Birkenau
1. The Ovens of Crematorium I in Auschwitz
2. The Ovens of Crematorium II and III in Birkenau
3. The Ovens of Crematorium IV and V in Birkenau
Chapter VII: Structur and Operation of the Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau
1. The Double-Muffle Coke-Fired Cremation Oven
2. The Triple-Muffle Coke-Fired Cremation Oven
3. The Eight-Muffle Coke-Fired Cremation Oven
4. Projects of Mass Cremation at Auschwitz-Birkenau
a. The Oven Project of Fritz Sander
b. "Crematorium VI"
c. Circular Incineration Oven
d. The Oven of Cost Estimate Of April 1 , 1943
Chapter VIII: The Duration of the Cremation Process of the Topf Ovens at Auschwitz- Birkenau
1. The Documents
2. Scientific Cremation Experiments by Engineer R. Kessler
3. The Cremation List of the Gusen Crematorium
4. The Cremation List of the Westerbork Crematorium
5. Conclusions
Chapter IX: The Capacity of the Cremation Ovens at Auschwitz-Birkenau
1 . Continuous Operation of the Ovens
2. Simultaneous Cremation of Several Corpses in one Muffle
a. Experience with Animal Carcass Cremation Ovens
b. Experiences with the Crematoria at Westerbork and Gusen
c. II carico termico delle muffole
3. Soviet and Polish Technical Reports on the Kori Cremation Ovens of Lublin- Majdanek, Sachsenhausen, and Stutthof:
a. The Soviet Report on the Cremation Ovens of Lublin-Majdanek
b. The Soviet Report on the Cremation Ovens of Sachsenhausen
c. The Soviet Report on the Cremation Ovens of Stutthof
4. Discussion of the Soviet Reports on the Kori Cremation Ovens
5. The Soviet and Polish Reports on the Topf Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz- Birkenau
6. Maximum Theoretical Capacity of the Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau
7. Normal Capacity of the Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau
8. Fictitious Capacity of the Cremation Ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau: Discussion of the letter of the Central Construction Office of June 28, 1943
9. The Crematoria of Auschwitz-Birkenau as Part of the General Economy of the Campo
Chapter X: Heat Balance of the Topf Ovens at Auschwitz-Birkenau
1 . Premessa metodologica
2. Technical Data
a. Data about Coke
b. Data about the Ovens
c. Data about the Corpses
3. Heat Balance of the Topf Doubel-Muffle Ovens of the Crematorium at Gusen
4. Heat Balance of the Topf Doubel-Muffle Ovens Modell Auschwitz
5. Observations on the Heat Balance
6. Heat Balance of the Topf Triple-Muffle Ovens
7. Heat Balance of the Topf Eight-Muffle Ovens
1 74 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
8. Observations on the Fuel Consumption of the Triple- and Eight-Muffle Ovens
9. Comparison with the Kori Oven of the Westerbork Crematorium and with the Kori Animal Carcass Cremation Ovens
10. Thermotechnical Considerations about the Triple-Muffle Oven
1 1 . The Problem of Flaming Chimneys
Chapter XI: The Cremation Ovens of the Firm H. Kori, Ignis-Huttenbau, and Didier- Werke
1 . Brief History of the Firm H. Kori of Berlin
2. The Kori Coke-Fired Cremation Ovens for Concentration Camps
a. The Oven of the Crematorium at Mauthausen
b. The Reform Cremation Oven
c. The Ovens of the Crematorium at Dachau
d. The Ovens of the Crematorium at Stutthof
e. The Ovens of the Crematorium at Sachsenhausen
f. The Ovens of the New Crematorium at Lublino-Majdanek
3. The Kori Nafta-Fired Cremation Ovens for Concentration Camps
4. The Ignis-Hiittenbau Cremation Ovens in the Crematorium arTerezin
5. The Didier Cremation Ovens for Concentration Camps
6. Comparison of the Design of Ovens by Kori, Ignis-Huttenbau, Didier, and Topf Chapter XII: The Laws for Cremations in the Greater German Reich and the Topf Ov- ens
APPENDICES
1 . The Cremation List of the Westerbork Crematorium
2. The Cremation List of the Terezin Crematorium
3. Summary of Activities of the Topf Firm at Auschwitz-Birkenau
4. Glossary
5. Symbols
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend
175
A.TOPF&SOHNE, ERFUf,
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1 Geblase zur FBrderung von Btiindp.. 4800 com Laft gegen 40 mm. VS. &e Isamtpressung mit Drehstrommotor fur 330 Volt, 50 Per. sprltzwas- ssergescaiitzt, H » 2 PS., Itotor- schutzschalter und Stamdreiecfc- schalter oime Sicherang, 1 Trischluftansaugerohrieitung, 450 mm 0, 1 DrucJcronrleitung 450. mm 0 von der Geblasedrucib"ffnung. bis zum gemauerten Kanal ftihrend It. Pos. 1 des gen. £.A.
B die Sntlilftungsanlage flir "den B-Eaum, oestenena aas:
1 Geblase mit Motor and Zubenb'r wie vorstehend aanter A ausgef lih:: t , 1 Abluftronrleitung 450 mm 0 von gemauerten Ablufttanal bi3 zur Ansaugebffnung des Geblases fubxejnd, 1 Drudcroiurleitung mit Ti'etternauqe It. Pos. II des Z..A. C die Einrichtungsanlage flir den
Ofenraun besteiiend aus:
Oberi
rag.
720 .-■
..127.
1.847.—
?0M*Ol«Q«OnIOi
Document No. 2: Billing No. 729 of May 27, 1943, from J.A. Topf & Sonne, Erfurt. Addressed to Zentralbauleitung der Waffen-SS und Polizei Auschwitz concerning Crematory III of Birkenau. APMO, D-Z/Bau, Nr. inw. 1967, pp.
246f
176
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
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1 Drehstrommotor ftir 380 Volt, 5< |
1 |
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Per. spritzwassergeschiitzt, K = |
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1 Abluft roiirleitung mlt einem $ |
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1 Drucirohrleitung mlt Wetterhaul |
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It. Pos. Ill d.K.A. |
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Sesamtpressuag mit spritzwasser- |
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geschiitztem Urehstrommotor, H = |
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ca. 1 PS* mit fcotorscnutzschaltei |
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1 G-eblase zur Forderung von stuni | 10000 cbm Abluft gegen 35 B» »S. " GesamtpressuiJg mit Spritzwasser- geschiitztem Drenstrommotor H = ca. 5,5 PS., Kotorschutzschalter und Sterndreieckschalter , 1 Ab- luft rohrleitung, 1 Lruckrohrlei- tung mit Wetteroaube It. Pos. V. des K.A. Verpackung und Anfuhr gem.unB.Scilrb.v.12.10.42 betr. Ihre Bestellung v*5.10.42 Besgb. |
11. |
3.332.— 25.— |
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7.620.-- |
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Nr. 14491/42/JBh.l2. Aalage). |
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2.2.1944 ■ BM 7.820.-C/ |
£1 ft .yy |
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Document No. 2, continued.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend
177
A. TOPF & SdHNE, ERFU
KOO.:
Bauvarhabsit: .
Haushalt:
onenmigungsvBffugung vom:
Koit«n(vo'lanscMag vom:
Auffrog Nr.: vom ...
Vartrag Nr.: . vom
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die tril f en- |
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0rt Erfurt, 22.2.43.
|
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171 |
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A. die Entliif tunpsanlaxe fir den B-Haum, Oestanend aus:
1 Geblase zur Fb'fderung von a tunc 1. 4800 cbm Loft gsgsn 40 mm 'S3. Ge- samtcressung mit Drenstrommotor fiir 380 Volt, 50 Per. spritzwassejr- gsschiitzt, IT= 2 PS, Motorschutz-' schaltar and Sterndrsieotschaltei onne Siaherung,
1 Friscniuftansaugerohrleitung 450. aim 0, 1 Drucfcrohrlsitung 450 mm 0 von der Geblasadruckb'ffnung bis zoai gemauerten Kanal fiihrend It. P03.I des gen.K.A. 3. die Entliif tungsanlage fur den B-Haum, Desteiiena aus: _.'
1 Geblase mit Hotor und Zubenb'r wie vor3teiiend unxer A ausgefuhrt 1 Abiuftronrleitung 450 mm p von gemauerten Abluftkanal bis zur Aq- saugeoffnung des Geblases fiihrenc , 1 Druckrohrleitung mit tfetterhauqa It. Pos.II d. K.A.
Obertr
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1127.
1347.-
^
j£a
Document No. 3: Billing No. 171 of February 22, 1943, from J.A. Topf
& Sonne, Erfurt. Addressed to Zentralbauleitung der Waffen-SS und Po-
lizei Auschwitz concerning Crematory II of Birkenau. APMO, D-Z/Bau,
nr. inw. 1967, pp. 23 If
178
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
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10OOO cbm Abluft gegen 32 mm V7S |
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Gesamtpressung, |
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|
1 Drehstrommotor fur 360 Volt, 5( |
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|
Per. spritzwrassergesohiitzt, K= |
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ca. 3,5 PS., mit ilotorschutzscha: |
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ter and Sterndreieclcschalter, |
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|
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- |
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|
schiitztem Drehstrommotor , H = ca. |
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|
1 PS, mit Motorscflutzschalter unc |
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|
Stem&reieckschalter, |
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|
1 Abluft rohrleitung 375 mm 0 vom |
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Abluftkanal zur 3-eblaseansauge- |
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Bf fining, 1 DrucJcrohrleitung mit |
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WettsriiauDe, 4 Abluftgittern mit |
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Jalousie-Elapnenverschliissen It. |
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Pos. IV d.K.A. |
779.— |
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^V |
E. die EntHi:ftujic;sanla»~e fur den |
' |
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L-Raum, besteaend aus: 1 (isciasa zur Fbrderung von stiinc |
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V* |
1. |
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^ |
llOOOO cbm Abluft gegen 55 mm T/S. |
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\ |
J Gesamtpressung mit sprit zwas ser- |
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ges ohiitzt em Drehstrommotor H = |
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ca. 5,5 PS, llotorschutzschalter |
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und Sterndreieckschalter, 1 Ab- |
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luft ronrleltung , 1 Druckrohrlei- |
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tung mit Settexnaube It. Pos . V |
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des K.A. Verpactoinj und Anfuiir. " |
3332 — 25.- |
\ |
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7820.— |
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gem.uns.Schrb.v.10.2.1942. Inre ZahluHRens |
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- • |
7.4.1942 rm 4.000.— j |
. |
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4.2.1944 SM 3.820.— v/ |
/ |
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RM 7.820.— ■/ |
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Document No. 3, continued.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 179
- 104 -
"Vorschlossen kann q, durch eine Jalousieklappe wmden. Die Frischluft K'isst sich durch Offnen eines Fensters, wel- ches in Hohe von qt liegt, geniigend einleiten.
Auf eine kriiftige Luftung ist fernor in don Leichen- hallen Wert zu legen, uro die Filulnisvorgange in den Leichen moglichst zurtiekzuhalten. Aucb bier kommt es an erster Stelle roebr auf eine Entliiftung als auf eine Beliiftung an. Die Leichen, bezw. die Sarge sind nicbt direkt auf den Fussboden zu legen, sondern hobl auf Bocken iiber denselben zu lagern, damit die Luft unterhalb der Leichen aus dem Raume abgezogen werden kann. Eine Zufiihrung frischer Luft erfolgt von oben. 5Inn bat hier mindestens mit einem 5 fachen sttindlichen Luftwechsel zu rechnen; unter Umstanden kann man sogar bei starker Benutzung des Raumes bis auf das lOfache gehen, welch hohe Luft- abfubr mit Hilfe eines Ventilators erreicht wird; -rielleicht empfehlen sich gerade fur diese Raume die neu aufgekom- menen Uhrfeder- Ventilatoren. Die Luftkanalmiindungen sind zur Abwehr der Insekten mit kleinmaschigen Draht- gittern zu vers eh en. Selbst bei hoheren Aussentemperaturen ist eine kitostliche Ktihlung wegen der dann eintretenden starken Schwitzwasserbildung kaum uotig; im anderen Falle kSnnen den Leichen beigelegte Eisstiicke den Zweck wohl ausreichend erfiillen. Bei der Bauausfiihrung ist gerade bei diesen Leicbenhallen auf eine Trockenlegung des Fussbodens, Abwaschbarkeit der Wande und guter Kanalisation bedacht zu sein. Gehort dieser Silo einem offentlichen Kanalnetz an, so sind die AbwSsser vor Eintritt in letzteres zu des- infizieren.
Im ubrigen gelten bier dieselben Beziehungen wie bei den allgemeinen Liiftungsanlagen.
Die Belenchtnng kommt vorlaufig nocb. als natiir- Iiche in Betracht, da die Benutzung der Krematorien infolge der geringen Zahl von Verbrennungen auf die Tageszeit beschrankt werden kann. Die Anordnung der Fenster, durch welch e das Tageslicbt in die Halle fallt, wie auch der Fenster der ubrigen Raume, ist lediglicb Sache des Architekten. Da in der Halle und in den zugeborigen Neben-
Document No. 4: Wilhelm Heepke, Die Leichenverbrennungs-
Anstalten (die Krematorien). Verlag von Carl Marhold, Halle a.S. 1905,
p. 104.
180
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
offner betatigt, sndafi bei Beginn des Kreislaufes autamatiscb. die in den Offnor ein-. gesetzte Zyklondose enOeert wird und deren Inhalt auf eine I'nterlage fallt. die von tier im Kreislauf gefiihrten warmen Luft bestrichen wird.
Bei Einstellung des Vierwegeschalters auf ..Liiftung" wird bei g es clilos se - nen Ki m me r t ii re n bei (D) vorgeirarmtc F r i s ch 1 u f t angesaugt, mit der die ganzc Kammer durchspiilt wird, bevor sie bei (A) zusammen mil der ausge- spiilten Blausaure wieder abgesaugt wild.
Ventilator mit Mo tor (2)
Fur diesen ist eine Leistung von 12 ebin je Minute bei eineni stat. Druck von SO mm WS ausreichend, um sowohl einc auflerst rasche Gasentwicklung aba auch eine geniigend rasche' Liiftung (72-facher Luftwechsel je Stumlel des begasten Kammer- inhalts zu bewirken.
Heizaggr egat (9)
Dieses Heizaggregat crhiilt eine rei'fichiuden bolie Leistung je nachdem. ub es nur zur Beschletmignng dor Gasentwicklnng und Vorheizttng der angesaugten Frisch- luft odcr auch zur Erwiirmung des gesaiuten Kammerinhaltes dienen soil.
Im lelzteren FalSc hat es 10 000 WE zu liefern. die zu einer Erwarrmuig des Kammerinhaltes auf 30 bis 35° C innerbalb einer halbem Slunde fiibren. auch wenn das Gut mit einer Temperatur vim ntir 5 bis 10° C in die Kammer hineinge- bracht warden ist. Bei der Liiftung erwSrmt diis Heizag'gregat die angesaugte FYisch- luft auf mlndestena die gleicbe Temperatur, die der kammeriuhalt inzwischen an- genornmen hat. sodaii ein Niederschlag der Btausauredampfe vermieden und eine iiuCerst rusehc Liiftung der Kleidungsstficke bewirkt wird.
Abb. 4. Blatisaurebegasungsanlage mit Krashiufanordnung in Iletrieb (8 Kammem).
Die etwa 70 bis 75 Minuten'beanspruchende Ge- samtbehandlung der K le i d ung s st ii c ke geht wie- folgt vor sich:
Xacb Einfahreu der beladenen Wagen und VerschlieBen der Kammer (Abb. 4) wird '.r Ventilator (2) eingescbaltet und damit automatisch auch das lleizaggregat in Wirkung gesetzt. Dei- Vierwegescbaltei' (3). del bis dahin auf ..Liiftung" ge- standen hat und in (lessen Doseiioffnungs-EiiiTichlung vor Vcrsehliellen tier Kammer cino Zyklomdose eingoselzt irorden ist. wird nun auf ..Kreislauf gestellt. Mit dem dabei erforderlichen Dreben der Hutidkiirhel wird die Zyklondose dadnrch geoffnet, dafi sich das Messer des Dosenoffuers (-i) vorschiebt und den Doden der "Zvklon-
Document No. 5: G. Peters, E. Wtistiger, "Entlausung mit Zyklon-
Blausaure in Kreislauf-Begasungskammern. Sach-Entlausung in Blau-
saure-Kammern," special reprint from Zeitschrift fur hygienische Zoolo-
gie und Schadlingsbekampfung, issue 10/11, 1940, p. 6.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend
181
50
%,
YfrrrWv/iftggB
mwMmmmMWu
tlrackltilung
Lufttingsleituitf
friictiitifteintriti
teimerturta
YMtlUttr
Viirweqsschilttr
Dosinoffner
lykhmosi
& Htiirtgtitcr ? fillnhr
8 ioffingkorl)
9 Wimt-JsalitnA^
10 Jietiertwf £ , -tuch- -
qksi!
trgcn Fetich- v
/
r&t&^&&j*4auw^^^^^^^^&^^*x*x&^^*Fm&4****M**y&*Fs?&4*4**l'*l'Ar*rir4r'i'
C6&XX)bCi&CW^^
Linqstthnitt durch Enttausungsktmmtr mit DE6ESCH-Kr«tstaufaijQntnui>g
Abb, io.
Minulcnleislung slamnit, vcrmag inneihalb von 5 Minuten 60 v. II. ties fllausiiuregehaltes einer groiicn Zyklondose auszutieibeu. Der restliche Doseninhalt von 40 v. H. ist in weileren 10 bis 15 Minuten ausgelreten. Giinstiger gestagen sich die BlausiLureentbindungs- verhallnissc l>ei Vcrwcinlting vorgewannter Lit ft. Es ist vctstiind- lich, daB die iiber das Zyklon streichende Luft entsprechend der Blausaureverduiistung stark abkiililt. Wiilirend der Vcrdunsluiigs- periode sinkt die Lufltempcratur uni 5 bis 10° C (Peters).
cinem Ventilator mit Motor (2).
Der Ventilator hat eine Leislung von 12 in* pro Minute bei cincm statischen Druck von 80 mm WS und ist in seiner Leislung so ge- wahlt, dafl sowoht eine iiuBerst rasche Gasentwicklung als audi cine geniigend rasche Liiftung f72fachcr Luftwechsel je Shrndej des begasten Kammerinlialtes damit erfolgl.
einer Krcislauflcilung (A-B) ;
einer Luftungsleitung (A-C) ;
einer Frischluftzufuhr (D), kombiniert mit dem Vierwegeschaltcr. Bei Einslellung des Vierwegeschalters auf »Liiftungfl wild Lei geschlossenen Kammertiiren bei D Frischluft angesaugt, mit der die game Kammer durchspiilt wird, bevor sie bei A zusammeii rait der ausgespiilten Blausiiuve wieder abgesaugt wird.
eineni Heizaggregat (C).
Document No. 6: F. Puntigam, H. Breymesser, E. Bernfus,
Blausaurekammern zur Fleckfieberabwehr. Sonderveroffentlichung des
Reicharbeitsblattes, Berlin 1943, p. 50.
182
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
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Document No. 7: Telegram of the Zentralbauleitung Auschwitz to the Firm
J.A. Topf & Sohne, Erfurt, of February 26, 1943. APMO, BW 30/34, p. 48.
Translation: "[...] Send off immediately 10 gas detectors as discussed. Hand
in estimate later.' [...]
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend
183
sOTmt:u/
An die~
Zentral-Bauleitung V/affen-SS und PoliJ
^$m&}$w&m
Auschwitz /Ost-Obei
Eingang; j twimwei^,
BetriHIr
J'-ematorium,
Ih' Zeidlltrt :
" 1
I bes«
' — TJffiHL AWEUPBG-: Div
,'y /J / _. Prf.. „
■7ir bestatiyen den Blngang Ihres Te 1 egraaiaes . lautendi
M Absandet sofort lo Gasprifer -.vie besprochen SosteaangebQt spater nachreichen ".
Hierzu teilen ivir Ihnen nit, dass wir here its vor 2^ ,70 chen bsi 5 verschiedenen Firmer, die von Ihnen gewunschten Anzeigegerate fiir 31ausaure-Heste angefragt haben. Von 3 Firmen haben wir Absarjen bekommen und von 2 weiteren stent eine Antwort noch aus.
7/enn wir in dieser Angelegenheit Mltteilong er- halten, kommen wir Ihnen sofort naher, damit Sie sich mit einer Fir.-aa, die diese Gerate baut, in Verbindun,g setsen konnen.
Heil Hitler!
JlA.TOPF£ss:-;;:2
ppa.
/
i:zm
£rlo5;gt turdi Sdit«ib?n i=4 Bftab, Hi.
^?4/
i.v. Ja5v
TuJegrjmrvifl : T*plwe r ke — FerrDprecfiar : So mm 8 In gmmtr 25-1 15
Document No. 8: J.A. Topf & Sohne, Erfurt. Letter of March 2, 1943, to the
Zentralbauleitung der Waffen-SS und Polizei Auschwitz. RGVA (Russian State Military Archives), 502-1-313, p. 44. Translation: "[...] We confirm the receipt of your telegram, saying: 'Send off immediately 10 gas detectors as discussed. Hand in estimate later. ' In this regard, we let you know that al- ready two weeks ago we asked 5 different firms about the display devices for hydrocyanic acid residues requested by you. [. . .]
184
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
% ■ B. Technische.Gasanalyse')
Aus Oa der. Lult wird beitn Durchgang durch Koks zunadist COa, hei Bngerem Weg (h6herer Schicbt) audi CO;. Ergebnis: Rauchgase aus C03. 02, CO, N2, bezeichnet prosendscli rait ft, o, c, a %. Bel Verbrennung von Kohle terden wahrend der Entgasiragszeit Kohlenwasserstoffe frci, die mlt Luft zu CO,
Irad HjO verbrennen sollen; ptozentlsche
Ijitedge des letzteren sel dw%-
■:. / Raucfagasanalyse llefert k, o und c
|i Hunderftetlen der track en ge-
Ldichiea Case; also istA + o+^+«
S^OO^; Gesarhtvolumen der heiBeii
j'Baudigase, in denem HgO noch' dampf-
iifflrinig ist, ist 100 + w gesetet, Weil das dutch Verbrennung von H gebjldete HjO vidmneiiisch belra Abkflhlen versdiwindet.
AzefyUn
sitlgt n fiber 79 % hlnaiss, Nj ntmmt
scbeinbar zu; am raelstcti, wean be! : yuUkommeiier Verbrennung ohne Luft- [iberschuB das Raflchgasvcilumen; das ydetastmagHche 1st und Rauchgase mir iicOjund Ns enthalten, wobel etaenso wte n ^jieh k den grofitmOgHchHiWert annimmt, abbingig vom Gehalt an f relem, d. Si. nlcht tdurch Sauerstoffgebalt ausgeglicnenem Hj, genauer vom Verballnls C; Hj (andere f BesUndtelle wle S vernachlassigt). EWese gr0fitm5gUchen Wette sind (Abb. 17} fflr:
AUK 17. Kidlpritfnng der Rsochgasanatysen,
KoMensiotf njit C : U, =» co Kofcs 94
Strinfctf* 31
BrarailcaHti 16
Acetjten, Benzol IS
Lendnjras 2,2
81,9
83,1 9,9 e/8
■axft = Sl
20,5
. 1^8 17,8 16,9 10,1 %
rail* entsteht, wenn die st&cbiomeirisch erforderliche Uiftmenge 1$ zur Ver- brennung zugeirflbrt wird, besser gesagt, wenn die durchgesaugte Luft so lange (StliichthoheJ) an Kobienstoff vorbeigefflhrt wird, bts gerade aller O., to COs rcnrandelt ist. Unter andenai Umstlnden, z. B. bei nledrigerer Schlcnt, bteibt Og nebea COa in den Gasen, es ist raebr LuK darchgesaugt, als Mr die verbraiuile ifMe. erforderildi, nimlicb I slatt £,; das Verhalfaus L:lo = t heiflt Lnft- -aberschuflzahl; man berechnet sie aus Analjtserjergebnissea nacb den Fonneln
t=n:
/ = max k/k = 21/121 — o)
l£eaaa, sofcra Brennstoff kdoen Nj enthSlt; JBr Lnllgaa lulmadibar)
(gtaaa Mr rtlneo C, fOr Koks und Steiatahle nodi lirtuditMrt
3. Gasprflfer nach pliysikaMsehen Methoden nutzen Elgenschafteii derGase, die vom C02-Gehalt abhangen: RelGw (CO, = 1,52 gegen Luft = 1), Winneleitfahigkeit (60 gegen 100), ZSbigkeit (1,5 gegen 1,7), Verhaitnis spez. Gw tu Zahigkeit (etwa 2 zu 1}, Brechungszabl (450 gegen 295). Vorieil gegen Anilysatoren : keine Kaillauge, Anzeige sofort, vielfach bequeme Fernttberbaguag (znm HeizereUnd); Nachleil: Beelnflussung darch Anwesenhelt weiterer Gase, besooders H, und CH4 sowie durcb Temperatur und" Feuchtigkeit Gasprflfer win S & tf (LeilfahigkeiO, Ranarex der AEG. Unograph der Union Apparatebau- Gesellsdiart Karlsruhe (Zihigkeil). Einflufi der Feuchtigkeit muB durch Trocknen oder durcb Sattigen beseiligt werden.
Document No. 9: "Hiitte" des Ingenieurs Taschenbuch (Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1931), vol. 1, pp. 1011 (top) and 1013 (bottom).
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend
185
T E SCH&STABEN 0 W
Internationale Geseftschaft Wf SchZkflingsbekampfung m. b. H.
fTlllll || BK »UJE
I MtkH.
I ©ffngflbrieft |
= Ihre .Be a
zettel St. 200 una 251 vcas 2&.7.42
HAMBURG Vi 29.7-1942
Ixtb Lin-, ITerwaltuiig 1 u l 1 i n
Gberseharfujirer lerachoiL hat uhs Ihjre obi gen
Bestelliuigen heute peraonlleii. uberTjracht.
\cixr die ArLftrag&erteilimg ebi Ifiefsrung tmi
3 5li!ick Bciilagelsen., 5 " Reserreaeseer, 10 " Gasma3ken
200- ,r Zins&tze
1 " SaarestaaciiaeiBjjerai; 20 " Stnnmiltappeii
sowie 6G00 Bosen a. 1500 g = 9. COG 3rg EYKIiOa CB
danken v*ir Xhneit.
Die Liefsrung serae" w±r su xmsersjt geltenden. !Lis-fcen- /-preisen. unter Sugruojaelegung un&erer beifolgeadsn Verfcaufs- mid liefemngefeedingungen ausfiihren. Sin iixemplar deT Bedin- gMQgesi .erbitten -sir "uatergciuriebaii -and Ell; jjienstatempel Ter- seheii suriick.
Ton 3 en beatellten Geraten iat Cberscharfulixer lerschcm Ton uns sofort aasgehsadig-t erhaltea:
2 gr. Sohlageisen toiapl.
3 gr. ILeaerveaesser daaxt, 3 GaamaskBri Gr. II koutpl. 1 Oasmasfee * X "
1 " " III "
1 Gasreataacbsfeiageiral; t Mac Zykion 20 gr. GuMnraiappeit 50 ■ Ateaelnaatze "J" xmA. Viarnmigaplaia,te.
Die Testlicbeaa Gerate wsTden mir achnellinSglietLa't
- 2. -
Document No. 10: Tesch & Stabenow, Hamburg. Letter of July 29, 1942, to
the Waffen-SS Kriegsgefangenenlager Lublin, Verwaltung. Archiwum Panstwowego Muzeum na Majdanku, sygn. I d 2, vol. 1, p. 107.
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Document No. 11: Picture of "Gasrestnachweisgerates fur Zyklon," found by the Soviets in the Auschwitz camp after its liberation. APMO, Nr. neg
625.
Fig. nihis. Pig. 235 bis.
Indicators del % COs tipo in Indicators del % CO + H2. tipn ruslodia ermetlca (Siemens). in cuslodia ermetica (Siemens)
Document No. 12: Photo of two gauges ("Anzeigegerdten") for gas testers
("Gasprufer") by Siemens for CO2 (right) and combined CO+H2 content
(left) in %. Alberto Cantagalli, Nozioni teorico-pratiche per i conduttori di
caldaie e generator! di vapore, G. Lavagnolo Editore, Turin 1940, p. 308.
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 187
11.3. Glossary
Aide: A military officer acting as assistant to a superior
AL: Arbeitslager, work camp
Aktenvermerk: File memo
Alimentation: Allowance
Aleatorie: Coincidental
Amtsgruppe: Office group
Anzeigegerate: Indicator device
APMO: Archives of the Polish Museum at Oswi^cim [Auschwitz]
Arginal [Areginal]: A Gas
Aspiration: Exhaust process
Aufhahmegebaude: Admittance building
Aufzeichnungen: Notes, records
Auschwitz: German spelling for the Upper Silesian town with the Polish name Oswi^cim, appr. 45,000 inhabitants, located 2 km Southwest from the former large complex known as Auschwitz-Birkenau
Auskleidekeller: Undressing basement
Badenanstalten: Swimming, bathing facilities
Baracken: Barracks, huts
Bauhof: Construction depot
Bauleitung: Construction Office
Bavure: Trace, Glitch
Behelfsmassig: Temporary, makeshift, improvised
Beriicksichtigt: considered
Bescheinigung: Receipt, certificate
Blausaure: Hydrocyanic acid
Blausauregaskammern: Hydrocyanic acid gas chambers
Blausaurekammern: Hydrocyanic acid chambers
Boos: Name of a German manufacturer (Friedrich Boos)
Brennstoffverbrauch: Fuel consumption
Buchenwald: Location of a German concentration camp
Bundesarchiv: German federal archives
Bunker: Shelter
Chemischtechnischer: Chemical-technical
Crypto-revisionist: Secret, or underground revisionist
Czech (Danuta): Author of Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz- Birkenau 1939-1948
Degesch-Kreislauf: Circulatory system type Degesch
Drahtnetzeinschiebvorrichtung: Meshed-wire push-in device
Drahtseil: Wire rope
Dreimuffel-Einascherungs-Ofen: Three-muffle cremation ovens
Druckluftgeblase: (pressing) air blower
Druckluft-Anlage: (pressing) air installation
Einascherungsofen: Crematory oven
Einascherungsverfahren: Cremation procedure
Einsatzfahigkeit: Operational capability
EinwurfVorrichtung: Insertion installation
Entlausungsbaracken: Delousing barracks
Entliiftungsanlage: Exhaust equipment
1 88 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Entliiftungskanale: Exhaust channels
Erfurt: A German city
Europaverlag: A German publishing establishment
Feuerbestattung: Cremation
Feuerungstechnik: Cremation techniques
Fleckfieberabwehr: Typhus prevention
Gasentwicklung: Gas development
Gas generator: An apparatus producing gas for fuel by burning coke, charcoal, or wood
Gaspriifer: Gas tester, analyzer of combustion gases
Gasrestnachweisgerate: Residual gas indicators (indicating instruments)
Generatorgase: Generator gases
Gestapo: Geheime Staatspolizei - Secret State Police, later incorporated into the Reich Main
Security Office, headed by Heinrich Mtiller Gesundheitspflege: Health care Gesundheits-Ingenieur: Health engineer Gleichschaltung: Co-ordination Gusseisern: Wrought iron Hamburg: Northern German port city Handwinde: Hand winch Hauptamt: Main office Hauptfriedhof: Main cemetery Hauptsturmfuhrer: Captain of SS Haftlinge: Prisoners HCN: Hydrocyanic acid
Heisslufteinascherungsofen: Hot air cremation oven Holzblenden: Wooden blinds Holzdeckel: Wooden lid(s) Holzgeblase: Wooden blowers
HUTA: Acronym for Hoch und Tiefbau AG (a construction firm) Judenumsiedlung: Jewish resettlement Kammerinhalts: Room contents Kellerzugang: Cellar or basement entrance KGL: Prisoner of war camp KL: Concentration camp Koblenz: A German city Koksbeheizt: Heated by coke Koksfeuerung: Coke burner Konzentrationslager: Concentration camp Kori: A German manufacturer of combustion plants Kostenanschlag: Cost estimate Kostenvoranschlag: Preliminary cost estimate Krakow: A Polish city Kreislauf: Circulation
Kreislauf-Begasungskammern: Circulatory gas chambers Kriegsgefangenenlager: Prisoner of war camp Lagergemeinschaft: Camp community Leicheneinascherungsofen: Corpse cremation ovens Leichenhalle: Mortuary hall Leichenhallenbuch: Mortuary book or register Leichenkeller: Mortuary basement Leichenkuhlraume: Corpse cooling rooms Leichenverbrennungsofen: Corpse cremating ovens
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend 189
Leichenverbrennungs-Anstalten: Corpse cremating facilities
Luftwechsel: Air exchange
Miasma: Noxious
Militararztliche: Of a military physician nature
Nazi: Acronym for Nationalsozialistisch (National Socialist)
Nord-sild: North-South
Obergruppenfuhrer: SS rank of General
Ofenanlage: Oven installation
Offenbach: A German city
Ofen: Ovens
Offentlich: Public
Osterreichisch: Austrian
Planrost: Level grate
Politruk: Soviet political officer charged with a number of functions among the troops, includ- ing political supervision and agitation. Commonly translated as "Commissar"
POW: Prisoner of war
Propaganda: Any organized movement to spread particular doctrines, information, etc.
Rauchgasanalyse: Smoke gas analysis
Rauchkanalschieber: Smoke channel slider (control mechanism)
Refractory: Fire retardant or resistant
Reichsarbeitblatt: German government labor news magazine
Reichsfuhrer: Reich leader. Position occupied by Heinrich Himmler from 1929 to 1945
Reichsmark: Traditional German monetary unit
Revisionists: Those who look again in order to correct or improve
RM: Reichsmark
RSHA: Reichssicherkeitshauptamt. Reich Security Main Office formed in 1939. Departments: Intelligence, Gestapo, Criminal Police and the SD (Sicherheitsdienst)
Sach-Entlausung: Material delousing
Saugzuganlage: Forced draft installation
Schadlingsbekampfung: Pest control
Schlachtfeld: Battlefield
Schmiedeeisengeblase: Wrought- iron blower
Schornsteinfutter: Chimney casing
SD: Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service
Sonder: Out of the ordinary routine, special
Sonderbaumassnahmen: Special construction measure
Sondermassnahmen: Special undertaking and procedures
Sonderveroffentlichung: Special publication
SS: Schutzstaffel, protective echelon
SS-Neubauleitung: SS Office for new construction
SS-Obersturmfuhrer: SS rank of Lieutenant
SS-Sturmbannfuhrer: SS rank of Major
SS-WVHA: SS Wirtschaftsverwaltungshauptamt, SS Economic Administrative Main Office
Staatsarchiv: State archives
Stammlager: Original camp (Auschwitz) "Main Camp"
Sterbebiicher: Death records
Sturmbannfuhrer: SS rank of Major
Tagelohn-Arbeiten: day-labor jobs
Taschenbuch: Pocket book (notebook)
Tesch: Bruno Tesch, engineer
Testa: Acronym for Tesch und Stabenow, German engineering firm
Topf: A German engineering and manufacturing firm
190 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Topf-Doppelmuffel-Einascherungs-Ofen: Topf two-muffle cremation oven
Topf-Zugverstarkungs-Anlage: Topf facility for increased draft
Ubergabeverhandlung: Transfer negotiations or proceedings of transfer
Warmebilanz: Heat balance
Warmewirtschaft: Heat distribution
WVHA: see SS-WVHA
Zyklon B: chemical disinfestant, hydrogen cyanide absorbed in gypsum.
191
Bibliography
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J.C. Ball, Air Photo Evidence, Ball Resource Services Ltd., Delta, B.C., 1992
Peter Bettelheim et al. (ed.), Antisemitismus in Osteuropa, Vienna, Picus Verlag, 1992
Jadwiga Bezwinska, Danuta Czech (eds.), Auschwitz vupar les SS, State Museum of Auschwitz, Auschwitz 1974
Jadwiga Bezwinska, Danuta Czech (eds.), KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS, H. Fertig, New York 1984)
Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, Columbia University Press, New York 1981
Martin Broszat (ed.), Kommandant in Auschwitz. Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen des Rudolf Hoss, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1981
Dino A. Brugioni, Robert G. Poirier, The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analy- sis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex, Washington, CIA, February 1979
Detlef Burhoff, Handbuch fur die strafrechtliche Hauptverhandlung, 4th ed., Verlag fur die Rechts- und Anwaltspraxis, Recklinghausen 2003
Arthur Robert Butz, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2003
Comite international d' Auschwitz, Anthologie (blue), French Version, Warsaw, 1969
Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939-1945, LB. Tauris, London 1991
Danuta Czech, Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz- Birkenau 1939-1945 Rowohlt, Reinbek 1989
Hellmuth Diwald, Deutschland einig Vaterland, Ullstein, Berlin 1990
Robert Faurisson, Memoire en defense contre ceux qui m 'accusent de falsifier I'histoire, La Vieille Taupe, Paris 1980
Robert Faurisson, Ecrits revisionnistes (1974-1998), published by author, Vichy 1999; 2nd ed. 2004.
Robert Faurisson, Reponse a Pierre Vidal-Naquet, La Vieille Taupe, Paris 1982
Robert Faurisson, Reponse a Jean-Claude Pressac sur le probleme des chambres a gaz, RHR, Colombes 1994
Ferdinand Flury, Franz Zernik, Schadliche Case, Dampfe, Nebel, Rauch und Staubar- ten, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin 1931
Anne Freyer, Jean-Claude Pressac (eds.), L Album d Auschwitz, editions du Seuil, Pa- ris 1983
Hans W. Frickhinger, Schadlingsbekampfung fur Jedermann, Heilingsche Verlagsan- stalt, Leipzig 1942
Pierre Guillaume, Droit et histoire, La Vieille Taupe, Paris 1986
Israel Gutman, Michael Berenbaum, Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press, Indianapolis/Bloomington 1994
192 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
W. Heepke, Die Leichenverbrennungs-Anstalten (die Krematorien) , Verlag von Carl
Marhold, Halle a.S. 1905 Peter Hellman (ed.), The Auschwitz Album, Random House, New York 1981 "Hiitte" des Ingenieurs Taschenbuch, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1931 David Irving, The Secret Diaries of Hitler 's Doctor, New York, McMillan 1983 Eberhard Jackel, Jtirgen Rohwer, Der Mord an den Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg,
DVA, 1985 Riidiger Kammerer, Armin Solms (eds.), Das Rudolf Gutachten, Cromwell Press,
London 1993 Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein, Adalbert Rilckerl et al. (ed.), Les Chambres a gaz,
secret d'etat, Editions de Minuit, Paris 1984 Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein, Adalbert Rilckerl et al. (ed.), Nazi Mass Murder,
Yale, New Haven 1993. Barbara Kulaszka, Did Six Million Really Die? Report of the Evidence in the Cana- dian "False News " Trial of Ernst Ziindel - 1988, Samisdat Publishers, Toronto
1992 Hermann Langbein, Menschen in Auschwitz, Europaverlag, Vienna 1987 Claude Lanzmann, Shoah, Pantheon Books, New York 1985 Dieter Lehner, Du sollst nicht falsch Zeugnis ablegen, Vowinckel, Berg, undated Fred A. Leuchter, An Engineering Report on the alleged Execution Gas Chambers at
Auschwitz, Birkenau and Majdanek, Poland, Samisdat Publishers Ltd., Toronto
1988 Fred A. Leuchter, Robert Faurisson, Germar Rudolf, The Leuchter Reports. Critical
Edition, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago 2005 Hans Marsalek, Die Geschichte des Konzentrationslager Mauthausen. Dokumentati-
on, Osterreichische Lagergemeinschaft Mauthausen, Vienna 1980 Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: Fine di una leggenda. Consider azioni storico-techniche sul libro "Les crematoire d Auschwitz. La machinerie du meurtre de masse " di Jean- Claude Pressac, Edizioni di Ar, Padova 1994
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: la prima gas azione, Padua, Edizioni di Ar, 1992 Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: Open Air Incinerations, Theses & Dissertations Press,
Chicago 2005 Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The Crematorium I, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chi- cago 2005 Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The End of a Legend, Granata Publishing, Palos Verdes 1994 Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The First Gassing, Theses & Dissertations Press, Chicago
2005 Carlo Mattogno, Iforni crematori di Auschwitz. Studio storico-tecnico con la col-
laborazione del dott. ing. Franco Deana, in preparation Carlo Mattogno, La soluzione finale: Problemi e polemiche, Edizioni di AR, Padua
1991 Carlo Mattogno, "Medico ad Auschwitz" : Anatomia di unfalso, Edizioni La Sfinge,
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Filip Miiller, Eyewitness Auschwitz. Three Years in the Gas Chambers, Stein and Day, New York 1979
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Gerhard Peters, Die hochwirksamen Gase und Dampfe in der Schadlingsbekampfung, Verlag von Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 1942
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Arno Plack, Hitlers longer Schatten, Langen Miiller, Munich 1993
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1 94 Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
Wilhelm Staglich, Le Mythe d 'Auschwitz, La Vieille Taupe, Paris 1986 Wilhelm Staglich, The Auschwitz Myth, Institute for Historical Review, Newport
Beach, CA, 1986 Serge Thion, Une allumette sur la banquise, Le Temps irreparable, Paris 1993 Serge Thion, Verite historique ou verite politique? , La Vieille Taupe, Paris 1980 Herbert Verbeke (ed.), Auschwitz: Nackte Fakten, Vrij Historisch Onbderzoek, Ber-
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1985 Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Les Assassins de la memoire, La Decouverte, Paris 1987 Georges Wellers, Les Chambres a gaz ont existe, Gallimard, Paris 1981. Olga Wormser-Migot, Le Systeme concentrationnaire nazi (1933 - 1945), P.U.F.,
1968
195
Index of Names
Individuals only. Entries in footnotes in italics.
— A —
Albrecht, Ursula: 98 Auerbach, Hellmuth: 26 Aynat, Enrique: 77
— B —
Backes, Uwe: 25 Ball, John C: 138
Bauer, Yehuda: 48, 68 Bedarida, Francois: 39, 48,
49, 52, 53, 58, 64 Berenbaum, Michael: 112,
113 Bernfus, Erich: 156, 181 Bezwinska, Jadwiga: 80 Bischoff, Karl: 97, 119, 145,
161, 162, 163 Bormann, Martin: 65 Boiiard, Michel de: 115 Braham, Randolph L.: 138 Brandt, Willy: 54 Breymesser, Heinrich: 156,
181 Broad, Pery S.: 79, 80 Broszat, Martin: 135 Browning, Christopher: 78 Brugioni, Dino A.: 76 Burhoff, Detlef:77 Butz, Arthur R.: 38, 77
— c —
Caesar, Joachim: 71 Cantagalli, Alberto: 186 Casanova, Danielle: 71 Celine, Louis-Ferdinand: 55 Ciepilowski, Marian: 71 Cole, David Cole: 1 01 Conan, Eric: 49 Czech, Danuta: 42, 45, 76,
79, 80, 81,94, 133,747,
147
— D —
Deana, Franco: 121, 172 Dejaco, Walter: 56, 69, 70 Delcroix, Eric: 115 Demjanjuk, John: 30 Depardon, Raymond: 49 Diwald, Hellmut: 12
— E —
Eco, Umberto: 58 Eggebrecht, Harald: 23 Eichmann, Adolf: 139, 140 Ertl, Fritz: 56, 69, 70, 97
— F —
Fabius, Laurent: 57, 59, 60, 62, 115
Faurisson, Robert: 9, 22, 26, 27, 30, 37, 38, 39, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61,62, 75, 77,103, 116
Flury, Ferdinand: 143, 757
Freund, Florian: 146
Freyer, Anne: 76
Frickhinger, H.W.: 759
Fritzsch, Hauptsturmfiihrer: 140
Frohlich, H.: 130
Fuhr, Eckhard: 14
— G —
Gayssot, Jean-Claude: 57, 58,
59,60,62, 115 Glowacki, Czeslaw: 142 Goldenberg: 60 Graf, Jiirgen: 9, 111,138 Granata, Russell: 117 Grawitz, Ernst: 98 Greilsamer, Laurent: 49, 57,
59 Grubach, Paul: 77
Gutman, Israel: 772
— H —
Hanimann, Joseph: 21, 22,
28, 29, 30 Heepke, Wilhelm: 129, 131,
154, 170, 179 Heider, OSchaf: 96 Heinicke, H.R.: 128 Helwig, Friedrich: 128 Hermsdorf, A.: 777 Herzogenrath-Amelung,
Giinther: 26 Heydrich, Reinhard: 65 Hilberg, Raul: 48, 49, 54, 55,
78, 707 Hillebrand, Peter: 23 Himmler, Heinrich: 43, 44,
52, 55, 78, 79, 86, 87, 88,
97, 98, 99, 133, 139, 140,
141, 143, 144, 161 Hitler, Adolf: 12, 55, 65, 77,
87,98 Holick, Martin: 98 H5mig, Dieter: 75 Hoss, Rudolf: 42, 43, 44, 45,
55, 58, 79, 80, 88, 90, 97,
99, 135, 139, 140, 141,
145, 161, 162, 163, 164
— I —
Igounet, Valerie: 114 Irving, David: 77, 116
— J —
Jackel, Eberhard: 26, 68 Jahrling, Rudolf: 158, 159 Jakobskotter, Rudolf: 136 Jesse, Eckkehart: 25 Jones, E.W.: 124 Jothann, Werner: 119 Joxe, Pierre: 62
196
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts
— K —
Kahn: 51
Kammerer, Riidiger: 25 Kammler, Hans: 97 Kamper, Herman: 128 Kessler, Richard: 128, 132,
173 Kielar, Wieslaw: 142 Klarsfeld, Beate: 113, 118 Klarsfeld, Clan: 38, 50 Klarsfeld, Serge: 38, 75, 76 Klein, Marc: 72 Klodzinski, S.: 141 Koch, Wilhelm: 98 Kogon, Eugen: 61 Kohler, Robert: 129 Kopelev, Lev: 12 Kori, Heinrich: 98, 125 Kremer, Johann Paul: 71, 148 Kriener, Manfred: 24, 31 Kula, Michal: 142 Kulaszka, Barbara: 77
— L —
Lang, Jack: 56
Langbein, Hermann: 61, 82,
133 Lanzmann, Claude: 34, 37,
49, 53, 55, 56, 58 Lehner, Dieter: 30 Lempicki, Zygmunt: 71 Leuchter, Fred A.: 25, 38, 39,
61,15,92, 114, 116,755 Liiftl, Walter: 75, 1 14
— M —
Machalek, Jan: 101
Maiello, Greta: 22
Marsalek, Hans: 136
Martin, Sigmund P.: 17
Mattogno, Carlo: 9, 28, 29, 30, 38, 77, 84, 91, 116, 117, 118, 121,130, 131, 134, 137, 138, 142, 145, 153, 156, 158, 160, 161, 163
Maxwell, Robert: 61
Mehaignerie: 60
Meier, Christian: 14
Mengele, Josef: 71
Merle, Robert: 99
Messing, Heinrich: 89 Mildner: 142 Mitkiewicz: 70 Mohr, Hans: 13 Morell, Theo: 71 Mtiller, Filip: 37, 61,81,82 Muller-Ullrich, Burkhard: 23, 33
— N — Nagl, Walter: 13 Naumann: 96 Nolte,Ernst:23,34 Notin, Bernard: 61 Nyiszli, Miklos: 81, 164
— o —
O'Keefe, Theodore: 37 Olere, David: 79, 80, 81 Orwell, George: 49
— P —
Palitzsch, Gerhard: 71 Paskuly, Steven: 135 Pasqua: 60 Pelt, Robert Jan van: 112,
113, 116 Perz, Bertrand: 146 Peschanski, Denis: 49 Peters, Gerhard: 118, 142,
143, 155, 159, 161, 162,
180 Piper, Franciszek: 101, 136 Plack, Arno: 12 Pohl, Oswald: 42, 97, 99, 148 Poirier, Robert G.: 76 Poliakov, Leon: 56, 78 Popiersch, Max: 71 Pressac, Jean-Claude: passim Priifer, Kurt: 52, 56, 57, 66,
72, 79, 96, 97, 98, 123,
125, 128, 132, 150, 167 Puntigam, Franz: 156, 159,
160, 181
— R —
Rasch, W.: 142, 143 Rassinier, Paul: 46, 47, 102 Redeker, Robert: 34 Resnais, Alain: 64, 113 Richardi, Hans-Gilnther: 24
Robel, J.: 102 Rochette, Philippe: 56 Rohwer, Jiirgen: 68 Rollins, LA.: 56 Roques, Henri: 39, 61 Riickerl, Adalbert: 61 Rudolf, Germar: 15, 19, 22,
25,29,30,39, 70,15, 114,
116,727
Sander, Fritz: 173 Schnabel, Reimund: 77, 129 Schultze, Karl: 79, 84, 89,
168, 169 Schwarz', Heinrich: 71 Schwella, Siegfried: 71 Sehn, Jan: 90, 142 Seifert, Karl-Heinz: 75 Sieverts, A.: 777 Solms, Armin: 25 Staglich, Wilhelm: 63 Steinbach, Peter: 14 Stuhlpfaffer, Karl: 146
Tauber, Henryk: 45, 79, 80, 94, 118, 126, 127, 152
Thion, Serge: 9, 74, 95, 101
Topf, Ernst- Wolfgang: 98, 125
Topf, Ludwig: 97, 98, 125
— u —
Uhlenbrock, Kurt: 71
— V —
Vidal-Naquet, Pierre: 37, 38,
49, 54, 55, 56, 73, 78, 80,
101 Volckmann, engineer: 128
— w —
Weber, Mark: 38, 54, 56, 57,
77 Wegner, Werner: 25, 32 Weill, Claude: 49, 53, 54 Wellers, Georges: 38, 47, 48,
61,78, 137 Werkmann, engineer: 150 Williamson, R.G.: 124
Index of Names 197
Wirths, Eduard: 87, 145, 147, 101 — Z —
159 Wiistiger, Emil: 155, 162, Zernik, Franz: 143, 157
Wolfer, H.: 128 180 Zitelmann, Rainer: 25
Wormser-Migot, Olga: 61, Zundel, Ernst: 55, 77, 101
Germar Rudolf, Lectures on the Holocaust. Controversial Issues Cross Examined
Since 1 992, German scholar Germar Rudolf has been giving lectures to various audi- I ences worldwide. His topic: the Holocaust in the light of new findings. Even though Rudolf presents nothing short of full-fledged Holocaust revisionism, his arguments fall on fertile soil, because they are presented in a very sensitive and scholarly way. This book is the literary version of Rudolf's lectures, enriched with the most recent I findings of historiography.
The book's style is unique: It is a dialogue between the lecturer and the reactions of the audience. Rudolf introduces the most important arguments and counter argu- ments of Holocaust revisionism. The audience reacts with supportive, skeptical, and also hostile questions. The Lectures read like an exciting real-life exchange between persons of various points of view. The usual moral, political, and pseudo-scientific arguments against revisionism are addressed and refuted. This book is a collection of Frequently Asked Questions on the Holocaust. With more than 1,300 references to sources, this easy-to-understand book is the best introduction into this taboo topic for both readers unfamiliar with the topic and for those wanting to know more.
566 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $30.-
Arthur R. Butz, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century. The Case Against the Presumed Extermination of European Jewry
With this book , A. R. Butz, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sci- ence, was the first (and so far the only) writer to treat the entire Holocaust complex I from the Revisionist perspective, in a precise scientific manner. This book exhibits the overwhelming force of historical and logical arguments which Revisionism had accumulated by the middle of the 70s. It was the first book published in the US which won for Revisionism the academic dignity to which it is entitled. It continues to be a major revisionist reference work, frequently cited by prominent personalities.
This new edition comes with several supplements adding new information gathered I by the author over the last 25 years. Because of its prestige, no library can forbear I offering The Hoax of the Twentieth Century, and no historian of modern times can ignore it. A 'must read' for every Revisionist and every newcomer to the issue who wants to thoroughly learn about revi- sionist arguments.
506 pp. pb., 6"*9" pb, b/w ill., bibl., index: $25.-
Germar Rudolf (ed.), Dissecting the Holocaust. The Growing Critique
and 'Memory'
"There is at present no other single volume that so provides a serious reader with a broad understanding of the contemporary state of historical issues that influential people would rather not have examined. " — Prof. Dr. A. R. Butz, Evanston, IL
"Read this book and you will know where revisionism is today.... revisionism has done away with the exterminationist case. " — Andrew Gray, The Barnes Review
Dissecting the Holocaust applies state-of-the-art scientific technique and classic methods of detection to investigate the alleged murder of millions of Jews by Germans during World War II. In 22 contributions of each ca. 30 pages, the 17 authors dissect generally accepted paradigms of the 'Holocaust' . It reads as exciting as a crime novel: so many lies, forgeries, and deceptions by politicians, historians and scientists. This is the intellectual adventure of the 21st century. Be part of it!
2nd, revised paperback edition! 616 pp. pb, 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $30.-
of 'Truth'
JttbtU* F-Uil-rjLinj
riiini Jiiuti
Ingrid Weckert, Jewish Emigration from the Third Reich
Current historical writings about the Third Reich paint a bleak picture regarding its treatment of Jews. Sometimes Jewish emigration is wrongly depicted as if the Jews had to sneak over the German borders, leaving all their possessions behind. The truth is that the emigration was welcomed and supported by the German authorities, and frequently occurred under a constantly increasing pressure. Weckert's booklet eluci- dates the emigration process in law and policy, thereby augmenting the traditionally received picture of Jewish emigration from Germany.
72 pp. pb., 6"x9", index: $8.-
Send orders to: Castle Hill Publishers, PO Box 257768, Chicago, IL 60625; +1-877-789-0229; www.vho.org
yma
Treblitika
Don Heddesheimer, The First Holocaust. Jewish Fund Raising Campaigns With
Holocaust Claims During And After World War One
Six million Jews in Europe threatened with a holocaust: this allegation was spread by sources like The New York Times - but the year was 1919! Don Heddesheimer's compact but substantive First Holocaust documents post-WWI propaganda that claimed East European Jewry was on the brink of annihilation (regularly invoking the talismanic six million figure); it details how that propaganda was used to agitate for minority rights for Jews in Poland, and for Bolshevism in Russia. It demonstrates how Jewish fundraising operations in America raised vast sums in the name of feeding Polish and Russian Jews, then funneled much of the money to Zionist and Communist "constructive undertakings."
The First Holocaust, is a valuable study of American Jewish institutional opera- tions at a fateful juncture in Jewish and European history, an incisive examination of a cunningly contrived campaign of atrocity and extermination propaganda, two decades before the alleged WWII Holocaust - and an indispensable addition to every revisionist's library. 144 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index, $9.95
C. MattOgno, J. Graf, Treblinka. Extermination Camp or Transit Camp?
Holocaust historians alleged that at Treblinka in East Poland, between 700,000 and 3,000,000 persons were murdered in 1942 and 1943. The weapons used were alleged to have been stationary and/or mobile gas chambers, poison gases of both fast acting and slow acting varieties, unslaked lime, superheated steam, electricity, diesel exhaust fumes, etc. Holocaust historians alleged that bodies were piled as high as multistoried buildings and burned without a trace, using little or no fuel. Graf and Mattogno have now analyzed the origins, logic and technical feasibility of the official version of Treblinka. On the basis of numerous documents they reveal Treblinka's true identity: it was a transit camp.
Even longtime Revisionism buffs will find a lot that is new in this book, while Graf's animated style guarantees a pleasant reading experience. The original testimony of witnesses enlivens the reader, as does the skill with which the authors expose the absurdities of Holocaust historiography. 370 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index, $25.-
C. Mattogno, Betzec in Propaganda, Testimonies, Archeological Research, and History
Witnesses report that at least 600,000, if not as many as three million Jews were murdered in the Belzec camp, located in eastern Poland, between 1941 and 1942. Various murder weapons are claimed to have been used: diesel gas chambers; unslaked lime in trains; high voltage; vacuum chambers. According to witnesses, the corpses were incinerated on huge pyres without leaving any traces.
For those who know the stories about Treblinka, this all sounds too familiar. The author therefore restricted this study to the aspects, which are different and new compared to Treblinka, but otherwise refers the reader to his Treblinka book. The development of the official image portrait of Belzec is explained and subjected to a thorough critique. In contrast to Treblinka, forensic drillings and excavations were performed in the late 1990s in Belzec, the results of which are explained and critically reviewed. These findings, together with the absurd claims by 'witnesses,' refute the thesis of an extermination camp.
138 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $15.-
J. Graf, C. Mattogno, Concentration Camp Majdanek
Little research had been directed toward the concentration camp Majdanek in central Poland, even though it is claimed that up to a million Jews were murdered there. The only information available is discredited Polish Communists propaganda.
This glaring research gap has finally been filled. After exhaustive research of primary sources, Mattogno and Graf created a monumental study which expertly dissects and repudiates the myth of homicidal gas chambers at Majdanek. They also investigated the legendary mass executions of Jews in tank trenches ("Operation Harvest Festival ") critically and prove them groundless.
The authors' investigations lead to unambiguous conclusions about the camp which are radically different from the official theses. Again they have produced a standard and methodical investigative work which authentic historiography can not ignore.
2nd ed., 320 pp pb., 6"x9", b/w & color ill., bibl., index, $25.-
Send orders to: Castle Hill Publishers, PO Box 257768, Chicago, IL 60625; +1-877-789-0229; www.vho.org
G. Rudolf, C. Mattogno, Auschwitz Lies. Legends, Lies, and Prejudices of Media and Scholars on the Holocaust
"French biochemist G. Wellers exposed the Leuchter Report as fallacious" - he exposed only his own grotesque incompetence. "Polish researcher Prof. J. Markie- wicz proved with analysis that Zyklon B was used in the gas chambers of Auschwitz" - Markiewicz fabricated his results. "Chemist Dr. Richard Green showed that the revisionists' chemical arguments are flawed" - Green actually had to admit that the revisionists are right. "Prof. Zimmerman proved that the crematories in Auschwitz could cremate all victims of the claimed mass murder." - as an accountant, Zimmer- man proved only his lack of knowledge. "Profs. M. Shermer and A. Grobman refuted the entire array of revisionist arguments" - they merely covered a tiny fraction of j revisionist arguments, and botched their attempt at refutation. "Keren, McCarthy, and Mazal found the 'Holes of Death' proving the existence of the Auschwitz gas chambers" - they twisted evidence to support their case and suppressed facts refuting it. These and other untruths are treated in this book and exposed for what they really are: political lies created to ostracize dissident historians and to keep the entire western world in merciless Holocaust servitude.
ca. 400 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $25.-
Edition
F. Leuchter, R. Faurisson, G. Rudolf, The Leuchter Reports. Critical
Between 1988 and 1991, American expert on execution technologies Fred Leuchter wrote four expert reports addressing the question whether or not the Third Reich oper- ated homicidal gas chambers. The first report on Auschwitz and Majdanek became world famous. Based on chemical analysis of wall samples and on various technical arguments, Leuchter concluded that the locations investigated "could not have then been, or now, be utilized or seriously considered to function as execution gas cham- bers." In subsequent years, this first Leuchter Report was the target of much criticism, some of it justified. This edition republishes the unaltered text of all four reports and accompanies the first one with critical notes and research updates, backing up and supporting those of Leuchter's claims that are correct, and correcting those that are inaccurate or false.
227 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., $20.-
G. Rudolf (ed.), Auschwitz: Plain Facts. A Response to Jean-Claude Pressac
French pharmacist Jean-Claude Pressac tried to refute revisionists with their own technical methods. For this he was praised by the mainstream, and they proclaimed victory over the revisionists. Pressac's works are subjected to a detailed critique in Auschwitz: Plain Facts. Although Pressac deserves credit for having made accessible many hitherto unknown documents, he neither adhered to scientific nor to formal standards when interpreting documents: He made claims that he either could not prove or which contradict the facts; documents do not state what he claims they do; he exhibits massive technical incompetence, and he ignores important arguments. Auschwitz: Plain Facts is a must read for all those who want to argue against the lies and half truth of established historiography.
197 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $20.-
Carlo Mattogno, Germar Rudolf, Auschwitz: The Case against Insanity.
A Response to Robert J. van Pelt (fall 2005)
The gas chambers changed the whole meaning of architecture; Auschwitz is the I holiest of the holy; the Holocaust is not a historical, but merely a "moral certainty; " if we remove Auschwitz from the historical picture, we end up in a nut house. These are typical statements by a scholar who has lost his mind: Robert Jan van Pelt. In 2000, he appeared as an expert witness in the trail of British historian David Irving against Jewish theologian Deborah Lipstadt. In his book The Case for Auschwitz, based on his testimony, van Pelt claimed that he finally proved the existence of I homicidal gas chambers in Auschwitz. The Case against Insanity exposes van Pelt's [ insane approach to logic and evidence, when the Holocaust is involved, is exposed. His meticulously
ca. 180 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $16.-
Send orders to: Castle Hill Publishers, PO Box 257768, Chicago, IL 60625; +1-877-789-0229; www.vho.org
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Jtirgen Graf, The Giant with Feet of Clay.
Raul Hilbergs major work "The Destruction of European Jewry" is generally consid- ered the standard work on the Holocaust. The critical reader might ask: what evidence does Hilberg provide to back his thesis that there was a German plan to exterminate Jews, to be carried out in the legendary gas chambers? And what evidence supports his estimate of 5.1 million Jewish victims?
Jiirgen Graf applies the methods of critical analysis to Hilberg's evidence and examines the results in the light of Revisionist historiography. The results of Graf's critical analysis are devastating for Hilberg. Graf's Giant With Feet of Clay is the first comprehensive and systematic examination of the leading spokesperson for the orthodox version of the Jewish fate during the Third Reich.
128 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index, $9.95
Germar Rudolf, The Rudolf Report. Expert Report on Chemical and Technical Aspects of the 'Gas Chambers' of Auschwitz
In 1988, Fred Leuchter, American expert for execution technologies, investigated the alleged gas chambers of Auchwitz and Majdanek and concluded that they could not have functioned as claimed. Ever since, Leuchter's claims have been massively criticized. In 1 993, Rudolf, a researcher from a prestigious German Max-Planck-Insti- tute, published a thorough forensic study about the alleged gas chambers of Auschwitz, which irons out the deficiencies and discrepancies of the Leuchter Report.
The Rudolf Report is the first English edition of this sensational scientific work. It analyzes all existing evidence on the Auschwitz gas chambers. The conclusions are quite clear: The alleged gas chambers of Auschwitz could not have existed. In the
appendix, Rudolf describes his unique persecution.
455 pp. A5, b/w & color ill., bibl., index; pb: $30.-; hardcover: $45.-
Carlo Mattogno, Special Treatment in Auschwitz. Origin and Meaning of a
When appearing in German wartime documents, terms like "special treatment," "spe- cial action," and others have been interpreted as code words that signify the killing of inmates. While certainly the term "special treatment" in many such documents meant execution, the term need not always have had that meaning in German records. In this book, C. Mattogno has provided the most thorough study of this textual problem to date. Publishing and interpreting numerous such documents about Auschwitz - many k of them hitherto unknown - Mattogno is able to show that, while "special" had many different meanings in these documents, not a single one meant "execution." This important study demonstrates that the habitual practice of deciphering an alleged "code language" by assigning homicidal meaning to completely harmless documents is no longer tenable
151 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index, $15.-
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History
Carlo Mattogno, The Bunkers of Auschwitz. Black Propaganda versus
The so-called "Bunkers" at Auschwitz are claimed to have been the first homicidal gas chambers at Auschwitz specifically errected for this purpose in early 1942. With help of original German wartime files, this study shows that these "Bunkers" never existed. It also shows how the rumors of these alleged gas chambers evolved as black propaganda created by resistance groups within the camp. The third part shows how this black propaganda was transformed into 'reality' by historians. The final chapter, dedicated to the material tests (aerial photography and archeological research) confirms the publicity character of the rumors about the "Bunkers."
264 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $20.-
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The Central Construction Office
Based upon mostly unpublished German wartime documents form Moscow archives, this study describes the history, organization, tasks, and procedures of the Central Contruction Office of the Waffen-SS and Police Auschwitz. This office, which was responsible for the planning and construction of the Auschwitz camp complex. An indispensible study designed to prevent Holocaust historians from misinterpreting Auschwitz documents.
182 pp. pb., 6"*9", b/w ill., glossary: $18.-
Send orders to: Castle Hill Publishers, PO Box 257768, Chicago, IL 60625; +1-877-789-0229; www.vho.org
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: The First Gassing. Rumor and
Reality
The first gassing of human beings in Auschwitz is claimed to have occurred on Sept. 3, 1941, in a basement room. The accounts reporting it are the archetypes for all later gassing accounts. This study analzses all available sources about this alleged event, ft shows that these sources contradict each other in location, date, preparations, victims, etc., rendering it impossible to extract a consistent story. Original wartime documents inflict a final blow to the tale of the first homicidal gassing.
ca. 180 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $16.-
Carlo Mattogno, Auschwitz: Krematorium I and the Alleged Homicidal Gassings
The morgue of Krematorium I in Auschwitz is claimed to have been the first homicidal gas chamber in that camp. This study thoroughly investigates all accessible statements by witnesses and analyzes hundreds of wartime documents in order to accurately write a history of that building. Mattogno proves that its morgue was never used as a homicidal gas chamber.
ca. 180 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $18.-
C. Mattogno, A uschwitz: Open Air Incineration
Hundreds of thousands of corpses of murder victims are claimed to have been incinerated in deep ditches in Auschwitz. This book examines the testimonies and establishes whether these claims were technically possible. Using air photo evidence, physical evidence as well as wartime documents, the author shows that these claims are untrue. 132 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w ill., bibl., index: $12.-
Jtirgen Graf, Carlo Mattogno, Concentration Camp Stutthofand
its Function in National Socialist Jewish Policy
The concentration camp at Stutthof near Danzig in western Prussia is another camp which had never been scientifically investigated by Western historians. Officially sanctioned Polish authors long maintained that in 1944, Stutthof was converted to an "auxiliary extermination camp" with the mission of carrying out the lurid, so-called "Final Solution to the Jewish Problem." Now, Jiirgen Graf and Carlo Mattogno have subjected this concept of Stutthoff to rigorous critical investigation based on Polish literature and documents from various archives. It shows that that extermination claims are in contradiction to reliable sources. Again they have produced a standard and methodical investigative work which authentic historiography can not ignore. 2nd ed., 128 pp. pb., 6"x9", b/w & color ill., bibl., index, $15.-
R.H. Countess, Ch. Lindtner, G. Rudolf (eds.), Exactitude. Festschrift far
Robert Faurisson to his 75th Birthday
75 years before this book was published, R. Faurisson was born, prob- ably the most courageous intellectual of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. With bravery and steadfastness, he challenged historical and political fraud, deception, and deceit by exposuring their lies and hoaxes. His method of analytical exactitude in historiography have become famous. This Festschrift is dedicated to him in his struggles. It contains a collection of arti- cles by several authors addressing various issues of scientific revisionism in general, Holocaust revisionism in particular, and biographic sketches of Robert Faurisson's scholarship over the decades.
140 pp. pb., 6"x9", ill., biographies: $15.-
Upcoming Books (working titles):
- Franz W. Seidler: Crimes Against the Wehrmacht (vol. 1 & 2). Collection of documents and testimonies about crimes committed against members and units of the German Wehrmacht during WWII.
- Walter Post: The Defamed Wehrmacht. Collection of evidence proving that the German Wehrmacht was probably the most righteous army of WWII, always trying to keep a high standard of honor.
- Carlo Mattogno: Healthcare in Auschwitz. A documentary study on the vast efforts of the SS to keep their prisoners alive and healthy.
Send orders to: Castle Hill Publishers, PO Box 257768, Chicago, IL 60625; +1-877-789-0229; www.vho.org
EXACHTUDF
ROBERT FAURISSON