Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1 : Anti-Semitism before the Modern Period 15
Esau's Tears: The Deepest Roots of Anti-Semitism 15
The Rise of the Jews 33
The Origins and Ambiguities of the Term Anti-Semitism 36
"Classical Anti-Semitism" 41
Christian Anti-Semitism 44
The Church Triumphant; John Chrysostom 48
The Charge ofDeicide; Jewish Survival 51
Chapter 2: Modern Times (1700 to the 1870s) 56
The Enlightenment 56 The French Revolution and the Jews 60
Napoleon and the Assembly of Jewish Notables 64
Contrasts between East and West 67
Trends within Judaism 70
Secularism and Divided Loyalties 73
The Liberal Years of Mid-century 74
Backward Russia and the Ostjuden 75
The Pale of Settlement 78 Russia's "Liberal" Experiment 82
Revolutionary Agitation and Tsarist Reaction 85
The Concept of Race 89 Blood Imagery 93
Racism and Anti-Semitism 97
The Evolution of the Vocabulary of Race 1 04
Racist Ideas Among Jews 1 1 0
The Ambiguities of Non-Jewish Racism 1 1 3
PART II: THE APPEARANCE OF MODERN ANTI-SEMITISM (1870-1890)
Introduction 1 1 9
Chapter 3: Germans and Jews 124
The German Problem; the Sonderweg 1 24
German Liberalism and the New German State 128
Junker Hegemony and the Jews 1 32
The Rise of the Jews in Germany 1 35
The Mittelstand and Modernism 1 39
The "Founding Years" and the Crash of 1874 1 40
ii
The Press Campaign against the Jews 143
The Kulturkampf and the Jews 145
Bismarck's Move to the Right 147
Chapter 4: Anti-Semitic Ideology and Movement in Germany 150
Anti-Semitic Ideology: Wilhelm Marr 1 50
Anti-Semitic Ideology: Heinrich von Treitschke 1 55
Treitschke and Graetz 1 64
Anti-Semitic Ideology: Adolf Stoecker 1 68
Anti-Semitic Movement and Countermovement 1 68
Anti-Semitic Movement: the Peasants and Otto Bockel 1 73
Precursors to Nazism? 182
Chapter 5: Socialists, Jews, and Anti-Semites 185
Socialist Movement and Ideology 1 85
The Enlightened Tradition of Socialism 1 87
Marxian Socialism and the Jews 189
French Socialism and the Jews 194
Jewish Attitudes to Socialism 1 96
Social-Democratic Attitudes to Jews 200
Socialist Interpretations of Anti-Semitism 203
Jewish Socialists and Assimilation 209
Chapter 6: Austria-Hungary, Racial Radicalism and Schlamperei 212
The Polyglot Empire 2 1 2
Austria-Hungary: Between Germany and Russia 21 5
Liberalism and the Rise of the Jews 21 7
German Nationalism and Ethnic Insecurity 221
The Jewish Press and the Crash of 1873 224
Anti-Semitic Ideology 225
Catholic Antimodernism 229
Anti-Semitism and Humanitarian Idealism: von Schonerer 232
The Disintegration of Democratic Radicalism 234
Chapter 7: France, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity 239
The Evolution of French Jewry in the Nineteenth Century 239
The Third Republic and the Jews 244
The Rise of the Jews and the Dilemmas of Modernism 245
The Political Crises and Scandals of the 1880s 247
Nascent Political Anti-Semitism: The Boulangists 249
The Assumptionists 253 Anti-Semitic Ideology and Movement 255
iii
A Gathering Storm of Anti- Semitism? 261
The Dreyfus Affair 266
A Dreyfusian Revolution? 269
Chapter 8: A Sweet Exile? (GB, USA, Hungary) 274
Jews in Nineteenth-century Great Britain 275
Jews in America: The Issue of Exceptionalism 289
Racism and Social Conflict in the United States 299
The Jews in Hungary 302
PART III: THE BELLE EPOQUE (1890-1914)
Introduction 313
Chapter 9: The Failures: Russia and Romania 31 9
Worsening Jewish-Gentile Relations in Russia 31 9
The Paradoxes of Modernization; the Kishinev Pogrom 331
Modern Anti-Semitism in Russia 342
Nicholas II and the Power of International Jewry 343
The Beilis Affair 347
Romanian Anti-Semitism: The Worst in Europe? 349
Chapter 10: The Ambiguities of Failure: Austria and Germany 364
The Appearance of Zionism 365
Anti-Semitism and German Traditions 377
The "Dormant Period" of Anti-Semitism in Germany 381
Anti-Semitic Agitation in Austria: Karl Lueger 384
The "Unpolitical" Germans: Langbehn, Lagarde, Chamberlain 396
Chapter 1 1 : The Ambiguous Successes (GB, USA) 403
Jews in Great Britain in the Edwardian Period 403
The United States of America: Still "Exceptional"? 422
The Leo Frank Affair 433
PART IV: A DECADE OF WAR AND REVOLUTION (1914-1924)
Introduction 439
Chapter 12: World War One 442
The Mood of August 1914 442
The Expansion of Germany into Russia 447
The Beginnings of Disillusionment in the West 450
The Peace Settlement 459
The Balfour Declaration and the Palestinian Mandate 467
iv
Chapter 13: Jews and Revolution, 1917-34 478
The Jew as Revolutionary: Fantasy and Reality 51 5
Russian Jews in Revolution: From March to November 530
The Red Terror— A Jewish Terror? 535
Stalin and Trotsky 544
PART V: THE FASCIST ERA
Introduction 553
Chapter 14: Fascism and Anti-Semitism 557
Defining Fascism 558
Mussolini: From Socialist Revolutionary to II Duce 560
The Jews of Italy 588
The Italian Model of Fascism 575
The Establishment of the Weimar Republic 580
Hitler's Early Career; the Genesis of His Anti-Semitism 583
Hitler and the Nazi Party 599
Epilogue and Conclusions
607