Sound Synthesis And The Personal Computer — Past Present And Future $2,50 January 1983 Issue 32 Vol. 5, No. 1 63379 £1,85 in UK COMPUTE! The Leading Magazine Of Home, EducaHonai, And Recreational Computing Music, Sound, And The Personal Computer 19 > Music And Sound For VIC, Apple, Atari, PET/CBM, And The Sinclair/Timex The Juggler, Thunderbird: TWO Exciting Gome Programs For ViC-20 Atari, And TRS-80 Color Computer Writing Transportable BASIC Programs For Personal Computers A New Monthly Column: Programming Ttie TI-99/4A A Home Energy Calculator For Atari, Apple, VIC-20, PET/CBM, And Commodore 64 a 1 "74470'l63379 Plus Reviews For VIC, Atari, Apple Sinclair, And PET/CBM "NEVER forgets: MORE THAN JUST ANOnn PREm nCE, Says who? Says ANSI. Specifically, subcommittee X3B8 of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) says so. The fact is all Elephant^'^ floppies meet or exceed the specs required to meet or exceed all their standards. But just who is "subcommittee X3B8" to issue such pronouncements? They're a group of people representing a large, well-balanced cross section of disciplines— from academia, government agencies, and the computer industry. People from places like IBM, Hewlett-Packard, 3M, Lawrence Livermore Labs, The U.S. Department of Defense, Honeywell and The Association of Com- puter Programmers and Analysts. In short, it's a bunch of high-caliber nitpickers whose mission, it seems, in order to make better disks for consumers, is also to make life miserable for everyone in the disk-making business. How? By gathering together periodically (often, one suspects, under the full moon) to concoct more and more rules to increase the quality of flexible disks. Their most recent rule book runs over 20 single- spaced pages— listing, and insisting upon— hundreds upon hundreds of standards a disk must meet in order to be blessed by ANSI. (And thereby be taken seriously by people who take disks seriously.) In fact, if you'd like a copy of this formidable docu- ment, for free, just let us know and we'll send you one. Because once you know what it takes to make an Elephant for ANSI . . . We think you'll want us to make some Elephants for you. EEPHANT. HEflTYDUTYDISKS. For 0 free poster-size portrait of our powerful pachyderm, please write us. Distributed Exclusively by Leading Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021 Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call collect (617) 828-8150. Telex 951-624. IF YOU'RE WAITING FOR THE PRICE OF WORD PROCESSORS TO FALL WITHIN REASON, Everyone expected it would happen sooner or later. . .with it already has! Now all the marvelous benefits of expensive and advanced vi/ord processing systems are available on Commodore computers, America's largest selling computer line. WordPro PLUS, when combined with the new 80 column CBM 8032, creates a word pro- cessing system comparable to virtually any other top quality word processor available— but at savings of thousands of dollars! TM WordPro is a Regislered Tradamark of ProlBssional Software. Inc. WordPro was writlen by Steve Punier. AN specif icaiions subject to change wittiout notice. New, low cost computer technology is now available at a fraction of what you would expect to pay. This technology allowed Commodore to introduce the new and revolutionary CBM 8032 Computer. WordPro PLUS turns this new CBM 8032 Computer into a sophisticated, time saving word processing tool. With' WordPro PLUS, documents are dis- played on the computer's screen. Edit- ing and last minute revisions are simple and easy. No more lengthy re-typing sessions. Letters and documents are easily re-called from memory storage for editing or printing with final drafts printed perfectly at over five hundred words per minute! .^4 Our nationwide team of professional dealers wiil show you how your office will benefit by using WordPro PLUS. At a price far less than you realize. Invest in your office's future. . . Invest in Call us today tor ttie name of the WordPro PLUS dealer nearest you. Professional Software Inc. 51 Fremont Street Needham, MA 021 94 (617)444-5224 TELEX: 95 1579 V Ifitrodttcifig Snooper Troops detective series. Edticatioiial games that turn ordinary homes into Sherlock homes. Where can you find educational games that your Kids will really enjoy playing? Elennentary, my dear Watson. From Spinnaker. Our Snooper Troops detective games are fun, exciting and challenging. And best of all, they have real educational value. 5o while your kids are having fun, they're learning. As a Snooper Trooper, your child will have a great time solving the mysteries. But it will take some daring detective work. They'll have to question suspects, talk to mysterious agents, and even search dark houses to uncover clues. The Snooper Troops programs are compatible with -JSix Apple,® IBM* and -.. Atari® computers and provide your kids with everything they need; a SnoopMobile, a wrist radio, a Snoophet computer, a camera for taking Snoopshots and even a notebook for keeping track of information. Snooper Troops detective games help your children learn to take notes, draw maps, organize and classify information and they help develop vocabulary and reasoning skills. All while your kids are having a good time. So if you want to find educational games that are really fun, here's a clue: Snooper Troops games are available at your local software store, or by wnting to; Spinnaker Software, 215 First Street Cam- bridge, MA 02142. e 5plnnaher Soltuwre Corp. 1982 Spinnakeiis early learning games will help make your children as smart as yon tell eyeryone they are. Your kids are pretty smart. '^Sfe^. After all, they're your kids. Spinnaker can help make them even smarter With a line of educational software thatklds love to play Spinnaker games make the computer screen come to life with fulf color graphics and sound. And they're fun. Lots of fun. But they also have real educational value. Some of our games help exercise your child's creativity. Others improve memory and concentration. While others help to improve your child's writing, vocabulary, and spelling skills. And every Spinnaker game provides familiarity with the computer and helps your children feel friendly with the computer Even if they've never used a comput- er before. And Spinnaker games are compati- ble with the most popular computers: Apple,® Atari® and IBM* Our newest game, KinderComp"* (Ages 3-8) is a collection of learn- ing exercises presented in a fun and exciting manner. Sj^^ '^^ Rhymes and Riddles'" "• " ' (Ages 4-9) is a letter guess- ing game featuring kids' favorite riddles, famous say- ings and nursery rhymes. Story Machine'" (Ages 5-9) lets children write their own stories and see them come to life on the screen. And rACEMAt^ER'" lets your children create their own funny faces and make them wink, smile, wiggle ears (not your kids' ears, the ears on the screen), etc. And we're intro- ducing new games all the time. So look for Spinnaker games at your local software retailer or by writing to: Spinnaker Software, 215 First St., Cambridge, MA 02142. And show your kids how smart their par- ents really are. We make learning tun. Apple, iBH arid Atari are registKM tradeirwhi or Apple Computer, inc., IfNteffTflUpfui Btomtto nacfurvea Corp arvi Aiao. ux . rewecuvety THE ONLY CHOICE FOR SERIOUS ATARI* OWNERS 1 iTiR^OSOIC ELEaRONlCS, INC January 1983 Vol. 5, No. i FEATURES 26 Sound Synthesis Tom R. HalfhiJI 36 Writing Transportabfe BASIC Ecfward T. Ordmon 43 Mattel's New Home Computer Tom R. Halftiill 48 Atori's Sound System Jotin Scarborough] 52 VIC Sound Generator Robert Lee 56 Easy Apple Disk Space Messages Beirne L Konarski EDUCATION AND RECREATION 58 Juggler Doug Ferguson 68 Sound On TheSinclair/Timex Arttiur B. Hunkins 71 Thunderbird Dave Sanders 84 Home Energy Calculator David Swaim 101 Waretiouse Automation Witti Personal Computers Timotl^y Stryker 126 Chiristmas Bird Count Jean B. I^ogers 134 Higti Resolution Turtle Groptiics David D. Ttiornburg REVIEWS 136 Apple Educational Games Stieila Cory 138 Promqueen , Harvey B. Herman 140 Preppie- For Atari MikeKinnamon 142 Player ZX-81 ArttiurB. Hunkins 143 PET/CBM StandOfd Terminal Communications Package Harvey B. Herman 145 A Financial Wizard For Atari TinaHolcomb COLUMNS AND DEPARTMENTS 6 The Editor's Notes Robert Lock 10 Ask The Readers The Editors And Readers of COMPUTE! 18 Questions Beginners Ask Tom R. Halfhill 21 Computers and Society David D. Tbornburg 44 The Beginner's Page: Myths About Programming Richard Mansfield 108 Friends Of The Turtle David D. Thornburg 116 The World Inside The Computer: New Improved Computer Friend For Your Apple Fred D'Ignazio 119 Learning With Computers: Gentle Introductions To Programming Glenn M. Kleiman 124 Micros With The Handicapped: Devefoping A Communications Program Susan Semancik & C. Marshall Curtis 171 Insight: Atari Bill Wilkinson 178 Telecommunications: Computers And Communication Michael Day 180 Machine Language: Speed Demon Jim Butterfield 183 Programming Ttie Tl C. Regena 187 Extrapolations: Tap ApplesofTs Heartbeat Keith Folkner THE JOURNAL 146 Automate Your Atari Joseph J. Wrobel -153 All About Commodore's WAIT Instruction Louis F. Sander -156 WAITing On The VIC-20 And Commodore 64 Doug Ferguson 160 Apple Machine Longuage Memory Aid K, Lourash -162 Supermon64 Jim Butterfield 186 Copy VIC Disk Files Roger L.Smith 191 Atari Lister Leroy J. Baxter 192 Pertect Commodore INPUTS Btaine D. Standage 196 Atari Aufonumber Barry Bernstein 198 VIC Super Expander Graphics Tim Parker 202 Download/Upload For The Atari Frank C.Jones 208 Commodore 64 Architecture Jim Butterfield 213 VIC Pencil Ken Bowd 216 Atari's Exponents MottGivi/er 217 ViC Personal Accountant Peter Mendall 220 CAPUTE! Mod if ications Or Corrections To Previous Artie les 222 How To Type COMPUTEI's Programs 223 A Beginner's Guide To Typing In Programs 225 Nev;:. ^ .'^roJijcis 236 Calendar NOTE: See page 222 before typing in programs. GUIDE TO ARTrCLES AND PROGRAMS AT V AP ATA/ ZX C/ATA/ P AP AP V AT ZX P AT AP/PA/ AT n AP AT PA//64 V/64 AP 64 V AT P/V/64 AT V AT 64 V AT V AP Apple, AT AtarLP PET/ CBM,V VIC-20, OOSl C Radio Shack Color Com- puter, 64 Commodore 64, ZX Sinclair ZX-81, ' All or several Of the above. COMPUTE! The Journal for Progressive Computing (USP.S: .")372riO) is piihlislicct 12 times eacli ve;ir1)\ Siniill SvsiL-m SiTvicts. liK.. I'.O. lidx fitim. CJrcenslmrcj. NC 27-4(0 U.SA. I'Ikiir-: l!ll>ir-'7.")-;iH()<l. l-;diu>ri;il Oltiii-s jti- Iik;i1c<I m r>2.') I*'uli*iij Sirt'ct. (.ireonsfjijfd. NC: 27WS. Donie&ilc Subscripticms; I'J isMn->. 521). DO. St-iui Jiiiljsuipiion (jriicrs or tliiingf of iiddrcss (I'.Cl. foriii 3.i79l to C:iri;u!:iiion Dt-jjt.. COMPUTE! Mui>.i/!iii-. I'.O. Box .VKMi, Grccnsburo, KC. 1^7 Hi;i. SltuikI class jjostagcpaid iii Ciieetisboro. NC:!J7-i(i:i .iiid jdditicjiijd iii.iiliiii; otjitcs. fcln^^rcL^nEcntscop^^i^^ll t \W> 1)1 SiiiHil Svstcrll Services, lin. .All ri^iit.s rcst-rvrd. 1S.S\ IM U t-:ir)7\. TOLL FREE Subscription Order line 800-334-0868 In NC9«- 276-9809 EDITORS NOTES Announcing A Significant New Magazine From COMPUTE! Publications. We've promised that 1983 would be an exciting year and are now willing to divulge one of the reasons why. The Commodore Gazette''" will premiere as a monthly in the spring of 1983. The Gazette will not impact COMPUTE! editorially or alter the current scope of COMPUTE!. The Gazette is planned as a layper- sons's guide to consumer com- puting. It will.be written for be- ginning and intermediate level owners and users of the VIC-20, 64, and Ultimax computers. Reg- ular features will include best seller lists for recreational and educational software, reviews, new products, tutorials on home and educational applications, and much more. Written for entertainment as well as educa- tion. The Commodore Gazette, while appealing to users wishing to learn more about program- ming and computers, will also have continuing appeal for those who simply want to obtain maximum use from their com- puters in a non-technical way. Next issue we'll give you full details on the new magazine. COMPUTE! will continue to pre- sent its normal excellent range of information for the VIC-20 and Commodore 64. A Call For Editors COMPUTE! Publications, both our magazine and book pub- lishing divisions, is looking for experienced staff members for our growing editorial needs. If you've been writing for COMPUTE!, or if you have mean- ingful editorial experience, we'd 6 COMPimi January. W83 like to see a resume as soon as possible. We're specifically in- terested in writers with experi- ence using Atari, VIC-20, and related computer hardware. We are a progressive and growing company, with an excellent working environment and bene- fits, located in the attractive Pied- mont area of central North Carolina. If you're interested, please send a resume along with work history, salary expecta- tions, and other pertinent infor- mation to Kathleen Martinek, Managing Editor, COMPUTE! Publications, Post Office Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403. Your inquiry will be treated with complete confidence. Mark the envelope "Personal and Confi- dential," please. Remember to include samples of your writing. We cannot accept any tele- phone calls prior to submission of a resume, and will deal only with the individual interested in the position. We do not wish to work with personnel agencies. Random Asides You'll notice several enhance- ments in this issue as part of our continuing quest to better serve our readers. Among these are additions aimed at beginners, "Questions Beginners Ask" and a revised section on using our program listing conventions will become regular features of COMPUTE!, , , . We're setting new records again. Press run for this issue is an astonishing 156,000 magazines. We had to declare October, November, and Decem- ber sold-out within weeks of pub- lication date. It was only a few months ago we were collectively applauding the 100,000 mark... New personal computers are on the way from Mattel and NEC, among others,,. Atari may be dropping the rumored 600 given recent changes in competitor pricing. Look for a new com- petitor to the Commodore 64... Magnum publishes a monthly list of the 100 best-selling com- puter books in the US. It's com- piled from industry sources. COMPUTE! Books has five titles in the top 100, and COMPUTEl's First Book of VIC is number one for the second month in a row. Reader Service Cards A first for COMPUTE!, In the back of this issue, you'll find reader service cards for the very first time. Use them to request additional information from ad- vertisers. Simply look up the advertiser in the advertising index and circle the appropriate number. Remember though, if you're in a hurry to contact a particular advertiser, it's prob- ably best to write or call directly, COIVIPUTEI's New Look As you'll notice as you explore this issue, we've made some subtle and significant changes in the overall design of the magazine. We think you'll find COMPUTE! even easier to read and enjoy. Thanks to everyone here for helping implement those changes. The Home Accountant: The ^1 best-seller. '-Sfe Any home finance package will balance your checkbook. But to become the #1 best-seller you've 90t to be somethins special. The Home Accountant™ is. It's the only one that prints a net worth statement and a personaFfinance statement. So you know exactly where you stand financially every day of the year. It will even print your checks, automatically Notonly that,The HomeAccountant™ lets you label every transaction. Just imagine sitting down to do your taxes and having every penny you've spent and earned neatly listed by category —and available at the touch of a button. It's an incredible time-saver. You can also create bar, line and trend analysis graphs for every category— in color. It's great for realistic budgeting. Sound amazing? Wait, there's more. Let's say you write a check to pay your Visa.The Home Accountant" automatically debits your checking account and credits yourVisa account. And it does this with every one of the two hundred* budget categories; credit cards, checking accounts, money markets, cash, rent checks, insurance payments— you customize your own financial package. Check out The Home Accountant" soon. You'll find it does a lot more than simply manage your money. It manages your money simply. *The Home Accountant" is available for the Apple il/IBM Personal Computer/Atari 400/ 800 Computers/Osborne/TRS 80 Model III / Commodore VIC64.The actual budget capacities will vary with each computer. Continental Software A Division of Arrays, inc. <^=£J^ -_v~— n erf Wamc Cooununicmont.lncOibomc 11 a rcy.tf VIC &« n • itirtWM RMMmcrfe of COflMWdo'* luuncii M«chinci, Im p j It sells the most, because it does the most! Continental Software Co.,11223 South Hindry Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90045 Telephone (213) 417-3003 • (213) 417-8031 Publisher/Editor-in-Chief RobertC, Lock Publisher'sAssistant AliceS.Wolfe Senior Editor Managing Editor Features Editor lectin ical Editor Editorial Assistant Program m ing Assistant Administralive Assistant CopyAssistonts Associate Editors Ricfiord Mansfield Kottileen E. Martinek TomR.Halfhill Ottis R. Cowper Ctiaries Brannon Patrick Parristi Vicki Jennings Juan ita Lewis Mary Parker Jim Bufterfield, Toronto, Canada Harvey Herman, Greensboro, NC Fred D'lgnazio: c/O COtvlPUTE!, P.O. Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403 David Thornburg P.O. Box 1317, los Altos, CA 94022 Contributing Editors Marvin DeJong Bill Wilkinson GeneZumctiak Arl Director/ Production Manager Assistant Artists Typesetting Illustrator Production Assistant Georgio Papadopoulos irmaSwain De Potter Jean Hendrix Terry Casti Horry Sloir DoiRees Associate Publisher/ National Advertising Soles ti^anager AndyMeehon Advertising Coordinator /Mice S.Wolfe Ad vertising Accou nts Bonnie Valentino Sales Assistant Rosemarie Davis Operations/Customer Service Manager Coordinator Assistants Stiipping & Receiving Carol Lock Ffon Lyons Ctiristine Gordon DorottiyBogon Gail Jones Ctiris Potty Patty Jones Jim Coward Lorry O'Connor Accounting Manager Bookkeeper Accou nti ng Assistant Assistants W. Jerry Day Ellen Day Linda Roquemore Doris Hall Rutfi Granger Anno Harris Small System Services, Inc. publlsties: COMPUTE! ThaJewnelFwn COMPUTE! Books Corporate office: 625 Fulton Street. Greensboro, NC 27403 USA Mailing address: COMPUTE! Post Office Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403 USA Telephone: 919.275-9809 Robert C. Lock. President W. Jerry Day, Vice-President and Comptroller Kattiieen E. Martinek Assistant To Ttie President Sonja Wtiitesell, Executive Assistant Coming In February Special Games Issue: How The Professionals Program Games Four Exciting Games: Mastermaze, Slalom, Copycat, And A Day At The Races VIC And PET High Resolution Plotters Atari SuperFont Plus And Left-handed Joysticks Apple High Resolution Painter Color Computer Relocation Calculator Subscription Information COMPUTE! Circulation Dept. P.O. Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403 TOLL FREE Subscription Order Line 800-334-0868 In HC »19-a75-980» COMPUTE! Subscription Rates (12 Issue Year]: us Canada and Foreign Surface Mail Ajr Europe. US Possessions Middle East, Central America and Nortti Africa Soutfi America South Africa, Far East and Australia (one yf,) S20 (two yrs.) S36 (three yrs.) S54 S25 S38 $48 $88 Advertising Sales ■■■/rv) The Gittelman . ^Company ^ <-/ AlDaiton J /^ 617-451-0822 The Gittelman Company^ \ Sharon Brodie /K,215-646-5700 ■ m Metro 212-567-6717 ^^""' '■•.-/COMPUTE' """"rfl!; "r? °'^'= V Home OfUce ,siu,hSl,'n°Lles "KAndytvleehar, iRepresentative J Nationa Advertising /OIQ r>7^ OanQ-A ^ales Manager _viy-Z/0-TOUy, \ 919-275-9809 In British Coiurnbia. Canada, Alaska Of Hawaii call 4QB-354-5553. Elsewhere In Canada or outside North Americo coll 919-275-9609, Phoebe Thompson and Associates 101 Church Street Suite 13 Los Gatos, CA 95030 PHOEBE THOfvlPSON Phoebe Thompson and Associates 2556 Via Tejon Polos Verdes Estotes, CA 90274 JOANN SULLIVAN GB & Associates PO. Box 335 Libertyvitle, IL 60048 GORDON BENSON The Glttelman Company The Gittelman Company Stotler Office Building Summit Office Center Suite 518 7266 Summit Avenue 20 Providence Street Fort Washington, PA 19034 Boston, MA 02116 SHARON BRODIE AL DALTON COMPUTE! Home Office 625 Fulton Street Greensboro, NC 27403 HARRY BLAIR Soulheastern Sales Reptesentqtive Address alt advertising materiaisto: Alice S. V/olfe Advertising Production Coordinator COMPUTE! Magazine 625 Fulton Street Greensboro, NC 27403 USA Auttiors of manuscripts warrant that all materiols submitted to COMPUTEi are originol materials with full ownership rights resident in said outhors By submitting articles to COMPUTE!, authors acknowledge that such materials, upon acceptance tor publicotion, become the exclusive properly of Small System Ser- vices, Inc. No portion of this magazine may be reproduced In any form without written permission from the publisher. Entire contents copyright ■/ 1982, Small System Sen/ices. Inc. Rights to programs developed and submitted by auftiors are exploined in our author contract Unsolicited materials not accepted lor publication in COIvlPUTE' will be returned if author provides o self oddressea, stamped envelope. Program listings should be provided in printed form (new ribbon) as well as mochine reodable form. Articles should be furnished as typed copy (upper- ond lowercase, please) with double spacing. Eoch page of your article should bear the title of the article, date and name of the author. COMPUTE! ossumes no iiabiiity for errors in articles or advertisements. Opinions expressed by authors are not necessarily those of COfVlPUTEI. PET is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines. Inc. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Compony. ATAI?I is a trademark of Atari. Inc- 8 COMPUTE! Jonuory. 1983 AN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR YOUR COMMODORE COMPUTER InfoPro is a menu driven and interactive "information management" system for the Cornmodore 8032 computer. InfoPro uses "friendly" screen prompts tiiat "guide" you from function to function. Tfiis makes InfoPro unusually easy to learn and just as easy to operate. For Mailing List applications InfoPro can print up to 8 labels across and even has a built in "structure" with fields already pre-set. This structure can easily be changed to fit many other types of office jobs. Another extremely powerful feature of InfoPro is Super Scan. The Super Scan feature acts like an "electronic filing cabinet" and pro- vides the user with almost instantaneous access to the data stored in a file. The powerful Report Generator allows you to "seleel" infor- mation for printing based on up to 5 different parameters or criteria and to perform various math functions. Another powerful and indispensable feature is InfoPro's ability to interact with the WordPro family of word processing programs. This provides the user with a "link" from the area of data information WordPro and InfoPro are registered trademarks of Professional Software management to the area of word processing, allowing the user to manipulate, sort, and select data by certain criteria, which can then be inserted into "personalized" letters, documents, overdue notices, etc. InfoPro will also allow you to ADD, DELETE or CHANGE your information "fields" any time you wish. This means that as your business changes, InfoPro has the flexibility to change with it. As with all Professional Software products. InfoPro comes complete with a professionally written and fully-tested user oriented manual. InfoPro also includes a program ROM, and InfoPro System Diskette . Start managing your information today. Call us today for the name of the Professional Software dealer nearest you. Professional Software Inc. 51 Fremont Street Needham, MA 02194 Tel: (617) 444-5224 Telex: 951579 ASK THE READERS The Editors and Readers of COMPUTE! High Vs. Low Resolution Could you explain the difference between hi-res and low-res graphics? Mike Porter The esseutjnl difference is that when a computer does not have the high resolution option, you are limited to a set of built-in graphics characters. These characters, like the letters of the alphabet, will be crisp and clear, but you cannot create your own special characters. A great deal can he accomplished, however, by combining the different symbols of a built-in set. Cubes, stairs, and many other pictures can be created. It's like having perhaps 128 different shapes of paper. You can put them together in thousands of ways, but you can't customize them individually by cutting them 'with scissors. High resolution, on the other hand, permits you to control the individual pixels (dots) anyzvhere on the TV screen. This means that you can create detailed figures of your oum design - perhaps the Greek alphabet or an image of a starship - and that curved lines will look more like true curves. High resolution generally adds to the price of a computer, but does provide more flexible graphics, more visual possibilities. Alternatively, it is usually possible to add an optional high resolulio)! capability to computers which do not offer it as a standard feature. Typing Programs From COMPUTE! I have seen several programs in COMPUTE! that have a "^ " symbol in them and there is no such character on my keyboard. Did I miss it in the instruction manual (I triple-checked)? This upside- down V has stumped me. Also, what is the "-" symbol for? 1 know that an underline means to type the shifted version of whatever character is underlined, but what do you do when "-" stands alone? Jim Lockridge The "^" symbol indicates an "up-arrow" symbol (^ ) on Commodore computers and represents "to the power of" something. Whenever you see it, type the key with the arroxo pointing upxvardsivith respect to thekei/board. Hold dozon the SHIFT key and hit the SPACE BAR when you see an underlined blank. See the "COM- PUTEI's Listing Conventions" page in each issue. 10 COMPUTEI Januory,i983 Atari 400: Can You Add Memory? I am getting a computer in a few months, but I have a problem. Can the Atari 400 be expanded to hold more memory than it comes with? I con- stantly see ads for RAM expansion boards, but the ads for the 400 computer itself say "16K RAM (non-expandable)." Well, which is it? Scott Bonder Officially, the Atari 400 cannot he internally expanded. However, you can replace the 16K memory board inside your computer with a 32 or 48K board. Atari does not manufacture them, but several third party vendors do. There is even a 64K RAM board sold. Be aware, how- ever, that opening your Atari 400 to replace the board might void your warranty. How Can Ctiips Address 128K? I have two questions, one of which has been bothering me for some time. How can an 8-bit chip such as the new MOS 6509 and 6510 address more than 64K? Commodore's new P128 computer will have 128K RAM. How is this possible? Al- though the Commodore 64 has 64K RAM, you have stated that only 38K (52K for M.L.) is avail- able for programming. Does this mean that soft- ware that had been embedded in ROM in previous CBM machines must now be soft-loaded upon power-up, or is it contained in a plug-in ROM cartridge? My second question is if programs written for the Commodore 64 will run on the P128, and vice versa. I am particularly interested in the com- patibility of the various plug-in cartridges that will become available. Ron Dagostino The 6510 chip will not address more than 64K of mem- ory. The 6509 can, however, through a technique known as "bank switching," whereby large blocks of memory (banks) may have the same addresses. The micro- processor must then select which to use from among the banks. Details on exactly how the 6509 snakes this selec- tion are not yet available. In any case, the 64K limit on memory addressing is not because the 6500 family of chips are eight-bit processors. Rather, it is a result of the chips having 16 address lines (2^^ = 65536). For example, the 8086 lASTNiGHT We Exchanged Letters iwth mom,Then had a party for Eleven people in nine different States AND ONLYHADlOmSH ONE GLASS... That's CompuServe, The Personal Communications Network For Every Computer Owner And it doesn't matter what kind of computer you own. You'll use CompuServe's Electronic Mail system (we call it Email™) to compose, edit and send letters to friends or business associates. The system delivers any number of messages to other users anywhere in North America. CompuServe's multi-channel CB simulator l)rings distant friends together and gets new friendships started. You can even use a scrambler if you have a secret you don't want to share. Special interest groups meet regularly to trade information on hardware, software and hobbies from photography to cooking and you can sell, swap and post personal notices on the bulletin board. There's all this and much more on the CompuSen,'e Information Service. All you need is a computer, a modem, and CompuServe. CompuServe connects with almost any type or brand of personal computer or terminal and many communicating word processors. To receive an illustrated guide to CompuServe and learn how you can subscribe, contact or call: CompuServe Information Service Division, P.O. Box 20212 5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.. Columbus. OH 43220 800-848-8990 In Ohio call 614-457-8650 An H&B Block Company Apple Compuier Inc., 20325 Matiani Awnue, Cupenino, California 95014 Vol. 1 No. 2 Foi the authoriaa Apple dealer nearest vou. call 800-538-9696 (800-662-92 38 in CilifornLa..> Fruitful Connections* There are more people in more places making more accessories and peripherals for Apples than for any other personal computer in the world. Thanks to those people — in hundreds of independent companies — you can make the humblest 1978 Apple II turn tricks that are still on IBMs Wish List for 1984. But now we're coming out with our very own line of peripherals and accessories for Apple* Personal Computers. For two very gpod reasons. First, compatibility. We've created a totally kluge-free family of products designed to take full advantage of all the advantages built into every Apple. Second, servace and support. Now the same kindly dealer who keeps your Apple PC in the pink can do the same competent job for your Apple hard-disk and your Apple daisywheel printer. So if you're looking to expand the capabilities of your Apple II or III, remember: Now you can add Apples to Apples. Gutenberg would be proud. Old Faithful Silent^'pe* has now been joined by New Faithfuls, the Apple Dot Matrix Printer and the Apple Letter Quality Printer So now, whatever your budget and your needs, you can hook your Apple to a printer that's specifically designed to take advan- ^ \ -^^^ _^„-.* '■^8^ *^^^ ^^ features built into your ^\ ^R>-#'"*'^ lllllilii Apple. With no compromises. VK Lp IpIL The 7x9 Apple Dot Matrix ^j^lH^ _^__,--'-''" Printer is redefining "correspondence ^-"^ quality" with exceptional legibility. 144x160 dots per square inch, it can ilso create high resolution graphics. The Apple Letter Qualiry Printer, .''•[^which gets the words out about 33% raster than other daisywheel printers in its price range, also offers graphics capabilities. See your authorized Apple dealer for more information and demonstrations. Because, unfortunately, all : news fit to print simply doesn't fit. A joy to behold. The new Apple Joystick 11 is the ultimate hand control device for the Apple II. Why is it such a joy to use? With two firing buttons, it's the first ambidextrous joystick — just as comfortable for lefties as righties. Of course, it gK'es you 360° cursor control (not just 8-way like some game-oriented devices) and full X/Y coordinate control. Arid the Joystick II contains high-quality components and switches tested to over 1,000,000 life cycles. Wliich makes it a thing of beaur^'. And a joystick forever ©1981 Apple QimpuiL-thK ^ the creek iwithout paddle? Or Icic in space? Or down in the dunions? W'TiaJever your games, you'll be hapE» to know that someone has fineJy come out with game paddlefbuilt to hold up under blisterilg fire. Without giving you blistersi Apflle Hand Controller II game paldles were designed with one receit discovery in mind: claying games get I can squeeze very, very ana Peopl excited hard. So we rugged to 3,000,1 them for h the firing side for m Soyoi ide the cases extra ised switches tested [life cycles. We shaped ling hands and placed itton on the right rear ;imum comfort. Il never miss a shot. A storehouse of knowledge. If you work with so much data or so many programs that you find yourself shuffling diskettes con- stantly you should take a look at Apples ProFile™ the personal mass storage system for the Apple III Personal Computer TTiis Winchester-based 5-megabyte hard disk can handle as much data as 35 floppies. Even more important for some, it can access that data about lO-times faster than a standard floppy drive. So now your Apple III can handle jobs once reserved for computers costing thousands more. As for quality and reliability, you need only store one word of wisdom: Apple. Launching pad for numeric data. Good tidings for crunchers of numerous numbers: Apple now offers a numeric keypad that's electronically and aesthetically compatible with the Apple II Personal Computer So you can enter numeric data faster than ever before. The Apple Numeric Key- pad II has a standard calculator- style layout. Appropriate, because unlike some other key- pads, it can actually function as a calculator The four function keys to the left of the numeric pad should be of special interest to people who use VisiCalc." Because they let you zip around your work sheet more easily than ever, adding and deleting entries. With one hand tied be- hind your back. ViiiGik 14 a rt*i;iH(.*rcd trademark uf VisiCtirp. Inc. microprocessor used in the IBM Personal Computer provides a 20-bit address which can directly address one megabyte of meinon/ (2-^ = 1048576). The Commodore 64 has 64K of memory. BASIC ROM takes up part of this space, and quite a bit of RAM is used by the computer for pointers, screen memory, sprites, etc. This is why only 38K is normally available to the user. (See COMPUTE!, October 1982, for a 64 memory map.) You can bank-switch the 64 by POKEing address 2 . POKE 1,6, for example, makes BASIC go away and the RAM "behind" it is available. The bottom three bits of address 1 are memory control bits and direct the computer's attention to the available alternatives. Of course, what takes control of the machine when BASIC is gone is up to you. Eookfor an article on controlling the 64's "hidden" RAM in an upcoming COMPUTE!. Commodore is not yet sure 'whether the P128 will be softioare compatible with the 64. Can Atari Make Tapes For Other Computers? It is rr>y understanding that the programmable tone generators in Atari also generate the baud rate and tones used for cassette recording. If this is so, it should be possible to save programs in Kansas City Standard or other two tone formats, making possible the use of Atari editing features to prepare cassette tapes for other computers. How can this be actually done? Steven S. Coles While the Kansas City standard cassette interface is in use by mam/ computers, it should be noted that it is far from a full standard. Most computers deviate from the original standard one way or another. One nearly u}\i- versal deviation is to operate at 1200 baud rather than the original 300 baud spec. The Kansas City standard uses a frequency of 1200 Hz to indicate a "0" bit and a frequency of 2400 Hz to indicate a "1" bit. The frequency change is performed when the waveform crosses the zero voltage level. The actual data transfer is usually done through as USART, but it is quite pwssible to simulate this in software. At this point loe run into a brick wall: just about everybody saves the data on the cassette in their own way, so you will have to find out what method is used for the com- puter you wish to adapt to. If at this point you are still interested in giving it a go, I suggest you go down to your local library and drag out the April 1977 issue of BYTE. On page 40 you will find an excellent article by Carl Helmers on how to do it. VIC Custom Characters I recently added 8K to my VIC-20. This causes new locations in RAM to be assigned to the start of BASIC, the screen area, and color control area. There is a technique for using custom charac- ters on the 5K VIC-20 that involves moving down the end of the BASIC RAM working area from page 30 to page 28 and loading pages 29 and 30 with the custom characters. Every custom charac- ter program that I've seen uses this technique - POKE 56,28:CLR. Both the screen RAM and custom character area must be located below page 30 in RAM to work. Unfortunately, with the 8K expansion (and without 3K) there is no space available below page 30. The obvious thing to do is to relocate the start of BASIC text from page 18 to page 30, since with 8K the top of RAM is page 64. This appears possi- ble by changing locations 44, 46, 48, and 50 from 18 to 30. Unfortunately, it doesn't work. The RUN command results in a Syntax Error and GO TO yields Syntax Error in statement 0. (LISTS do work though.) This wordy prelude leads to my question: Is it possible to have custom characters {and alternate screens) with the 8K expansion (and without the 3K)? If yes, how? Dick Gough Several readers have inquired about this. Unfortunately, there is no known solution at this time. Several pro- grammers arc currently working on this problem and xve'Il publish the a)iszver as soon as it is solved. A Time-saving Tip I'd like to share a trick I learned from the pro- grammers who did our business software. Make the first line in your program a REMark statement containing your SAVE command. For example: 10 REM SAVE 6, 'iNVENTORY",D80 or 1 REM SAVE "INVENTORY",!.! Then, whenever you make a change you don't have to remember where and how to save your program. Just LIST the first line, blank out everything before the SAVE command, and execute. It works equally well with tape or diskette. Linda Johnson Atari's Right Cartridge Aside from "Monkey Wrench" [a programmer's aid package from Eastern House Software], does anyone know of any cartridge that goes into the right slot on the Atari 800? Does Atari have any 14 COMPUn! Jonuarv.1983 We've Got More Than A Fond Attachment For Your ATARI We've Got A Disk Drive For $488. Percom Data Corporation believes yotir Atari' none cornputer is more than just fun and games. We tjelieve you shouW be aOte toget asingle-density. f!oppv-dish- system for your Atari 400 or 800 at a price that wiil take you into the future without knocking you into the next galaxy. Percom Data has been manufacturing disk-drive systems, and other accessories for personal computers since the mjd-i970 s and is the industry standard to foiiow when it comes to data separation and system compatibility. The Percom Data AT-88 combines Percom Data quality and reliabiiity at a price that is not a budget-buster The Percom Data AT-e8 offers 88 Kbytes (formatted) in singfeKlensity, with ptug- in ease of attachment to your Atari The AT-88 has integral power supply, "no- patch' to Atari DOS and critical constant speed regulation. Take advantage of this low introductory price of S488 by calling Percom Data now to get more information, or the name of an authorized dealer nearby. Call toll-free 1-800-527-1222 PEfiOCM OATA CORPORATION Expanding Your Peripheral Vision DRIVES * NETWORKS * SQFTWA R E 1 1220 Pag«miH Road Dallas. Texas 752^3 (2WI 340-7031 1-800-527-1222 plans to ever utilize this slot, or was it an idea that didn't pan out? Bill Lukeroth Tlje problem loith the right slot is that the Atari 400 doesn't have one. Atari has cxudeiitly abandoned appli- cations for the right slot since such an application could not be used on the 400. Atari is conwiitted to supporting both machines equally. Also, because a full 16K can be put on the left cartridge, it alone is enough space for most applications. Commodore Time I have a VlC-2.0, On several occasions 1 have at- tempted to tally the amount of computer time utilized via the TI and Tl$ functions. Could you explain first the purpose of TI? Can it be modified manually - set to zero? What does a printout of 1429292 mean? What is its re- lationship to realtime and TI$? Secondly, is TI$ supported to count realtime? If so, can you explain why 6 hrs. 31 mins. would show up on TI$ as 063639? Lastly, is there any way to maintain a cumula- tive tally on the svstem of aggregate "on-time"? D. L. Branam You can tell Commodore computer's special time vari- able, TI$, what time it is (or set it to zero so it can keep track of how long the system has been on) by treating it like an ordinary string variable. For example: TI$ = "033000" would let the computer know that it was 3:30. This can be done either from zoithin a program or by just typing it in from the keyboard in "direct mode." The string is arranged "HHMMSS" for the positions of hours, mi- nutes, and seconds. It ivill take ainjthing up to 240000 hours and must include all six numbers, even if a zero is in the first position as in the example above. You can print out the time in a variety ofioays. Here's one: ?LEFT$ (TI$,2) "/" MID$ (TI$,3,2) "/" RIGHTS (TI$,2 or just: ?TI$ TI is the numeric clock variable. It is set to zero when power is first turned on or tohen you reset the clock: TI$= "000000". The number in TI is counting time in llbOths of a second. To sec TI: 10 ?"[HOMEr' TI: GOTO 10 Six hours 31 minutes should be 063100 when TI$ is printed out. Atari Memory Expansion Problems? I own an Atari 800 with 16K memory and am care- ful about the quality of products I buy for my com- 16 COMPUIil jQnuarv.1983 puter. There seems to be a rumor going around about the 32K RAM memory board made to fit the 800 model. I've heard that adding this board can cause errors to occur in the computer's per- formance. Please tell me if it's true and, if so, how or why it happens. Allen Levy We have heard of no problems related to the use of a 32K board on an Atari 800. These expa)isio)! boards are not manufactured by Atari, but rather />i/ third parly vendors. The requiremotts of an Atari board are fairly specific: they nuist not use too nntch power a)ui they have to be fast enough (200 ns. or better). We haven't heard, though, of problems relating to expanding mem- ory xoith these products. INPUT That Puts Anything In Here's an interesting Commodore input routine that I'd like to share with you. Ever notice that when you INPUT a string which has a comma or colon that the computer only takes in the part before the punctuation and then prints EXTRA IGNORED? Here's how to get around it. Say you want to INPUT C$: 10 GOSUB1000:C?=B$ 20 PRINTB?:END 1000 B$="" 1010 GETA5:IFA5=""THEN1010 1020 PRINTA$r 1030 IFA$=CHR$(13 )THEN RETURN: REM 13 MEANS THE RETURN KEY WAS TYPED 1040 B$=B?+A$ 1050 GOTO 1010 When you run this, you don't get the normal question mark. Now you can put in anything you want, but don't use AS or B$ any place except in this subroutine. Whenever you want to put in a string, GOSUB to 1000 and, when you come back with RETURN, just let the string you're looking for (C$ in this example) be equal to B$. George Trepal This INPUT routine is great for people zvho will want to use a computer prograju, but don't know about avoid- ing commas, etc. Whatever they type, the program loill take it in ivithout stopping and going to an error message and then saying READY. It's also possible to use delete and insert to correct errors (hut these "characters" will be included in the final string). To prove it, run this and type TEST the first time. Then, when the program emis, type: ?LEN(BS) to see how long B$ is. You will get four as theansxocr. Now run it again and type TESX and then use the delete key to change the X back to a T. ?LEN(B$) will nozv give you a six because B$ still co)itains the X and a character for a delete. You don't )wtice these extra characters, though, because ivhen B$ is PRINTed, it puts the X on the screen and then deletes X, replacing it with T. It's too quick to see. ^ HOW TO IMAKE YOUR VIC-20 \ f ? Right out of the box, your VIC-20* from Commodore is one great little computer. And it gets even better with DATA 20 's easy to buy, easy to install, and easy to use enhancements. Here are four ways you can get new power and more sophisticated capabilities from your VIC, . . VIDEO PAK gives you a computer that outper- forms systems costing twice as much. Plug our car- tridge into your expansion port, and your display instantly goes to the industry-standard 24 lines, with a choice of 40 or 80 upper and lower-case characters. At the same time, you up your memory from 5K to 20K or 70K, so you can handle more sophisticated functions— including most 8032 software. Our pack- age also includes a terminal emulator and a screen print feature. VIDEO PAK is a must for word processing— and your key to increased performance on everything from games to spread sheets. Suggested retail is just $299.95 including 16K— or $399.95 for 64K. PRINTER INTERFACE is simple, yet sophisti- cated. Flexibihty, continuous visual monitoring of the data transfer functions, and easy installation make this an exceptionally smart buy! A glance at the sta- tus Ughts, and you know if the printer is hooked up, if the data buffer is full, and if data is being transmitted. Expansion Chassis EasUy configured DIP switches match your VIC-20 to most popular printers. The DATA 20 interface comes with cable and connector, needs no assembly, and virtually troubleshoots installation for you. Suggested retail: S69.95 EXPANSION CHASSIS lets you use 4 cartridges at once. Run a series of compatible memory, software, or game cartridges of any make. Just pop in any car- tridge with the standard 22-pin edge connector. And don't worry about your VIC-20 power supply— our chassis protects it with a built-in 500ma fuse. Suggested retail: $64.95 MEMORY CARTRIDGE boosts your brainpower to 20K. Here's an ideal first add-on for your VIC-20. And when DATA 20 gives you more memory, you can forget about headaches. Our cartridge is housed in a rugged plastic case and features 200ns RAM's for reliability Suggested retail: S99.95 Check out oiu- AWESOME peripherals. Ask your computer dealer for a first-hand look at our extensive capabilities, high quality, and very reasonable prices. Or send $3.50 for a copj' of our current catalog on VIC-20 compatibles. DATA 20 CORPORATION 2:M)] I Moulloii Parkway, Suiit- 1110. Lagiin:i Hills, (;atiforiiia<)2()53. Memory Cartridge Printer Interface DATA CORPORATION Price /Performance Peripherals VIC-20 is a registered trademark of Commodore Computer Systen Questions Beginners Ask Tom R Halfhill, Feotures Editor Are you thinking about buying a computer for the first time, but don't knoiv am/tliiiig about computers? Or maybe you just purchased a computer and are still baffled by what personal computing is all about. Starting this month, COMPUTE! will tackle some questions which xvc are most frequently asked by beginners. of computer were dearly superior, and if we at COMPUTE! were in a position to know about it, then it stands to reason that all of our editors would own that computer. But in fact, both at work and at home, we own and use many different computers. 'Nuff said? Q: Which is the best computer to buy? Al The best one for your needs. Seritiusly, we're not trying to duck the ques- tion. People ask us this all the time, in letters, telephone calls, and at computer shows we attend. We get the feeling thev are never really satisfied with our answers, since what they really want to hear is something like, "Buy the Atapple ZX-20, it's definitely the best one." Unfortunately, we cannot give such an answer. For one thing, since COMPUTE! covers many machines, the magazine must maintain objectivity. But more importantly, there is no one right answer. All the computers have their own strengths and weaknesses, and all computer buyers have - or should have - their own ideas of what they need in a computer. We think nearly anybody who buys one of the major brands with a clear idea of his or her needs will be satisified with the purchase. The key is to identify your needs and desires. If game-playing will be a major use of your com- puter, then color graphics and sound will be im- portant features. Someone primarily interested in word processing may well have no need for either feature. If you've looked hard and long at the various computers in a certain price range and still can't decide between them, then perhaps the differ- ences are too slight to matter anyway. Or maybe you should base your decision not on the hardware, but on the available software. If the computer will be used primarily for educational purposes, and you're attracted by a particular line of educational programs, you may lean toward • the computer that those programs are designed to work on. The programs may not be compatible with or available for another machine. If you still think we are sidestepping the whole question, then consider this: If one brand 18 COMPUTI! January. 1983 Q: What are PEEK and POKE? A! PEEK and POKE are words (instructions to the computer to do something for you) in a computer programming language known as BASIC (Begin- ner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). BASIC is the standard language on home/personal computers. PEEK and POKE allow you, as a programmer, to work directly with the computer's memory. PEEK allows you to examine the contents of a single memory location (known as a "byte"). Each memory location in a computer has a num- bered address, sort of like houses in a city. In turn, each memory location stores a number which usually has something to do with the operation of the computer or a computer program. If you type PRINT PEEK (8502), the computer will PRINT on the screen the number stored in that address. Therefore, PEEK is often used in programs to determine if a certain number is stored at a par- ticular location, usually as a prelude to changing the number to achieve some desired result. POKE is the word that allows you to make those changes, to change numbers stored in loca- tions in Random Access Memory (RAM) - that part of a computer's "user memory" which can be changed by the programmer. For example, if you type POKE 82,0, the number 0 will be stored at memory location 82. POKEs can often change some facet of the computer's behavior. Since each model's memory is arranged differently, PEEKs and POKEs will not achieve the same results on different computers (in the above example, POKE 82,0 will make the left screen margin zero on an Atari). Q: What is a CONTROL key? A: A CONTROL key (often abbreviated CTRL) is OUR GAMES ARE WORLDS APART FROM THE ORDINARY. Games for the Apple and Atari computers. Gamesters everywhere are discovering ttre many worlds of Br0derbund's Apple and Atari programs, and they're not going bacl< to anything less. Because Br&derbund's entertainment soft- ware offers pleasures and perils found nowhere else in the galaxy. Only Br&derhund can take you on a desperate rescue mission aboard CHOPUFTER, then give you a fast lesson in train robbing with TRACK A TTACK. Next, try battling the metamor- phic maze and slithery monsters found only in SERPENTINE and LABYRINTH. Or enjoy the live- ly pinball action of DA VID'S MiDNiGHT MAGIC. Trouble shooters will find plenty of targets with STAR BLAZER, while DUELING DIGITS will put your mind and reflexes to their ultimate test. So next time you're looking for new worlds to conquer, remember Br^derbund. You'll find the experience most extraordinary. Call or write for our free catalog. ^ Brrjderbund Softuiare BrQderbund products are available at your retailer or by writing to: Brmderbund Software, Inc., 1938 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901, Tel: (415) 456-6424 Apple II IS a registered trademark ot Apple Computer, Inc. Atari Is a reglslereii Irademark ol Atari, lr)C. a special key found on many computer keyboards. In effect, it works something like a SHIFT key. Just as a SHIFT key adds a function to a regular key - i.e., changes a lowercase letter to uppercase, or changes the "4" key to a dollar sign - the CON- TROL key also is used in combination with another key to select an additional function or symbol. These functions and symbols vary among different models of computers. For example, hold- ing down the CONTROL and "C" keys on an Apple II will usually stop (or "break") a BASIC program which is running. CONTROL-C on an Atari will print on the screen a small graphics character resembling the lower right corner of a box. On a Commodore VIC-20, CONTROL^C has no effect; another special kev is used instead to print graphics symbols. The manual which comes with every computer explains the functions of its special keys. © TOLL FREE Subscription Order Line 800-334-0868 In NC 919-275-9809 NEW CBM-64 AND VIC-20 PRODUCTS — - CBM-G4/VIC-20 PRINTER INTERFACE ^ Model MW-302 5119.95 Ttiis unit will interface your VIC-20 or CBM-64 to standard parallel printers such as Epson, Centronics, C. Itoti, and many others. Allows printing of full upper and lower case, 6 pin DIN -^^ 5 foot cable Switches to select device addresses 4 through 7 Also select ASCII or PET ASCII and bit 8 output. 36 pin connector on end of 2 toot cable. Compatible with most Centronics, Epson, etc, printers. MW 302 PRINTER INTERFACE ^'^ SYSTEM 310--^ S1195.00 Consists of CBM-B4, MX-80. Printer interface MW-302, and C2N cassette (CBM-64 sold separately for $595) -^^ DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER OR 8 CHANNEL ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER --'- Model MW-3a4v S129.95 Allows your VIC or CBM to output analog signals or digitize up to 8 analog channels, MICRO WORLD ELECTRONIX INC 6340 W, Mississippi Ave. LakewDod Colorado 80226 C303) 934-1973 The definitive, super-fast, multiple skill, shoot-out game for Atari®400/800 ' with superb arcade-type realism. Retail price (oi 16K casselle or disk. =39.95 One or two playei game Coming soon- Venus Voyager, TimeWorp. and more programs by line English software designers and authors lARE™ The English Software Company PO BOX 3165 REDONDO BEACH CALIFORNIA 9027; (213)372-3440 Direct ordeis welcome. r9B2. The English Sottwaie Company ■ Atari is a iiademaik ol Atari, Inc English Sottwaie is not related lo Atari, Inc Computers And Society David D, Thornburg, Associate Editor The Computer As A Tool For Discovery The notion that the development of low-cost com- puters is "revolutionary" is not a new one, but the word revolutionary is used so much that one is likely to dismiss it as pure advertising hype along with words like "new" and "improved." And yet those of us who have been involved with this industry since its inception are aware that the development of the personal computer is not, by itself, revolutionary just because it may bring computer technology into people's homes. "Revolutionary" is a special word - it implies that a technology or tool causes far-reaching changes in many aspects of our lives. The development of the steam engine was revolutionary; the development of steam cleaning for carpets was not. The development of the tele- phone was revolutionary; the development of the answering machine was not. The development of the airplane was revolutionary; the development of in-flight entertainment was not. Computer technology has had an impact that reaches far beyond the world of the computer itself. Computer users in industry and academia have known this for many years. Now that the power of the computer has reached the home, can we expect that people will start thinking about their world differently? I think so. The computer will help people to explore ideas that they wouldn't begin to explore if the computer hadn't given them the leverage to start thinking about them. Beauty And Practicality As an example of this, let's explore the develop- ment of a new field of mathematics called "fractal geometry." I have touched on this branch of mathematics in the "Friends of the Turtle" column a few times. I am intrigued by it because it deals with topics of considerable beauty and practical interest. Its seeds were planted a hundred years ago, but it was only after the development of the computer that anyone was able to begin to advance this field beyond the crudest level. I realize the risk of illustrating a computer application based on mathemetics, since it tends to reinforce the erroneous concept that computers are primarily mathematicians' tools. The only reason for pursuing this example is because it is an interesting story in its own right. In the late 1800s mathematicians were ex- ploring some questions that went to the very foundations of geometry. One question of interest was if one could construct a curve that would fill a plane. At first thought, the idea of filling a two- dimensional surface with a curve made from a one-dimensional line is as absurd as asking for a roll of optically flat steel, or asking how many angels can dance on the head of a pin. To the Italian mathematician Guiseppe Peano^ this was a most intriguing question. In 1890 he published a proof that space-filling curves were, in fact, possible - that one could construct a curve that has the dimension of a surface. While this proof attracted the attention of several other mathematicians, the bulk of the academic com- munity abhorred the thought of such "ill- behaved" curves. In 1904 Helge von Koch continued the pursuit of strange types of functions by publishing the discovery of the "snowflake" curve. This curve is created by preparing successive generations from a simple motif. The rule to be followed is that each new generation is made by replacing each straight line in the previous generation with a copy of the motif itself. Januorv.W63 COMPUTEI 21 If this process is carried on to infinity, one gets a very strange curve indeed. First, the curve is everywhere bumpy - there are no smooth re- gions. Second, even though the curve has clearly defined boundaries, it has infinite length. Third, the curve has a "dimension" that is intermediate between that of a line and a surface. To mathemati- cians of the early twentieth century, this curve was monstrous. To the contemporary mathemati- cian Benoit Mandelbrot, it represented the need for a new field of mathematics, to be called fractal geometry. The history and development of this field is beautifully illustrated in Mandelbrot's new book. The Fractal Ceometiy of Nature (W. H. Freeman, San Francisco). Through the pages of this richly illustrated volume, the reader is treated to a new way of thinking about geometry and nature. For example, if you want to model a coastline, you are far better off to use a fractal curve than a smooth approximation, simply because coastlines are not smooth. Coastal lengths depend on the ability of the measuring stick to follow the nooks and crannies along the way. A coarse measuring stick gives a result corresponding to an early gen- eration of a fractal curve. As the length of the measuring stick gets smaller, the total measured length of a coastline grows ever larger. This is also true for fractal curves. Where does the computer fit in all of this? The notion of defining a curve in terms of itself may challenge the imagination, but it has a simple implementation in computer programming called recursion. Furthermore, the speed and accuracy with which computer-driven plotters can graph the various stages of curves free the mathematician to study their properties without being bogged down in drafting. Computer graphics plays another pivotal role in the practical application of fractal geometry as well, since it is the tool that allows the creation of the simulated landscapes seen in movies such as Star Trek II. This practical application of a branch of mathematics would not have been possible were it not for the computer. Those of you who read "Friends of the Turtle" know that fractal curves can be created on home computer systems using turtle graphics. Their expression in languages such as Logo is quite simple, and Mandelbrot's book provides hundreds of challenges for the interested programmer. It is important to keep the role of the computer in perspective. The reason that these curves were not explored in depth in the early 1900s is that there was no appropriate too! to aid in their ex- ploration. Now that the computer has made the study of fractals accessible to millions of people, one can expect the field to advance rapidly. I Call It Kring 1 saw a T-shirt that carried the message: "Recur- sion is a way of expressing the infinite in finite guise." My friend Sam Savage (the computer scientist/mathematician that invented the jigsaw puzzle called "Shmuzzles") likes to play with the infinite recursively. While I have used Logo to tinker with the latest of his ideas, you may wish to implement them mechanically. Consider The Kite Your normal garden variety kite is on the end of a string that droops gracefullv in an arc. o ^^' This is fine for garden '^-— "^ variety kite fliers, but suppose A^ you wanted to make the string / \ straighter. One way to accomplish this would be to add a second kite in the middle \, of the string. Because f^^^ each kite would carry '^^ less weight, they would each be smaller. \. But we still have some droop in the string, so we can add two more kites. •''■ o f \ And two more A /\ 22 COMPUIH Jo™aiv.1'B3 If you're ready to learn intermediate BASIC programming STEP BY STEP TVVO IS READY FOR YOU! In Each Parentheses, Choose One: Ifyou'reoneofthc (happy, smart, ecstatic thousands who learned (quickly, clearly, non-boringly) to use their APPLE computers with our beginners' BASIC tutorial, The New Step B]^ Step, then we (know, believe, swear) that Step By Step Two is ready to ( ease, breeze, squeeze) you into the (advanced, inter- mediate, grown-up) world of PEEK and POKE, hexidecimal numbers, concaten- ations, and (much. much, much) more. On the other (hand, foot) if you didn't (grow with, thrill to. involve the whole family in) the PDI (learning, hands-on. fun ) experience, here's what you missed: • Teaching techniques that teach ? • Involvement you enjoy • Sounds that spur you on ■ Graphics that simplify the complex ■ Animation that makes this tutorial a stimulating experience. ■ A friendly voice that guides you to course completion The Step By Step Two program works this way: • the computer program sets up screen displays or sample programs for you. the cassette voice tells you what's happening, you (deal with, figure out. guess at) the answer. the computer (praises, pans) your work. you (peruse, plunge into, practice in) the Work Book. after each lesson, you're (quizzed, queried, questioned). - you're then (prepared, practiced, primed) for the next lesson. • the final exam reveals all (superstars, slackers). There's lots to learn in Step By Step Two: • PEEK & POKE -CHRSandASC • Default values functions • Memory map ■ control CALL program characters ASCII codes .RAMvsROM ■ hexidecimal numbers ■ machine monitor • string logic • string arrays • high resolution graphics • screen memory But don't take our {word, words, wordiness) about how (good, great, grand) the Step By Step 'Apple is a trademarii of Apple Computer Corp. method is. Listen to our (critics, reviewers, friends): "If you want to learn BASIC or would like a little guidance and encour- agement added to what you already know, then the way to go is Step By Step." — Softalk "The Step By Step approach is the next best thing to having an experienced programmer by your side... Step By Step is a superb example of a successful blend of various media. The teaching principles are sound, the execution is virtually flawless, and the whole thing works." —Popular Computing. If you want to move ahead in BASIC programming, the next (simple, logical, shrewd) step is Step By Step Two. Step By Step Two is available at fine retail stores or direct from PDI for $89.95 plus S3.00 shipping and handling. (The package includes back- up discs.) P.S. If you've yet to take your first step into BASIC, it's time to get The New Step By Step] Same great tutorial techniques, for $79.95 plus $3.00 shipping and handling. Program Design, Inc. Il IdarCcxjrt Greenwich, CI D6830 203-661-8799 And so on, reducing the area of each kite and placing them closer and closer together. If we keep repeating this process, we will end up with a substance I call kring- a combination kite/string that rises / straight up in the air as it is ./ unfurled. Now that's revolutionary! AREN'T YOU LUCKY GAME DESIGNERS THE MIRACLE OF CREATION CAN BE TOURS INTRODUCING A GAME DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM FOR THE ATARI® VCS We call it theFROB and we supply you with just about everything you need.* You get an Apple'" accessory printed circuit board and an in-circuit emulation cable and two cartridge adapters and a diskette Full of software subroutines and a user'j guide to the system and a subscription to the FROBBER newsletter and a one-year soft- ware update service and licensing support for your game concepts. We call It theFROB If you want lo know more, call 408-429-1552 or write to: FROBCO. a Div. of Tri-Comp Polytecfinical. Inc.. P.O. Box 2780, Santa Cruz, CA 95063 'Hrmiirrs .in AppJi- II jnil Atjn \'CS wilh no rT!iH±iii(.jliL"n iivvilhi-r maihjni Alan jnd Appli' art r^'^ivtrn-J trjd(:'mjrk> iit Atjn Int anJ Appir l- ^'mpuiir Ini. ri'vpi'CtivtK PiNBALlrATAR 10 selectable modes of play, tncfuding Easy, Competition, High Speed, and Cosmic. 40 user-adjustable parameters: create and save your own custom games. an instruction card, a hi-score disk label, and a 16'P£ige manual explaining all of the variations available. all for only $29.9!> 71 3 Edgebrook Drive Champaign, IL 61820 [217) 359-8482 Telex: 206995 See vour dealer miufutrwamders. specify ATAf^l 400/600 (32K) casaete i^r (.'..:,'<. APPt£il(48K)disk.A(W$1.S0and(ndicatGUPSorfirstclas.';iTail, 2i COMPUni Januory.WSS joxTRiorEir /iPe piiAnets A space, adventure, and arcade action game L for your AEASI® 400/800'"" personal computer. Wliat is your favorite type of game; space, arcade, or adventure? "Journey Tb The Planets" presents an Intriguing combination of an tHree as you find yourself on a strange planet in a strange universe. Luckily, the Ipcal gods are friendly and supply you with energy, a spaceship, and weaponry. In turn, you agree to search the universe for treasures for the gods. Board yo\ir ship, take off, accelerate through the upper atmosphere and out into space. Tour flight should take you past many other inviting planets. With a slow approach and skilled maneuvering, you drop down through the planet's sky to a soft landing on its surface. XHsembark and wander through several TV screens full of mystery and excitement. A different adventure aiwaits you on each planet. Planetary adventures are designed to exercise your puzzle solving Intellect, with arcade action thrown in to enhance the excitement. Although you are given as much time as necessary to solve each adventure, your score, which Is based on many factors, favors those who are speedy. After you capture all the treasures this universe has to offer, return to your adopted planet. Who knows, the gods may be so happy that you can convince them to send you back to jrour real home. You cant get there without their help! Available from your local Atari retailer or send $29.95 in check or money order (California residents add 6V«% sales tax) to JV Software Inc. Atari and 400/800 " are trademarks of AIARl, Inc. A 32K assembly language I »> ti»i j?rrt ,\i,\t ^%ni(-At%f»^ AEABI" 400/800 "computer. J V 50FT\A/ARE , INC 3090 MARK AVE. SANTA CLARA, CA 95051 Tom R Halfhill, Features Editor Synthesized computer musk is a recent development, but inventors have been working on "synthesizers" for decades. Today's home computers and microchips are now starting to open a neiv world of music and sound for everyone. Hal Chamberlin, a leading authority on com- puterized music, remembers the days when ad- venturesome programmers used transistor radios and even line printers to squeeze music from their early computers. "People used to tune a little AM radio to an open frequency and hold it next to their spacebars and listen to the sound of [program] loops/' recalls Chamberlin, vice president of engineering for Micro Technology Unlimited in Raleigh, North Carolina. The method worked because pulses flowing through the computer's logic circuits would emit radio frequencies which "leaked" from the com- puter into the radio's receiver. The programmers on these early IBMs - fiddling around when the boss wasn't looking - soon learned they could play different notes and tones by writing little machine language programs with carefully timed loops. "They even used to make music by 'playing' the printer," says Chamberlin. "They found out they could control the little hammers in the print- head with a machine language program. So they wrote programs to fire the printhead hammers in a certain pattern to create rhythms. "Of course," he adds, "it wasn't so great on the printheads." Such experiments seem crude, even quaint, in this day of computerized music synthesis and home computers with built-in, multiple-voice sound synthesizers on a chip. But these early efforts illustrate that today's "modern" sound devices are really the result of years of research, inventing, and just plain fooling around. In fact, people have been working on sound synthesizers since the 19th century. And although today's computerized synthesizers seem incredi- bly advanced in comparison, the leading ex- perimenters in the field believe electronic music is only starting to make itself heard. 26 COMPUTEI Jcnuar¥.lP83 Telharmoniums, Theremins, And RhythmJcons The first music "synthesizer" was built between 1896 and 1906 by American inventor Thaddeus Cahill. Hecalledita "Telharmonium."TheTelhar- monium is to modern synthesizers what ENIAC is to modern computers. The Telharmonium weighed more than 200 tons, and moving it to New York from Cahill's lab required several rail- road fla tears. Since the Telharmonium was a pre-electronic instrument, it functioned by means of electric drive motors, pulleys, belts, and gears. Yet it was similar in basic concept to today's synthesizers. It was polyphonic (as opposed to monophonic), mean- ing it could play more than one note at a time and thus create chords. It was equipped with a stan- dard music keyboard, but the controls were so complicated that it took two people to play the thing. The loudspeakers worked mechanically, and the machinery required to generate enough cur- rent to drive the speakers was so noisy that part of the Telharmonium had to be housed separately from the listening room. Unfortunately, after ten years of Cahill's work, the Telharmonium was a commercial failure. For one thing, it was obsolete soon after it was finished. The diode tube was invented in 1904, followed by the triode tube in 1915, which made electronic amplifiers possible. It wasn't long before tube-powered electronic instruments began appearing. The most successful of these was an instru- ment invented between 1920 and 1924 by Leon Theremin, originally called an "Etherophone" or "Thereminovox" but now known simply as a "Theremin." This odd instrument was played without being touched - the musician passed his or her hands through the air near two antennas which controlled the pitch and volume. To say the least, this made a Theremin very hard to play, since there were no pre-defined notes like the keys on a piano or the frets on a guitar. Still, There- mins became popular in the late 1920s. Leon Theremin invented another electronic instrument in 1931 - the "Rhythmicon," the first electronic rhythm instrument. The Rhythmicon was quite sophisticated with features which have appeared on rhythm synthesizers only recently. 5 That^ why Apples and Ataris are saying: B "Talk Is Cheap" PrS CALLED THE SOFTWARE AUTOMATIC MOUTH, S.A.M. FOR SHORT Its a high quality speech synthesizer entirely in software. You use it as a software utility, load it inio RAful. and then use your machine as usual, except now you can make your pro- grams talk. It generates the speech sounds on demand, so there is no limi! to what it can say. When you hear S.A.M., you'll prob- ably agree that it sounds better than all the hardware speech synthesizers for Apple or Atari computers. And. it has a truly remarkable price. VOU CONTROL INFLECTION. PITCH AND SPEED With its user-vanable inflection. S.A.I*/1. can accent words on the nght syllable and emphasize Ihe important words in a sentence. You can also make S.A.fVl.s speech higher or iower. and faster or sfower. over a wide range of settings. USE EASY PHONETIC INPUT OR PLAIN ENGLISH TEXT S.A.M. understands a simple phonetic spelling system, not a mysterious alpha-numeric code. S.A.M. helps you learn phonetic spelling by showing you your mistakes, and the owner's manual gets you started with an English-to- phonetics dictionary ol 1500 words. So its easy to make S.A.M. produce exactly the sounds you ^p^ want, ^^ M But suppose you ^^ Mi want to type ordinary ^^' English, or you want h,— ,— - , ^ your machine to read a word processor file aloud. The S.A.M. disk comes with RECI- ; TER, an Englisti lexl- to-speech conversion program that lets S.A.M- speak from . plain English text. SAM ADD SPEECH TO YOUR PROGRAMS WITH EASE In a BASIC program, you add speech with just a couple of commands. In a machine language program, its just as easy S.A.M. comes with four demon- stration programs to show off its dis- tinctive leatures and help to write your own talking programs. Write adventure games with talking characters, educa- _. ^ tional programs that njl explain aloud, or I JYVi utililies with spoken prompts - put your imagination to work. . S-AuB You can order S,A.M. directly from DON'T ASK. Add $2.00 for shipping and haridling to your check or money order (or order C.O.D.) Hear S.A.M. at your favorite computer store today! Dealer inquiries welcome. S.A.M. for the Apple ll/ll-^ Includes an B-bit digital-to-analog con- verter and audio ampliiier on a board. Only S124.95 Requires 48K. disk. (S.A.M. takes up to 9K; RECITER 6K.) You will also need a speaker. S.A.M. for the Atari 400/800 S.A.M. talks through yoi" •-'-■•■-■ — speaker. No additional . required. Only SS9.95 Requires 32K, disk. (S.A.M. takes up 9K: RECITER 6K.) Note: to produce the highest quality speech, S.A,M. automatically blanks the screen during vocal output; the display is preserved, S.A.M. can talk with the screen on, but the speech quality is reduced. D(DnTASiq ICOMPUTER SOFTWAReI 2265 Wesiwood Boulevard. Suiie B-t50 Los Angeles, Calilornia 90064 Telephone (213) 397-8811 AwJe rt a Kadeipai^ of Awie Conipul««. Inc • Aun i THE 4(M) VIDE __^^■-•-Jg:t^?*^v^ O CARTRIDGES Quantum Data, Inc. (QDI) produces two (2) 40/80 Video cartridges, the 40/80 Video Combo Cartridge with 16K basic user memory, and the 40/80 Video Cartridge which does not contain memory. The 40/80 Video Cartridge and Video Combo Cartridge is the means to upgrade the VlC-20 computer to a 40 x 24 or an 80 x 24 character display which provides a wealth of new uses for the VlC-20. With the appropriate software, you can now accomplish quality word processing and various business functions that previously were very difficult to achieve with only the VIC's standard 22 character video display. • Features a high quality 8x8 dot matrix • Character-by-character reverse video attributes allowing adjacent charac- ters to have different attributes. • Black & White composite video (6545 controller does not support color). The Black & White composite video output has the same connector as the VIC video output, 5 pin DIN jack. • Includes two character sets: The ANSI standard 7-bit character set and the Commodore character set. The ASCII character set features all of the standard lower-case and upper-case letters, symbols and numbers. The character set is contained in a standard 2716 EPROM. It is used most often to allow the 40/80 column cartridge to display all of the Block Graphics supported by the VlC-20. • Cannot be used with abbreviated commands nor does it support multiple line wrap around. • Operates in VlC-20 Block Graphic mode. • Features lower-case dot descenders. • All features are accessible through BASIC using POKE commands (screen memory resides at $B800 through $BFFF}. • Contains 2K of CMOS internal video RAM; no system RAM is used by the Video Cartridge. • Plugs directly into the VIC~20 memory expansion port or a Mini-Mother or Maxi-Mother board. • Is small in size: 6/2 x 4/2 inches encased. The 40 character mode may be easily viewed on most standard TV sets but a monitor is required for the 80 column mode to provide the necessary addi- tional resolution. Video Combo *319^^ Video Cartridge ^2W^ fl| 9** 1 si QUANTUM DATA. INC. Suite A, Box 285, 14252 Culver Dr. • Irvine, CA 92714 • 714/966-6553 'J Visa & MasterCard are accepted. Above prices retail In U.S. dollars. Shipping and handling not included. The most popular electronic instrument of the past half-century was invented in 1935 bv Laurens Hammond - the Hammond organ, still widely used. But although these devices were electronic instnniiciits, music historians trace the origin of electronic music back to Paris in 1947-48. Acoustical engineer Pierre Schaeffer and composer Pierre Henry began experimenting with new sounds by using electronic filtering, speed changes on tape recorders, and other manipulation tricks done in studios. Their technique became known as uiiisique concrete, and was quickly picked up by tinkerers elsewhere. By 1952, the first concert of electronic music was sponsored by Columbia University at the New York Museum of Modern Art. The problem with these techniques was that it took many hours of tedious tape splicing and other tricks to produce only a few brief minutes of sound. And musicians couldn't even hear the results until they were done. That's why there was a lot of interest during the late '50s and early '60s in instruments which could produce electronic music directly. Even the old Theremins from the '20s- updated with transistors- were resurrected. Toward A New Form Of Music Robert A. Moog - whose name is virtually synonymous with sound synthesis- was selling kits for transistorized Theremins in the early '60s when he was inspired to invent his own electronic instrument. The result was the Moog Synthesizer, first built in the summer of 1964. Although recognized by electronic musicians as an important development, the Moog Synthe- sizer was practically unknown to the general pub- lic until a few years later, when it was featured on a record album entitled Sivitched-On Bach. The album was a collection of Bach compositions per- formed entirely on a Moog Synthesizer by musi- cian Walter Carlos. Almost instantly, Sivitclmi-On Bach catapulted up the charts like a pop record, and became the biggest-selling classical record of all time. It was especially popular with teen-agers, who astounded their parents by playing electronic Bach along with their Beatles and Rolling Stones records. However, a few classical music devotees, stunned by the album's popularity, dismissed the electronic interpretations as "artificial." Some critics, although they are decreasing in number, argue that music which is synthesized by purely electronic means is somehow artificial or unnatural when compared to conventional instruments. Today, Moog counters these arguments with: "The fact is, vou don't find musical instruments in nature. The onlv 'natural' musical instrument is a human voice. The fact that a synthesizer pro- duces its music by electronic means doesn't mean 30 COMPUTl[ J<inijarv,1<?83 it's 'artificial' in any sense. It's no more artificial than taking a bunch of wood and gluing it together into a box and stretching some strings over it to produce sounds." Electronic musicians, of course, never had any doubt that their instruments deserved equal billing with violins and woodwinds. In fact, years ago they recognized synthesizers as a rare histori- cal opportunity to open a new world in music. Although synthesizers are often used to mimic "conventional" instruments, the most exciting electronic music takes advantage of the synthe- sizer's power to create totally new sounds. This provides the possibility of entirely new forms of music. For example, would rock 'n' roll have hap- pened without electric guitars? Did the invention of a musical instrument with a totally fresh sound spur the rise of a new genre of music? For the members of a whole generation, rock has become the dominant musical style. Synthesizers are now used in virtually every form of music, but even Moog isn't sure if they will "liberate" themselves and spark a new form which could replace rock. "Musicians are moving in so many different di- rections these days that it's hard to say if a new musical form will emerge." It may be too early yet for the birth of a dominant musical form based on synthesizers, since the instruments themselves are changing so rapidly. Not only are they advancing technologi- cally almost day by day, but the rising use of micro- chips is just beginning to make them affordable for everyone. To return to the rock 'n' roll analogy, it would have been difficult for the teen-age groups of the '50s and '60s to arise if electric guitars had cost thousands of dollars. Or if radical new ad- vances were constantly rendering threc-year-cild guitars obsolete. Synthesizers, on the other hand, are still pas- sing through important phases in their develop- ment. Moog foresees a trend away from analog sound synthesis to digital, or at least to digitally controlled analog instruments. "There's so much more you can do with digital sound synthesis, especially in small keyboard instruments like the little Casios or Yamahas you can buy very inexpensively." About a year ago, Moog set up a new com- pany - Big Briar, Inc. - and relocated to a small town in rural North Carolina to work on such developments. Among his frequently used tools, he says, is an Apple II microcomputer. Mindful of the baffling array of controls on modern synthe- sizers, he's experimenting with new types of con- trol devices aimed at making synthesizers easier to play. But he warns that the complex instruments will never be a cinch. "Musical instruments will never be easy to Available now! Make your fun and games computer get serious V for only $79;95 — ^ VIC-20''- The Wonder Computer of the 1980's. Less than $300. One heckuva lot of fun. But If you're using your VIC-20 strictly for recreation and fun, we at Micro-Systems think you're not getting your money's worth. Because we've designed the Micro -Systems IEEE-488 Cartridge which allows you to Interface VIC and CBM 64 to oil existing Commodore IEEE peripherals [8050, 4040, 2031, and printers), in addition, we've designed the RS-232 Interface board to allow the VIC-20 and CBM 64 to communicate with various serial devices such as printers, modems, and other systems — NOT JUST A BUFFER DRIVER, Also available Is Micro-Systems Modem for the VIC-20 and CBM 64 which allows your computer to utilize auto-dial and auto-answer control over the communication process. If you need to access more than one cartridge In your VIC-20 expansion port, we have the solution. The V-Expander Is now available with 3 or 6 additional expansion ports. The 6-slot V-Expander Is switch selectable. CtE Cartridge IIEEE-488] VIE Cartridge [IEEE -488] C-232 RS-232 C64 Interface. V-232 RS-232 VIC Interface _ V-Modem V-Expander [3-slot] V-Expander [6-sloJ] VIC-1210 3K Expansion. V8K RAM Expansion V16K RAM Expansion V24K RAM Expan5ion_ 99.95 79,95 45,00 46.00 129.00 49.95 85.00 35.00 49.95 95.00 149,00 Available from Micro-Systems VIC-20 Color Computer— VIC-1541 Single Disk Drive. VIC-1525 Graphic Printer- _S 195.00 -$475.00 -5345.00 VAC -Audio Cassette Interface 3 29.95 VIVIC/CIVIC-VIC&C64 Monitor Cables $ 19.95 Joy Stick [Arcade Quality] S 29.95 VTE/CTE-Terminal Communicator program for VIC and C64 Cassette S Diskette S VT 40-VIC 40 ColTermlnal Communicator Cartridge. Super Expander Programmers Aid Cartridge ViCMON Machine Language Monitor Intfo to Basic Progfomming. [\tes. Please send me: ' QTY MODEL* I I I TOTAL [In Texas, odd 5% sales tax] fMAME IMMEDIATE DELIVERY — Your Name. Address City PRICE -State. .Zip. payment method: Check ; Master Card # Visa # ^ American Express # Signature Cord-Exp. Date. Micro-Systems • 2554 Southwell • Dallas, Texas 75229 • (2141 484-7836 BegSstefecfBodemarkofConnnxxiOfeM, .. 10.00 15.00 65.00 65.00 55.00 55.00 24,95 play," he says. "If it's too easy to play, most musi- cians would say it's not a musical instrument, because you usually can't do much with an in- strument that's 'easy to play.' It has too many limitations." Still, as synthesizers get easier to manage and less expensive, they become more accessible to the average musician - and thereby more widely heard and appreciated by music listeners. Pop music historians may recognize this trend as the same sort of breeding ground for rock created by 45 rpm records in the '50s. SID: Synthesizer On A Chip One important way in which synthesizers are becoming accessible to people is within home computers. Virtually every new model introduced in recent years has featured more sophisticated sound capabilities. • Unfortunately, up to now, the sound capabilities have attracted less attention than the often more glamorous feature; graphics. "Well, in terms of the human senses, sound inherently takes a backseat to sight," notes Frank Covitz, a New Jersey research scientist whose sideline is computer music. "Sight is the more important sense, so computer graphics naturally gets more attention." For instance, very little has been written on the Atari computer's sound capabilities, although the built-in four-voice sound chip has represented the state-of-the-art in home computers for the last couple of years. Almost all the attention has been focused on the Atari's graphics. Perhaps this will change now that a computer with even more ad- vanced sound has appeared on the market - the Commodore 64 with its SID {Sound Interface De- vice) chip. The new SID chip is generating lots of interest among computer music enthusiasts. It may well be a herald of the sound capabilities of tomorrow's home computers. "I think machines of that class [home computers such as the 64] in the future will be expected to have sound chips, just as they are expected to have the BASIC built into them now," says Chamberlin, the MTU engineer. "For one thing, the sound chips are relatively cheap in large quantities, so there's no real reason not to." SID is a hybrid digital/analog device with programmable attack, decay, sustain, and release for each of its three voices, a master volume con- trol, a choice of four waveforms, 16-bit frequency resolution over a nine-octave range, and pro- grammable high-, low-, band-, and notch-pass filters. "The SID chip is basically a synthesizer on a chip," says its designer. Bob Yannes. "I played with synthesizers for years, so I'm quite familiar with them. I tried to put it all on a chip with the 32 COMPUni JariLiaiy.19S3 SID chip." Yannes designed SID while an engineer for MOS Technology, which is owned by Commo- dore. He recently left Commodore to form his own company. Peripheral Visions, Inc. Although he won't say for sure what new products his com- pany will introduce, it seems likely that com- puterized sound devices will be among them. He says chips such as SID are the key. "There's no reason we can't take music sys- tems being sold now for $4000 and bring them out for consumers for around $400 or $500 - a ten to one cost reduction. 1 consider the [Commodore] 64 to be only the first step. In the future I'd like to see something totally digital. I think that's the way to go.... I pretty much got the features that I wanted out of the SID chip in the 64, but not the performance I wanted. But now that I've done it once, I think I have a better idea about how to go about it next time." Yannes says he was given specifications by Commodore only to develop a "sound chip," and then he decided to make it as much like a synthe- sizer as possible. But he had to work within the limitations of marketing considerations. For ex- ample, although SID allows each voice's envelope to be individually programmed, all three voices share the same volume control. "I had to put separate envelope controls for each oscillator [voice] into the SID chip in order to satisfy the video game/sound effects marketing demands, if I had my way, the three oscillators would work in unison to create one voice. Any- way, that's why there' re separate envelope con- trols for each oscillator but only one peak amplitude [volume] control - it was designed to function as one voice. You could varv the attack of the different oscillators, for example, to get a ■brassy sort of sound that way." But Yannes bestowed SID with yet another feature to compensate for this limitation - an input line. It's possible to feed an outside sound source into a computer equipped with SID, process it through the chip's filters and volume controls, and output the extra source as a "fourth voice" in accompaniment with SID's regular three voices. In the case of the Commodore 64, for instance, the outside source would be routed through the RF modulator to the TV speaker or a stereo system. What kind of outside sources can be fed into SID? "You name it," says Yannes. "Tape re- corders, radios, electric guitars, even another SID chip." Note that last item: another SID chip. "One thing I thought you might be able to do is chain a bunch of SID chips together to get even better sound, without having to use external hardware," explains Yannes. "I designed the SID chip as a of The H-undreds of Reasons You Ought To Be A COMPUTE! Magazine Subscriber: From "Tlie Editor's Feedback" Card, a monthly part of our contimjlng dialogue with, readers of COMPUTE!. These are responses to the question, "Wliat do you like best about COMPUTE! ?" l."It is written so a beginner can read and understand it... it's layman oriented..." 8. "Clear, clean layout, good presentation..." 3. "The Atari game programs..." 4. "Best and most information on PET..." 5. "Cover to cover, ajid all in between..." 6."Beviews of software and hardware.. " 7. "Good balance of application and technical articles..." 8."It is the best source of info about various levels of VIC/PET/CBM machines and ap- pUcations..." 9. "The BASIC and machine language programs..." 10. "I like programs that can be typed into a computer, run, and then used right away ( a program without bugs!)..." 11, "That it is organized well, and covers abroad range of information con- cerning Atari. Keep it up! please, I'm learning..." 18. "Table of contents listings and computer guide to articles is a great idea. Best magazine for personal home computer users..." 13. "Best I have foxmd for VIC info..." 14, "Informative articles: 'Secrets of Atari', Gam,e programs, especially programs that teach the reader about the Atari..." 15. "I like all the articles and programs for my computer, the PET. I've learned and found out things about it that I never even thought existed. Other magazines don't have too much material for the PET and, for that reason, I ftad COMPUTE! invaluable..." 16."The up-to-date hardware reviews..." 17. "Macliine language utilities for Atari..." 18." Articles are terse but understandable and accurate. Utility and applications pro- gram listings very helpful..." 19."The April, '82 issue is my first. I am impressed that you not only acknowledge the VIC-20, you even have applications for it..." 20."I really enjoy (since I am one) the Beginner's Page..." 81, "The attention it gives to Atari and the easy-to-understand language it's written in..." 88. "It is concerned with ex- plaining programs, not just listing them. It is the best VIC magazine I could buy..." 83."The new table of contents 'Guide to Articles and Programs' is excellent, particu- larly the indication of 'multiple computer' items..." 84."Broad range (sophistication) of programs..." 85. "You don't speak over the average user's head..." Whether you're just getting started with personal computers, or very advanced, you'll find useful, helpful information in every issue of COMPUTE! Magazine. We specialize in supporting the Atari, PET/CBM, VIC-20, and Apple computers. Editorial coverage is expanding to include the TI-99/4A, the Sinclair ZX-81, and the Radio Shack Color Computer. Every issue of COMPUTE! brings you user-friendly articles, applications programs, and utilities you can type right into your computer and use. To subscribe to COMPUTE!, or to order a sample issue, use the attached reply card or call our toll-free number. COIMPUTE!... We're the resource for thousands and thousands of hom.e, educational, and small business com.puter users. Shouldn't you be one of them? 1 year, twelve issue subscription: $20.00 in the US. Call Toll Free in tlie US 800-334-0868 In NC caU 919-875-9809 COMPUTE! Magazine is a publication of Small System Services, Inc. 6S5 Pulton Street. P.O. Box 5406. Greensboro, NO 37403. standard 6502 peripheral chip with all the proper bus signals. You could put some SID chips in a cartridge and plug it into the 64, or the VIC-20, or the Atari - any 6502, 6809, or even 68000 system, even the Radio Shack Color Computer. It only requires 32 address locations, and the chips are pretty cheap, so there's not much to stop you." It's an exciting prospect, but Commodore controls the SID chip, not Yannes. And for now. Commodore needs virtually all the SID chips it can make to meet demand for the new 64, plus the upcoming Max Machine, P Series, B Series, and BX Series computers soon to hit the market. Still, a few SID chips have reached private hands, and the results are fulfilling their creator's hopes. The Synthesizers Of Tomorrow Chamberlin, the MTU engineer, got four SID chips from his friend, Yannes. Chamberlin used them to make a prototype sound board for the MTU-130, a high-end personal computer for which he de- signed most of the circuitry. He then passed the board and SID chips along to another friend, Frank Covitz, the New Jersey research scientist. Covitz added four more SID chips to the board, for a total of 24 individually programmable voices. The board is plugged into an MTU-130 equipped with an organ keyboard which, in turn, is controlled by its own 6502 microprocessor. The instrument made its first public appear- ance recently when Covitz's son, Philip, gave a performance at the Personal Computer in the Arts Festival in Philadelphia. Ironically, Covitz says he didn't play his own invention at the festival because he's not a good enough musician. But he's working on software which not only will exploit the instrument's souped-up capabilities, but which also will make it playable by mediocre musicians. This is called non-rciiUh)ie playing. Musical instruments are usually played in what's known as realtime: the music is heard in- stantaneously as the musician plays the instru- ment. When an instrument is played in non- realtime, the keying of notes is a separate event from the playing of the music. Notes are entered (the computer instrument is programmed), and then played back (the program is run). An example of this on home computers is the Atari Musk Composer cartridge. Essentially, it does for music composition what word processing does for writing. Notes are entered on the computer keyboard and plotted on staffs drawn on the screen. The notes, measures, and phrases can be edited and arranged at will, then played back at the touch of a key. Similar composition programs are available for other personal computers. "One of the things that computers can do is 34 COMPUIB Joriuarv.1933 change music from a physical endeavor to a pro- gramming endeavor," says Chamberlin. "That's one of the reasons why I got into computer music - my total lack of dexterity. Even if you're a total butterfingers like me, you can experiment with computer music." Covitz is striving to push the concept even further. He's added four special keys to his pro- totype board: Record, Play, Fast Forward, and Rewind. But don't mistake it for a conventional tape recorder -the keys are similar in function, but not in method. When the Record button is pressed, the com- puter will "remember" whatever music is played. But no recording tape is involved. Instead, each keypress on the organ keyboard generates infor- mation coded in four bytes: which key was pressed, the velocity (how hard the note was played), and the exact moment the key was pressed, accurate to a split-second. Another four bytes of information are generated when the key is released, for a total of eight bytes per note. All this information is stored in memory so the music can be reconstructed later. After a musical part is "recorded," the Play button can be used to play it back - in accompani- ment with a matching musical part played by the musician on the organ kej'board. And this duet, in turn, can be "recorded" in memory by a second unit. Using just two of these "memory recorders," the process can be repeated again and again, lay- ering sound upon sound. While the same thing can be done with con- ventional tape recorders, the sound would de- teriorate with each generation of re-recording. Tape hiss and other defects would soon overcome the music. But since Covitz's instrument "records" the sound digitally, there is no degradation what- soever. Beyond that, the music can be "edited." If a note is missed, the musician can correct it by rewriting the correct values into memory. "This is what I see as the ultimate system," says Covitz. "Right now, this software doesn't exist anywhere except in my mind. I'm in the process of working on this now, and it's all being done in machine language." The brief history of home computing - and indeed, home computing itself- indicates that advanced technology eventually works its way down to the personal level. It's not hard to envi- sion the day when plug-in organ keyboards and cartridges with add-on synthesizer chips will transform home computers into the kind of in- struments Covitz is experimenting with now. "Seeing what the SID chip can do, and do digitally, I expect you'll see an explosion of that sort of thing," says Covitz. "There has to be. It doesn't require very much hardware. There defi- nitely will be an explosion in complexity." © FAST ENOUGH FOR THEiWIIANRACE Ou alien won't hang around for slow software. He wants crisp responses at reallv fast processing. For the human race too, slow PET BA; is not good enough. When we run a progr . whatever it is, we want fast efficient action. PETSPEED, the compiler recommended by Comi.._ IS now available for the 64 and CBf^/I 2. It can make any BASIC program run many times faster. It even speeds up disk handling. We guarantee that PETSPEED is easier to use and generates faster codr than any other BASIC compiler for Commodore Systems. Using PETSPEED is simple. Just type in the name of the program; wait a few minutes and then watch your software run up to 40 times faster. Petspeed is not simply a compiler, it contains a powerful OPTI MIS- ER. While PETSPEED is compiling, it breaks your program down into tiny fragments and reassembles it removing the unnecessary and simplifying the complex. Dazzling graphics. Lightning sorts. With PETSPEED anything is possible. Also available INTEGER BASIC COMPILER - 150 to 200 times the speed of Basic, integer Basic is for those applications where thf speed of machine code is required without the inconvenience o, assembly level programming. Ideal for scientific and educational users. Compatible with Petspeed. PETSPEED (Commodore 64} SI 50 PETSPEED (8000 or 4000 series) S300 INTEGER BASIC (8000 or 4000 seriesl Si 75 SPECIAL OFFER: Petspeed PLUS I ntsn " ' T4I5) 964-8201 Parti: Writing Transportabie BASIC Edward T Ordmon Department of Mathematical Sciences Memphis State University Ifi/ou thi>ik your programs might ever he used on another computer with a different dialed of BASIC ■ the suggestions in this tioo-pari article can go a long way towards easing the transition. This month the author covers documentation, vocabulary, and reada- bility. The article concludes next month with an over- view of highly machine-sensitive issues such as input- output and graphics. So you finally got your own computer. Unfortu- nately, it is not the same model you had at school. Or you've arrived at high school or college and the computer there is not the same one that your junior high school or high school had. What are you going to do u'ith all the programs you have accumulated? My own school has just bought several of the new IBM Persona! Computers - but most of the programs we have on hand were writ- ten for a mainframe or for our OSl microcom- puters. Come to think of it, we are changing main- frames next semester, too! Of course, all of these machines have a version of BASIC. (Some of them, in fact, have several versions of BASIC.) But, as is clear to anyone who has read a program written in Apple BASIC and wished he could run it on his Atari (or PET or TRS-80 or ...), all BASIC interpreters are not the same. What is the solution? There is no ideal solu- tion, for all cases. Some published programs are difficult to convert from one dialect to another. We can, however, in writing programs for our- selves, for friends, and perhaps even for publica- tion, try to make our programs transportable. That is, we can write the programs so that they can be adapted to another machine with a minimum of difficulty. Self-documenting A program is easily transportable from one machine to another if it can be entered and run in the second machine with no substantial rewriting - certainly no changes in the underlying logic or 36 COMPUTE Jcmuatv.ivaa algorithms - and a minimum of minor changes. The program should be self-explanatory so that it can be rewritten without knowledge of the original machine - a knowledge of the machine we are rewriting it for should be enough. I have one fairly complex simulation program that was first written about 12 years ago for a PDP- 8. It has since been rewritten, by me or by others, for S-100 bus machines in CBASIC, Apple, TRS-80, IBM Personal Computers and IBM 370's, Xerox Sigma 9, PDP-11, and enough other machines that I have lost count. I suspect that it would have been forgotten after the second or third transpor- tation to a new machine, if it had not been written so that it was usually just a matter of typing it in again. I should warn you at the outset that all this article considers is how to write the BASIC pro- gram. It does not address the problems of getting a program from one machine to another without having to key it in again. Increasingly, it is possible to connect the two computers over a phone line, directly or via one of the dial-up timesharing ser- vices, and move the program as a text file to avoid retyping. Nevertheless, the focus of this article is transportable programming techniques. What can you do, when writing a program, to make it easily transportable? We will divide the strategy into five main parts: 1) minimal vocabu- lary; 2) in-program readability; 3) formal struc- turing; 4) careful attention to input-output; and 5) limited graphics. Minimal Vocabulary First, let's consider the question of vocabulary - what features of BASIC we should use. Appar- ently, whenever a company produces a new com- puter or a new version of BASIC, it feels compelled to add features not found in anyone else's BASIC. Often these features are convenient and may make programming for that machine easier. However, they make transporting a program much harder. If at all possible, such features should be avoided when writing with transportability in mind. IMBET THE MEW KID ON THEBLOaC Catch-up with the newest wackiest video game you've ever played! Kid Grid! But don't get caught with your guard down because the mischievous bullies SQuashface, Thuggy, Muggy and Moose are after you in hot pursuit It's the wildest, fastest chase you've ever been in. You've got to connect alt the dots on your grid: l<eep on the look- out for the mysterious bouncing question mark and don't slow down at corners! Squashf ace, Thuggy Muggy and Moose are always on your shirttaiis. Your secret weapon ~ the joystick button. Press it and the bullies get zapped! When they turn white and freeze, make your escape. If the bullies finally catch you the results are explosive! With Kid Grid you get all the sights, sounds and colors of arcade games. The better you get the faster and wackier Kid Grid becomes, soon you'll be racing around at hyper-space speeds! Kid Grid by TTonix. A hi-resolution video game written in 100% machine code. Designed for the Atari 400 & 800 home computer Available now at your dealer for $29.95 (suggested retail price). So meet the new Kid on the block. He'll be your pal forever Dealer inquiries invited. nonix Publistiing, Inc., 701 W. Manchester Blvd. ingiewood, CA 90301 I213) 67i-8mo If we must use special features, they should be isolated in a subroutine near the end of the program and clearly labelled. The main program should stick to features found in virtually all ver- sions of BASIC. This does not mean that string handling must be restricted to the limitations of Radio Shack Level 1 BASIC, which is an extreme example; nor are there universal rules as to what constructions are allowed. Some textbooks define "minimal BASIC" or restrict themselves in a similar way. Educational institutions often belong to groups (consortia) which promote standards for exchanging programs; CONDUIT is one such educational group with a nice pamphlet on stan- dard BASIC. If you have worked with several versions of BASIC, sticking to common features is a good guide for what will be transportable be- tween them. For informal use, however, or for the individual who has just worked on one machine, here are the standards I have found useful in working with perhaps a dozen different machines, large and small. Variables And Commands Figure 1 suggests some guidelines for variable names, numbers, line numbers, DIM statements. Clearly, the list could be made much longer. For instance, how big can a real number be and not overflow? How small can a positive number be and still be distinguished from zero? Most BASIC programs do not depend critically on these figures, which may differ dramatically from one system to another. Figure 1: Variables and Numbers Line numbers: 1 to 9W9 Variable names: One letter or one letter and one digit. Strings, one letter and S. Examples: A B2 C9 F$ Z$ Dimensions: Always declared if needed; execute the DIM statement once, before using the variables. If posj.ible, stick to one subscript for strings, two for numbers. Do not use variable sizes or reuse letters. DIM C$(50),D(20,10) is good; DIM B(N), A(50),A$(20)isbad. If your program does depend on them, you should probably make this explicit (and include a REMark giving the limits on your system). For instance, if your program has a variable X that gets closer and closer to zero as you go around a loop, and you exit the loop by testing IF X = 0 THEN . . . , the program may behave very differ- ently or even fail on another computer. Changing this to will make the program transportable: the person converting it can check to see if the new computer will accept lE-50. If it will not, he can substitute an acceptable number, e.g., lE-30. Figure 2: The most common statements DATA LET DIM NEXT END ON.. -GOTO FOR...TO,..STEP PRINT GOSUB READ GOTO RESTORE IF.. .THEN,., RETURN INPUT 500 IF ABS(X)<lE-50 THEN , NON-ZERO NUMBER REM USE A SMALL Figure 2 shows a limited list of BASIC com- mands - a very limited list. While almost every BASIC accepts more commands than these, they differ on which statements those are. For each command not on this list, there is some computer around that will not accept it. To make matters worse, computers differ substantially in how they interpret some of these commands. Some, for instance, do strange things on a STOP but allow END only as the last line of a program. The cure: place 9999 END as the last line of the program, and terminate anywhere else by GOTO 9999. GOTO and GOSUB should be followed just by a line number. GOTO 500 is fine; avoid GOTO A even if your computer likes it. In the statement FOR X = A TO B STEP C, it is best to restrict A, B, and C to integers (or expressions evaluating to integers) and to avoid changing them inside the loop. NEXT must name just one variable for the corresponding FOR, e.g., NEXT X. IF... THEN statements require special atten- tion, since so many computers have so many dif- ferent extensions. A few computers accept only statements such as IF Y> =Z THEN 830, prohib- iting calculations, logical operations, and not al- lowing anything but a line number after THEN. I am not seriously suggesting that you keep things this simple: the extensions are extremely helpful. However, it is a good idea to keep things simple enough so that your statements can be translated into this form. This will be discussed further in the section on structure, next month. Numeric And String Functions Figure 3 shows the most commonly implemented numeric functions. Either most BASICs have these functions, or the programmer using the machine will be prepared to fake them somehow. Two deserve special mention: RND and TAB. RND is implemented differently on almost every computer. Some use X = RND, some use 38 COmWUni January. 1983 THE ULTIMATE m f^JtSTMCTtOM FOR YOUR Ute-20 Dive Into a Fearsome Fight! Blast An insect invasion! Attack Crazy Aliens! Crab your gloves, survival pack and headgear! Your sidewinder commandos are whoosmng off into the most frenzied fight in the far side of the galaxy! You've got to out-maneuver deadly Battle pods, dodge destructive Stalker bomtis and go head-to-head with alien Oblitojets... all at speeds you wouldn't imagine possit)le! Suggestea Retail Price S29.95 Dive into the most awesome all-out battle ever! You'll be attacl<ed from all directions by a barrage of deadly android wasps and alien creatures like you ve never encountered before! Any contact means instant destruction! If it's not the fastest game you've ever played, you're from another planet. suggested Retail Price $29.95 Fall back into the far fields of the galaxy! That bumbling formation coming at you is the crazy Galactic Blitz. These aliens nave 15 different play patterns. And each time you take one out of the game they come back mad as ever! so go for the galactic score full speed ahead! If you 're merely a spectator, find another sport. suggested Retail Price $24.95 Dealer inquiries invited, ironix Publishing, inc., 701 w. Manchester Blvd., Ingiewood, CA 90301. (215) 671-8440. Figure i 3: The most common numeric functions ABS cos INT RND SIN TAB ATN EXP LOG SGN SQR TAN X = RND(0), some use RND(l), some use RAN- DOMIZE to start (seed) the random number gen- erator and some do not. You should assume that every line containing RND will have to be rewrit- ten. You should make this as easy as possible, by minimizing the number of lines involved and making your intention clear. If you need a random number in 20 different places in your program, do not have RND appear in 20 places; place it in a subroutine. That is, incorporate in your program 9000 REM **t SET RANDOM NUMBER, CHANG e FOR OTHER COMPUTERS *** 9010 X=RND(1):REM R ANDDM , 0<: X < 1 , NEW S EDUENCE EACH RUN 9020 RETURN and then place GOSUB 9000 wherever needed in your program. Here is a more typical use, near the start of a game program: 150 N = INT(100»RND) + 1 :REM RANDOM INTEGER 1 TO 100 H.*»**»lfr»*!*-**»»* Here the string of asterisks warns you, when transporting the program, that the line is likely to change. The remark tells what is wanted and will save a lot of time if the new computer achieves thisbyN = RND(100). Turning briefly to TAB : there are computers that like TAB(N) (go to column N), those that like SPC(N) (print N spaces), those that like both, and those that like neither. Most people know how to juggle spacing on their own machine, so making your intention clear (by remarks or a sample print- out) is probably more important than the exact way you write your PRINT statements. There will be more on this in the discussion of input-output, next month. Figure 4: The most common string functions ASC(X$) CHRS(N) VAL(X$) STR$(X) LEFT$(A$,N) RIGHT$(A$,N) MID$(A$,I,)) The functions given in Figure 4 are now re- markably widespread in microcomputers. It is probably safe to use all of them freely in that con- text. That is, if the person rewriting the program does not have LEFTS, he probably has a reasonbly direct substitute. You cannot count on the format produced by STR$ being the same from one machine to another - some pad with blanks on the left, some on the right, some not at all. Func- tions that match a substring are present on many machines, but absent on many others. Many sys- tems will crash if you call LEFT$(A$,N) and A$ has less than N characters, so you should always test for this before you call LEFT$ even if your system does not insist on it. Large computers differ substantially in how they handle strings, and are often more restrictive than small computers. ASC and CHR$ are fre- quently absent; many large computers do not even use the ASCII character set. Avoid extensive string manipulations, or at least place them in a subroutine, if your program may have to run on a large mainframe next year. Readability Next, if our program is to be readily transportable to another version of BASIC, it must be readable. First, can the reader understand our individual lines, and translate them for the new system? Second, can the reader understand our general strategy or procedure (our algoritlim) well enough to debug the program if errors creep in, or if his BASIC interprets some command very differently than expected? The most important consideration, for the second of these, is to make the program suffi- ciently modular and to provide appropriate REMarks for each module; this is addressed more in the discussion of structure, later. There are a number of "tricks of the trade" that make indi- vidual lines easier to read, however. Here are a few principles: 1. Leave plenty of space between line num- bers. Even if you have only one command per line, some one-line commands on your system may become multiple commands on another. If you use several commands per line, the situation gets far worse. This is not to condemn all multiple- command-per-line statements, since they can add to the clarity of the program. Just remember that while your computer may allow: 500 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR NAME?"; N$ someone else's may require 500 PRINT "WHAT IS YOUR NAME"; 501 INPUT N$ This is an easy change if you left a line number available. It is quite possible for a complex one-line statement on one system to require six or eight lines on another. 2. Leave plenty of blanks in your commands, where appropriate. You may have no trouble understanding 250PRINTT5 or 300FORI5 = PTOM 40 COMPUTEI Januarv.1983 PET/CBM RpecClip Professional Word Processor at a Breakthrough Price PaperClip'" periorms all the advanced features found in Word Processors costing much more. . . 1) Full screen editing. 2) Copy/Transfer sentences and paragraphs. 3) Insert/ Delete sentences and paragraphs. 4) Headers/Footers/Automaiic page numbehng. 5) Justification/Centering. 6) User defineable keyphrases. 7) Supports both cassette and disk. 8) Variable data - Form letters. 9) Horizontal scrolling up to 126 characters. 10) Insert/transfer/erase Also available for Commodore 64 Requires Basic 4.0, 32K memory. n259sO Dealer enquiries welcome BRTTERiES inCLUDED 71 McCaul Street Toronto, Ontario Canada M5T 2X1 (416)596-1405 columns of numbers. 1 1) Add/subtract columns of numbers. 12) Supports most dot matrix and letter quality phnters. In fact, a printer set-up routine is supplied to take the best advantage of the printer at hand. 13) French and Math technical character sets available. ->wl WEWMADE R£CKIISS OmiNG AH mooRSPm. Grab the wheel in Hazard Run, our high-speed cross-country chase . . . and watch the feathers fly! This exciting gan:ie features four progressively tougher runs, plus one random run. Smash through the brush, snake around trees and boulders, leap ponds in a single bound, and maneuver on just two wheels. It's all part of the fast moving, fine-scrolling white-knuckle action of Hazard Run, 100% assembly language play that flexes your Atari graphics to the max! For more fun than the Program by Dennis zander law should allow, get Hazard Run at your local computer store, or write or call today. 100% assembly language program for the ATARI 400/800 16K Cassette S27.95* 25K diskette $31.95* ALSO AVAILABLE: Strip Poker, Adult fun for the ATARI 400/800 and APPLE II 40K diskette $34.95* Add ^2 liT fH>stiii;eai;i] li.ir.iiliiig N V.rfSKli-nts.idd 7 '.. sales tax. Get it in ge£U* . . . send in this coupon or cafl toll-free 800-828-6573 ARTWORX Software Co.. Inc. 150 Norlti Main Si., Fairport, NY 14450 (716) 425-2833 Please send me Hazard Run program{s) Please send me Strip Poker program(s). D Enclosed is my check for $ Bill my D VISA D MasterCard NUMBER Signature Name (please print) .. Address City . EXP. DATE . _ State .Zip D Please send tree ARTWORX catalog. o^_ Soyou can play. .MlliiitdAm.£iirrreti-lrrtinr:itlrmi:rl,i. but n reader will find 250 PRINT T5 and 300 FOR L5 = P TO M much easier to copv or edit. Many BASICs do irisist on the spaces; the new IBM Per- sonal Computer is one that does. Your computer may allow a larger program or run faster if vou delete spaces and remarks, but you make the pro- gram much harder to transport when you delete them. It may be worth keeping two programs, a transportable copy and a condensed, quick-run copy. 3. Avoid unprintahk' characters. Where a few are necessary, find a way to make their presence visible. For instance, a disk read in Applesoft re- quires that you PRINT a CONTROL-D followed by a string. You can make this readable by 200 D$= CHR$(4) :REM CONTROL-D 540 PRINT D$;"OPEN FILENAME" :REM DOS COlVrMAND STARTS CTRL-D It is a good idea to indicate what other CHR$ characters are when they are created, too - for instance when CHRS is used to put a quote mark into a string, or manipulate carriage returns or line feeds. 4. Identify specific features you depend on. This happens most often in connection with PRINT and INPUT statements. Most of us can guess what someone else's PRINT statements are supposed to do, but the INPUTs are another matter. Some systems input a sentence like "TODAY IT RAINS" by INPUT A$ and the response 7TODAY IT RAINS; others bv INPUT A$ and response ?"TODAY IT RAINS"; others by INPUT LINE A$ or by LINPUT A$ or even by INPUT (FIELD 40) A$. You can make this clear to the reader - so that he can try to do the appropriate thing on his system - by remarks, but clear user instructions within the program are probably even better. For example, 110 PRINT "TYPE IN A SENTENCE SURROUNDED BY QUOTE MARKS" 120 INPUT A$ :REM SAMPLE "HELLO, JOE, WADDAYA KNOW." 5. Make cues to the user extremely clear. Re- member that you won't be around to show people how to use it; in fact, no expert on the program will be around. Give sample aiiswers whenever possible, and protect against invaUd answers. 130 PRINT"Da you WANT TO PLAY AGAIN ( Y/N) ■' ; 140 INPUT A« 150 IF AS="N" THEN 9999 160 IF A*<>"Y" THEN 130 Note that invalid answers will cause the question to be asked again. Next month, cxniuples of portable pro;fnvn strucliiiv, input-output, and j^mphics pro;;;>wnuiing. © Mattel's New Home Computer Tom R. Halfhill, Features Editor Judging from the inquiries we've been receiving at COMPUTE!, people are having a tough time choosing between the current crop of low-end home computers: the Atari 400, Commodore VIC- 20, Radio Shack Color Computer, Sinclair/Timex, and Texas Instruments TI-99/4A. Well, it's about to get even tougher. Mattel Electronics has announced a home computer aimed squarely at the low-end market. It is jwt to be confused with the long-delayed Intellivision keyboard attachment - which has been redesigned again, incidentally. Mattel says the new computer, dubbed the Aquarius, is due "very early in 1983." The Aquarius will sell for under $200 retail. The price is expected to vary because the machine will be sold through mass consumer outlets. This means it will be available at a wide range of TV- electronics stores, audio/video shops, department stores, discount stores, and catalog showrooms. As we've seen with the other low-end home com- puters being marketed this way, prices are greatly discounted because competition is so fierce. Expands To 52K RAM And CP/M The Aquarius will come with 4K of Random Access Memory (RAM), expandable to 52K RAM in 4K and 16K steps with plug-in cartridges. Microsoft BASIC is built-in. There is one voice for sound effects or music, and an expansion option (de- scribed below) provides three voices. The maximum graphics resolution is 320 by 200 pixels (screen dots) in 16 colors. The Aquarius can display 256 characters. This includes a 128-character ASCII set with upper- and lowercase, and 128 user-programmable char- acters, similar to the redefinable character sets on the Atari, Commodore 64, VIC-2G, and TI-99/4A computers. For the Central Processing Unit, the central "brain" of the computer, Mattel chose the Z-80A, an eight-bit microprocessor chip. The use of this chip allowed Mattel to give the Aquarius CP/M capability. CP/M (Control Program for Microcom- puters) is an operating system primarily used for business applications. The Aquarius can run CP/M with the addition of a disk drive and disk controller card. It is very unusual that a low-end home com- puter would have CP/M capability, but a Mattel official explained, "Some home users will be pro- , fessionals who will prefer to work at home." With CP/M, a huge library of existing business programs will work on the Aquarius. The keyboard has 49 keys. It's more than the membrane keyboard found on the Atari 400, but is not quite a full-stroke typewriter keyboard like the VIC-20's. The keystroke travel is 1.5 to 2 mil- limeters, and the keys are made of a rubber-like material instead of hard plastic, similar to the keys on Sinclair's new ZX Spectrum (see COM- PUTE!, August 1982). The keyboard accepts over- lays for special applications. For example, an over- lay for BASIC programming allows one-key entry of BASIC commands. While all of these features are standard in the under-$200 Aquarius, Mattel says it will offer a complete system "in the $500 range" which will include a data recorder (tape drive), a printer, and the Aquarius Mini-Expander. The Mini-Ex- pander is an attachment which adds three-voice sound, two game controllers on eight-foot cords, and two slots for plug-in cartridges. One slot is for memory expansion and the other accepts car- tridge programs. All of the software initially released for the Aquarius will be on cartridges. Mattel promises that eight to ten cartridges will be available when the Aquarius is introduced. This will include edu- cation, home management, personal improve- ment, and entertainment software. One cartridge will be a low-cost Logo with turtle graphics, the acclaimed learning language for children. Mattel says its Logo is designed to work on a minimum system without extra acces- sories. Another cartridge will be FileForm, a word processor. Mattel says more cartridges will be released monthly after the computer is introduced, and that additional software may be available on cassette in the future. All the software has been developed at Mattel, although the company is now talking to outside developers. Other expected add-ons include a disk drive and a 40-column thermal printer. No prices have been disclosed for these extras, but a Mattel official did say that the memory expansion boards would be "extremely price-competitive." Apparently, the Aquarius will lack special function keys, sprite graphics, and full-screen editing. Reportedly, it will have 8K of ROM (Read Only Memory), a 40 by 24 screen display, dimen- sions of 13 by 6 by 2 inches, and weigh four pounds. It will come with simplified instruction cards so beginners can get the machine working without reading the manual. © Janua(Y,19e3 COMPUTS! 43 THE BEGINNER'S PAGE Richard Monsfieid, Senior Editor Myths About Programming Whenever someone says that they are "not the type" or they "weren't good in math" as a reason for not learning to program in BASIC, I like to compare learning BASIC to learning how to drive a car. A few people never learn to drive, but most of us do. What's more, it takes a few weeks at most to catch on to either driving or BASIC. You. improve over the years, but the essentials can be grasped pretty quickly. And in the coming Age of Information, not knowing how to program could well be as inconvenient as not having a driver's license is today. After all, there are only some 50 BASIC words to learn. Several of them are very rarely needed {you can look through hundreds of programs and never find WAIT, POS, or TAN). Also, many BASIC words mean exactly what they say: STOP stops a program, RUN runs, END ends. If someone is still doubtful, the most con- vincing argument is a demonstration. You can say: "Let's try something complex. How about printing your name 1,000 times on the screen?" Then type: 10 ? "Alan"; : GOTO 10. Could ft Explode? Another factor which causes hesitation about learning programming is a fear of the unknown. It's not hard to see where this nervousness comes from. There is a category in movies which changes each generation, but could be called the Franken- stein Slot. A scientist gets too big for his britches, tampers with unknown forces, and his creation runs amok while the villagers, in their ancient wisdom, ineffectually stone the laboratory. During the fifties there were dozens of films in which atomic radiation filled this slot. It caused moths and ants to grow to enormous size, ram- paging through cities. When people learned that radiation, dangerous as it can be, could not cause insect giantism, popular entertainment found a new monster. Dozens of movies in the sixties (some of them excellent, like 2001, The Farbin Pro- ject, and more recently. The Demon Seed) portrayed the computer as Frankenstein. 44 COMPUnt Januatv,19e3 When people buy their first personal com- puter, they are not generally worried that it might destroy their house, but they often worry about the computer getting out of their control and damaging itself. They sense, correctly, that a com- puter is a powerful machine. You'll see this hesitancy when people look up, their first time in front of the keyboard, and ask, "What should I be careful of? Can I hurt it?" We get letters from beginners wanting to know if they should use POKE, the BASIC word- that changes what's in the computer's memory. They have a perfectly understandable fear that, as one New Yorker recently wrote, "I might damage the BASIC ROM chips. '^' Your computer watches out for most kinds of errors. It simply won't allow you to POKE into BASIC ROM chips. If you try to send a POKE to an address that's in ROM (Read Only Memon,'), it will just bounce off. Nothing happens. These addresses can only be read, not written (POKEd) to. We always used to say that nothing you could type into the computer could hurt it in any way. If it doesn't understand what you write, or can't carry out your instructions, it will stop and tell you where it stopped and, in general terms, why. The worst that could happen would be an "endless loop," and you would have to turn power off and back on to get control. None of this, however, would start the computer smoldering. This advice, unfortunately, is not 100 percent correct. It was discovered that there was one POKE to PETs with Original or Upgrade BASIC versions which would make the video display about six times faster. It's POKE 59458,62. PET/CBMs with the most recent 4.0 BASIC chips, however, ca>i be damaged by this POKE if left running without turning off the power. Since there are about 17 million combinations of POKEs you can make into your computer, the odds are clearly against your accidentally making this error. Nevertheless, it does make it impossible to tell someone that nothing you type into any computer could hurt it. NOT EVERYONE CAN TEACH THEIR ATARI™ NEWTRICKS. WE MAKE USING AND LEARNING ABOUT COMPUTERS FUN! PROGRAMMING GUIDE FOR BEGINNERS OR EXPERTS - MASTER MEMORY MAP ™ A 32 page book with hundreds of hints on how to use your computer. Over 500 memory locations! $6.95. LEARN SOUND AND GRAPHICS with our exciting lessons called TRICKY TUTORIALS .""Each comes with a tape ordiskfull of examples, and a 12 to 64 page manual written in an easy to understand manner. #1 DISPLAY LISTS — Put several graphics modes on your screen at once. §2 SCROLLING — Move text or graphics smoothly up, down, sideways, or diagonally. 1^ PAGE FLIPPING — Change TV screens as quickly as flipping pages in a book. #4 BASICS OF ANIMATION — A beginner's lesson In animation using PLOT, PRINT, and a surprise game. #5 PLAYER MISSILE GRAPHICS — Learn the basics of writing your own arcade games. #6 SOUND & MUSIC — Simple methods to play complete songs, with graphics. Includes PLAYER PIANO free! #7 DISK UTILITIES — 7 programs to help you use your disk drive. 32K. #8 CHARACTER GRAPHICS - The best editor available with examples using special characters YOU CREATE and ANIMATE. #9 GTIA, GRAPHICS 9 to 1 1 — New tricks you can do with these 1 6 color modes. #10 SOUND EFFECTS — Many examples, from rainfall to laser blasts, NO LOCAL DEALER? CALL FOR A FREE CATALOG, OR ORDER DIRECT (CHARGE OR COD): 800-592-9520 OR (408) 476-4901 with ample explanation. #11 MEMORY MAP TUTORIAL - 30 cofortui examples of tricks your computer can do. TUTORIALS cost only $19.95 each, except 5 and 7 which cost $29.95 each. 16K Tape/24K Disk required. SPECIAL: Tutorials 1 through 6 Irt a binder for $99.95. SAVE $30,001 USER SUBMIHED PROGRAMS We sell many fine programs written by dedicated computer owners, such as mSTEDIT, SPACE GAMES, MINI WORDPROCESSOR, DATA- BASE DIALER, PHOTO'S ADVENTURES, and many more. OUR GUARANTEE: Your money iiack if unsatisfiedl SOQUEL, CA The Math Myth When autos were first becoming popular, there were doubtless many people who refused to try driving, saving, "That's one thing that I will never try to learn. I could never control our horse." A weakness in math is often given as the reason for not trying programming. In fact, the two activities are hardly related. Mathematical words are avail- able in BASIC, but programming does not need to involve much math beyond simple arithmetic unless you choose to solve mathematical prob- lems. You will need to search a long time to find any use of the word SIN in the dozens of BASIC programs pubhshed each month in COMPUTE!. Personal computers are general-purpose tools. They can be used to solve complex equa- tions, but to call programming "mathematical" would be too narrow it down to only one of its countless applications. And it would also mislead people into thinking that they need a special talent in math to become competent programmers. Several years ago one of America's largest corporations undertook a study to find out what its best programmers had studied in college. To nearly everyone's surprise, English and music were the most common majors among the top computerists. Perhaps this is because these dis- ciplines stress creativity and attention to detail. Perhaps they combine logical thinking with imag- ination. No one has yet given a satisfactory explanation. In any case, you don't need to become an ace programmer any more than you need to drive at the Indianapolis 500. To get where you want to go, ordinary driving or programming knowledge will suffice. There are very few people who can't learn the necessary skills. ]f ihcre IS a topic Ihal you would like to see discussed in this column, send a card or letter to: The Beginner's Page, COMPUTE! M(7(,'(72»;f, P.O. Box 5406] Grceitshoro, JVC 27403. ' € OSI CIP SlsnLtawIci k Koblntan. • Hihor^af MEKOS. MGHT RtDER. «IC.. peaudJ)! pt*tt*ni id jAtti 34 ori^iruil PROGRAMS on tape oU far Ihc unbGlievabLy low pricn cf $29.95!! Thai's less than Si fach! ARr.ADV. TYPE COSMIC HKBHIS' MINOS" S rHlL£T JiWKKPKKS ruk;k crejiser c:a£;e" PI NBA 1.1. OSI GRAND' MINE h'MLLU WUKM IJEtTH CHARtiE tinTCHA" All iirii|ir«rii will run u( Many ini <:»m;?Bnblp fui nii[l lunin 4k MINDShitUAZr.1 TAKK FIWH MIMIC mam:aij\ nkickbor!! BAR LIFE TOR TWO" kALEIDOSCOPIC PsiCHTIilUICII jTrimriES TAPE VERIFIER LlbTINC LINE HE. * VERSATILE LINE RE J LINE IXXIATDR cm SQUARE fUNCTIDS PLOTTER HETTER RND * GEN PROBAHILITY n mont CKL'ISE" MISCELLANEOUS MESSAGE ENCOnER TYPING TUTOR PHONE NUMBER OEHYDBATION BLACK lACK DRILL ['PfRviQusly Mild by AARDVARKT-i ] IHa) i7^M2% WATCH OUT The OINKS are ^ loose! "v VISA'MASTERCHARGE accepted. Si .00 shipping handling charge. {California residents add 6% tax). •Apple is a trademark o! Apple Computer, tnc. Pig out on fun with PIG PEN {for the ATARI 800, APPLE II* AND THE IBM-PC) Here's the newest and freshest idea in dot-maze games. You'll go hog-wild at the way Pig Pen's clever switches make this the most intriguing game you ever got hooked on! With Pig Pen you run the maze leaving dots wherever you go! And the 4 beady eyed pigs are out to stop you. Take a potent, pulsing pig pill and you can zap the pigs, turning them into delicious ham hocks! Why be 'boared' with the old-fashioned versions. Get the freshest - have the most fun of all! Oink, oin^ Only $29.95 at your computer store, or from: IDATAMOSI 9748 Cozycroft Ave. Chatsworth.CA 91311 (213)709-1202 VIC-20 ® S€GklP€iai?IIISI€ and these are just the games! CIIOPLIFTEn VIDEO mqniq TUKACIIAil» /ISTROBLITZ- BIACKIMHf YOUR FULL LINE VIC-20® SOFTWARE COMPANY CREATIVE SOFTWARE 201 San Antonio Circle -Mountain View. CA 94040 Atari's Sound System John Scarborough, Novato, CA If you're interested m the improvements to Atari sound and music possible via machine language - this will get you started. These simple demonstrations might con- vince you to abandon the SOUND command entirely. Many programmers who decide to make the jump from BASIC programming to machine language programming find frustration in their attempt to print to the screen or produce sound. The problem is that there are now no print or sound statements. Machine language deals entirely with retrieving, manipulating, and storing data. But even after the programmer discovers this it won't do him much good unless he knows where and what to store to produce results. Furthermore, this information is often not provided in the man- uals that come with the computer. So how does he obtain this information? He must turn to other methods. Four common ones are: 1. The trial and error method (very inefficient, but sometimes necessary). 2. Advanced user's manuals. 3. Information obtained from a human source, such as from friends or teachers. 4. A magazine. This article is in category four. After studying this article, you will have more control over the four voices provided by the Atari. The article will also briefly cover the built-in speaker. Sound Commands Look at the following sound command: SOUND 0,121, X,X This instructs the computer to store a value of 121, which will produce a middle C note, into Audio Frequency Control register 0. This register is located at memory location 53760 (SD200 hex). Thus, the following two commands will function identically: SOUND 0,121,X,X POKE 53760,121 The three remaining Audio Frequency Con- 4B COMPUIE! JanucirYJ983 trol registers are located at 53762 {$D202), 53764 ($D204), and 53766 ($D206). A POKE 53764,128 would store a value of 128 (a B note) into the Voice 2 Audio Frequency Control register. SOUND 2,128, X,X will do the same. (See Figure 1 for a clearer representation of the four Audio Frequency Control registers.) Now you can store a given frequency (note) into any of the four Audio Frequency Control registers. But what about distortion and volume? Look at the following sound command: SOUND 0,X,10,12 This tells the computer to produce a pure tone (10) and a volume level of 12. Upon execution, the computer will convert the number 10 to 160 (160 is the actual pure tone code. See Figure 2 to find the corresponding distortion codes for the eight additional distortion levels), add 12 to it, and then store the result into Audio Control re- gister 0. This register is located at memory location 53761 ($D201 hex). Thus, the next two commands will perform the same task: SOUND 0,X,10,12 POKE 53761,160 + 12 The three remaining Audio Control registers are located at 53763 ($D203), 53765 ($D205), and 53767 ($D207). A POKE 53767,160 + 7 would store a pure tone and volume level of 7 into Audio Con- trol registers. SOUND3,X,160,7 will do the same. (See Figure 1 for a clearer representation of the four Audio Control registers.) You should now know how to store any given note, tone and volume level into any of the four voices provided by the Atari (and without using sound statements). The following two BASIC programs function identically; 10 SOUND 0,121,10,12 20 GOTO 20 10 POKE 53760,121 20 POKE 53761,160 + 12 30 GOTO 30 Ttie Built-in Spealcer That is an overview of the sound that is channeled to the television speaker, but what about the built- YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE FUN WITH YOUR ATARI!! AND THE FUN GETS ROLUNG WITH BUG OFF! Yikes! The bugs are swarming here, there and everywhere and only a strong whiff of DDT can put 'em away. The object of the game is to control the seven different l<inds of pests that are running helter-sl^elter over everything. The Army can airlift in more DDT to fill your bug sprayer . . . but will they maf<e it in lime? The action builds to a furious frenzy as an awesome assortment of insects attacl< anything and everything in sight. A definite case of "spray first and asl< questions later." All this and hi-res graphics, too! 16K TAPE 050-0167 $29.95 32K DISK 052-0167 $29.95 TUTTI FRUTTI — by Alan Newman "GRAPE FUN" FOR THE WHOLE FAMILY! Somewhere between Never Never Land and next Thursday, there's a wild and wacky place where your joystick-controlled "Hungry" snacks on an orchard of goodies. But there are some nasty ol' bugs who'd just as soon snack on YOU, so look sharp and beware. Funtastic action for all ages! TUTTI FRUTTI . . . Wow! A crazy cast of characters in vivid hi-res color all performing in their natural habitat, otherwise known as TUTTI FRUTTI Land. Grape fun for ages 6 and up! 16K TAPE 050-0160 $24.95 32K DISK 052-0160 $24.95 dventur6 INTERNATIONAL To order, see your local dealer. If he does not have the program, then call 1 •800-327-71 72 (orders only please) or write for our free catalog. Published by ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL a subsidiary of Scott Adams, Inc. BOX 3435 • LONGWOOD, PL 32750 • (305) 862-6917 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE in speaker? The built-in speaker is controlled via location 53279 ($D01F). Program 1 will make the built-in speaker ran- domly click. (Not a very spectacular sound effect, to be sure, but that's not to be expected from BASIC statements.) Program 2A and 2B (which function identically) will also make the built-in speaker randomly click, but they do not use BASIC statements to produce the sound and will there- fore click the speaker much faster than will Pro- gram 1 . compare the two for yourself. The com- parison will give you some idea of the speed avail- able to you from machine language programming. If you compared Programs 1 and 2, you might have thought: "If machine language can do that much for that little built-in speaker...." Yes, by using machine language you can greatly increase the quality of the sound that comes out of your television speaker. I leave you with a simple machine language program that will demonstrate this increase in quality. The program is written in both assembly language (3A) and BASIC (3B). This is a simple program; it would have been half as long without the delay routine. However, the sound would not be audible if there were no delay built into the machine language program! Program 1. Figure 1. The Four Voices Provided By The Atari | VOICE 0 Audio Frequency Control Register Audio Control Register - 53760 {$D200) -53761 {$D201) VOICE 1 Audio Frequency Control Register Audio Control Register - 53762 ($D202) - 53763 ($D203) VOICE 2 Audio Frequency Control Register Audio Control Register - 53764 ($D204) - 53765 ($D205) VOICE 3 Audio Frequency Control Register Audio Control Register - 53766 ($D206) - 53767 ($D207) Figure 2. Examples Of The Eight Distortion Levels | Usinf ; Random Voices SOUND O,X,0,V = POKE 53761,0 + V SOUND 0,X,2,V = POKE 53761 ,32 + V SOUND 3,X,4,V == POKE 53767,64 + V SOUND 1,X,6,V = POKE 53763,96 -t-V SOUND 0,X,8,V = POKE 53761,128 + V SOUND 1,X,10,V = POKE 53763,160 + V SOUND 2,X,12,V = POKE 53765,192 + V SOUND 0,X,14,V = POKE 53761,224 + V 5 REM -THIS PROGRAM UTILIZES THE BUIL T-IN SPEAKER USING BASIC STATEMENTS 10 fi=INT (256«RND ( 1 ) ) : REM -LOAD A WITH A RANDOM NUMBER FROM O TO 255 20 POKE 53279, AiREM -STORE A AT 53279 30 GOTO 10:REM -START OVER Program 2a. 5 jTHIS PROGRAM UTILIZES THE BUILT-IN SPEAKER FROM MACHINE LANGUAGE USIN G THE ASSEMBLER-EDITOR CARTRIDGE lO *=*600 20 LOOP LDA *D20A ;LOAD A WITH A RAND DM NUMBER FROM O TO 255 30 STA S3279 ; STORE A AT S3279 40 JMP LOOP sSTART OVER Program 2b. 5 REM -THIS PROGRAM UTILIZES THE BUIL T-IN SPEAKER FROM MACHINE LANGUAGE USING THE BASIC CARTRIDGE 10 FOR LOOP=I536 TO 1544 20 READ DATA 30 POKE LOOP, DATA 40 NEXT LOOP 50 X=USR(1536> 60 DATA 173,10,210,141,31,208,76,0,6 Program 3a. 5 ;THIS PROGRAM ON SPEAKER FR ING THE ASSEM 10 *=*&00 20 FREQ=«660 30 ; STORE A PUR UME LEVEL OF E O 40 LDA #175 50 STA ♦D20i 60 ; STORE CURRE E O 70 START LDX FR 80 STX *D2O0 90 INX jINCREME 100 STX FRED 110 ;DELAY PROG 120 DELAY LDX # 130 LDDPl LDY « 140 LOOP2 DEY 150 BNE LOOP2 160 DEX 170 BNE LOOPl lao JMP START UTILIZES THE TELEVISI DM MACHINE LANGUAGE US BLER-EDITOR CARTRIDGE E TONE (160) AND A VOL 15 (160+15) INTO VOIC NT FREQUENCY INTO VOIC EQ NT FREQUENCY LEVEL RAM EXECUTION 15 15 ; CONTINUE Program 3b. 5 REM -THIS PROGRAM UTILIZES THE TELE VISION SPEAKER FROM MACHINE LANGUAG E USING THE BASIC CARTRIDGE 10 FOR L0aP=1536 TO 1563 20 READ DATA 30 POKE LOOP, DATA 40 NEXT LOOP 50 X=USR(1S36) 60 DATA 169,175,141,1,210,174,96,6,14 2,0,210, 232, 142,96,6, 162, 15, 160, 15 , 136,208,253,202,208,248,76,5,6 Q 50 COMPUIE! January, 1983 A fantasy role-playing adventure for • one or more players By Stuart Smith ALI BABA AMD THE FORTY THIEVES is written in high resolution color graphics and includes music and sound effects. Adventures can be saved to disk and resumed at a later time. Auailable for Apple II and Apple II Plus 48H or Atari 800 32K. On diskette only — $32.95 fSra QUTiLny |g£] SOFTW7IR6 6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 105, Reseda, CA 91335 (213) 344-6599 VIC Sound Generator Robert Lee, Vancouver, B.C. Adding sounds to VIC can significantly slow down a BASIC progrnm. The action stops and waits for the sound to finish. This could be especially annoying lohen you want a game to run as fast as possible. With this sound generator, you can add sounds in BASIC easily and xvilhout a speed penalty. Among the novel features of the VIC-20 are its sound capabilities. These give it an advantage over the PHT, bringing a new dimension to game programs. However, one of the problems I and undoubtedly other VIC owners have encountered is that, while manipulating the sound generators in a BASIC program, it is not possible to do any- thing else. This is especially a problem in game programs written in BASIC and using extensive graphics. Either you have to write such programs without complex sound effects, or you have to settle for slow motion. Faster Sound Faced with this problem, I decided to write a machine language {ML) program for the VIC which adds speed to its sound generation capabilities. Most of the sound effects we use in game programs are sounds with increasing or decreasing tones. For example, a simple way to simulate the sound of a laser with the VIC is: FOR K = 250 TO 240 STEP -1 ;POKE36876,K:NEXT The ML program works along these lines, except that it is necessary to use only one POKE com- mand. It generates sounds with increasing or decreasing frequency to make almost any kind of sound effect possible. The program "VIC Sound" places a machine language program in the cassette buffer of the VIC. This means, of course, that you cannot trans- fer data using the cassette player while you are running the program. By changing the contents of memory locations 788-789 (decimal), the'inter- rupt system of the computer is used to run the ML program. As you know, the VIC has four "speakers" to make music and noise. The first and second speak- ers, activated by POKEing memory locations 36874 and 36875, are used for sounds with increasing 52 COMPUni .Januaiv.1983 tones. The third speaker (36876) is used for sounds with decreasing tones. The fourth speaker, acti- vated by memory location 36877, is used mainly for explosions. The ML program stores a starting number into the appropriate location and increases or decreases it for the period specified by the user. The interrupt of the computer will run through the program 60 times a second, which means that the starting number or tone will increase or decrease 60 times in one second. Sound Duration To make this a little clearer, let me explain that four memory locations have been assigned in the ML program to activate the four speakers, and four others to control the duration of the sounds. Speaker To activate Duration 1st 846 858 2nd 847 888 3rd 848 918 4th 849 948 The number POKEd into locations 846-849 is the starting number which is stored in location 853 (dec); the initial value is 222, but this may be changed for the kind of sound you require. Loca- tions 858, 888, 918, and 948 control the duration of the sounds. The program will generate the sounds for the number of jiffies (the l/60th of a second interval used to measure time in Commo- dore machines) specified in these locations. For a demonstration, RUM the program and then type SYS828; this will trap the interrupt. It will also set the volume control (location 36878) to maximum. Now POKE 846,222. Location 858 contains 10 (dec), so the sound you heard v^'as for ten jiffies. What the program has done is store 222 in location 36874 (first speaker), incremented it by one every 60th of a second until ten jiffies elapsed, then stored 0 into the memory location to switch off the speaker. To change the duration of the sound to, say, 20 jiffies, POKE 858,20. Now POKE 846,222. The same method can be used for the other speakers. POKE 858,10. To change the starting number (i.e., to get a tone which starts higher or lower), simplv POKE into memory location 853. For example, POKE 853,240. Now POKE 846,240. ^fm YburVIC20 never had it so good! '^?^ s::::::^ • 20 owners rejoice! HES presents a com- plete range of software from our exciting series of games to our professional group of utitity and language programs. Our new cartridge programs include: HES MON. an indispensible monitor for assembty language programmers; HES WRITER, a vi^^^^e&sing program: Turtle Graphics, a fun and easy way to learn computer pro- gramming; and VIC FORTH, a powerful lan- guage that is many times faster than BASIC, yet easier to use than assembly language. HES is committed to offering high-quality, well-documented computer programs on a continual basis. Look for our cartridge and cassette based software at your locaf dealer. Human Engineered Software 71 Park Lane Brisbane, Catifornia 94005 Telephone 415-468-4110 VIC 20 IS • regislsf ed TM ol Commodore Explosion Simulation It is necessary to POKE the starting number into locations 846-849; any other number will give only silence. Try POKE 847,240 (second speaker); it gives a sound of increasing frequency lii<e the first. Now POKE 853,222:POKE 848,222. You notice this gives a sound that decreases in fre- quency. POKE 849,222 will simulate an explosion. By manipulating the durations and starting number, you can get almost any kind of sound from the first three speakers and explosions from the fourth. However, when you are changing the duration of the sounds, make sure it is not too long; e.g., if you POKE 853, 50: POKE 846,222 the program will store 222 in location 36874 and in- crement by one every jiffy for 50 jiffies. But in this case the contents of 36874 would increase to 255 and then cycle back to zero. You would hear a note for only 33 jiffies, since a number less than 128 in the sound generators of the VIC produces silence. When using this program, you cannot gener- ate sounds the normal way. To do so, you must first reset the interrupt vector by SYS996. This will also set the volume control to zero. To use the ML program, add the subroutine starting at line 8900 to your own BASIC program; and you can create sound effects using just one POKE, which would otherwise require a series of POKES. In a BASIC program with lines 8900-9240 added, you would first have a line like this in the main program to enter the ML into memory: 10 GOSUB 8900 : REM SOUND GENERATOR 10 PRINT" {CLEAR] " 20 PRINT" {03 DOWN} {08 RIGHT} {REV}V IC20{OFF}" 30 PRINT" {02 DOWN}{06 RIGHT}VIC SO UND" 800 GOSUB8900 9 00 END 8900 FORJ=828TO1019:R£ADF:POKEJ,F:NE XT 9000 DATA169,15,141,14,144,120,169,8 2 9010 DATA141,20,3,169,3,141,21,3 9020 DATA88,96,10,15,16,64,160,0 9 030 DATA16 2, 222, 173, 7 8, 3, 20 1,10, 17 6 9 040 DATA9, 238, 7 8, 3, 238, 10, 144, 7 6 9 050 DATAl 16, 3, 140, 10, 14 4, 2 36, 78, 3 9060 DATA208,6,140,78,3,142,10,144 9 070 DATA173,79,3,201,25,176,9,238 9 080 DATA79,3,238,11,144,76,146,3 9 090 DATAl 4 0,1 1,144, 236, 7 9, 3, 208, 6 9100 DATA140,79,3,142,11,144,17 3,8 0 9110 DATA3, 201, 16, 176, 9, 238, 80, 3 9120 DATA206,12,144,7 6,176,3,14 0,12 9130 DATA144,236,8 0,3,208,6,140,80 9140 9150 9.160 9170 9180 9190 9200 9210 VIC 20/PET/CBM OWNERS ROADTOAD *- Hop your load across 5 lanes of ualfic, avoid deadiv snakes, ar.fl dodge (he dreaded loadealflfs. Cross a raging river full o1 logs, lurl^as, alligators, and park your toad in the saiety of a harbor. Each time you park S loads, you entef a tougher level wtiere the action is lasler and the load- caters ate more numerous. RQADTQAO is written in machine language and uses high resolution graphics. The sound effecls are exceJIent and you can use a joystick or the Keyboard to control your toad- CASS/5(UVIC 20 $1 5,00 (CALIF RES ADD 6% SALES TAX] lAf ALLBAIUGcR - Blasi your way througli the dodge'm, blast'm, and a((ack motfes- II you destroy the bouncing balls delore they destroy you. the walls close in lor the next round. WALLBAI^GER is Mritten in machine languafle. has great sound, and encourages complex strategies CASS/5K/VIC 20/CBM B032 CASS/8K/40 COL 5CREEN/0LDNEW ROMS/FAT FORTY $1 5.00 , ^^^^ [CAUF RES ADD 6% SALES TAX] Write for FREE cataJog: NIBBLES G. BITS, INC. P.O. BOX eo'Ui ORCUTT, CA S3i^e6 VIC-20 OWNERS Expand your System with these Exclusive Factory Direct Products A. DATASPAN-2D • 5 slot-switch selectable (not an incon- venient DIP switch) allows control between computer mode and game mode • Fully buffered • Reset button • Auxiliary power supply lack • Fuse protection • Write protection on one slot DATASPANKIt SS4.9S OATASPAN Assembled S79.S C. RAMcharger • Turn your Coinmodore 6K cartridge into a lull 16K cartridge • Fult address switching capabilities • Sockets allow future EPROM substitulpon RAItflctivger Kit $29.% All assembled units have Digital Inlei^ace Systems Co. P.O. Box 8715 Portland, Oregon 97207 (503) 295-5890 B. RAM raider • Makes your 3K or "Superexpander carliidgeafulMK RAM • Recaptures your RAM for BASIC and moves it into Expansion memory (lower hall of Blocks 1.2. or 3) DAMraider Kit S24.95 flAMraider Assembleil S34JS D. BREEZE MACHINE • Extend the tile of yoyi computer with our V/hisper Quie! FAN • Plugsdirectly into your expansion port • Designed lo work with any VIC compatible cartridge or expansion board BREEZE IMACHINE Assembled $59.35 full 90-day limited guarantee. TERMS: Shipping and Handling $3.00 VISA/MASTERCAflD-Add 3°/o Most orders shipped within •18 hours (Personal checks — allow 2 weeks.) VICTIPOFTHENIONTH Tightly wrap R,F modulator and connectors with tin foil to help eliminate T.V interference ■VIC-20 is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines. M COMPUTll Januory.1983 Exterminator by Ken Grant First the bad news... this game is literally full of bugs. The good news? We guarantee hours of exciting enter- tainment trying to remove them. Some bugs you are likely to come up against are spiders, snails, fleas and centipedes in this rapidfire, 100% machine language, exceptional quali- ty game. Exterminator runs in stan- dard 5K VIC. '24.95 Antimatter Splatter! a more dastardly alien could scarcely be found than one who would wipe out an entire civilization by dropping anti- matter anti-canisters, right? If your opinion of this alien troublemaker is the same as ours, probably your first thought was, get some matter! We say calm down! All is not lost. A mobile rapid splatter cannon capable of both breaking through his standard alien moving force fields and laying waste lo the ever-increasing number of anti-canisters is even now hovering above us. If only our cannoneer hadn't called in sick. ..say, what are you doing today? Anti-Matter Splat- ter is 100% machine language and runs in standard 5K VIC. '24.95 3-D Man The exact maze from probably the most popular arcade game ever with perspective altered from overhead to eye level. The dots. ..the monsters. ..the power dots. ..the side exits. New on-screen radar. This game Is amazing, 3-D Man requires at least 3K memory expander but will run with any memory add-ons (8K, 16K, 24K, etc.) that we have come across. '19.95 Defender on Tri As pilot of the experimental Defender-style ship "Skyes Limited," you are the only hope for an advance party of scien- tists trapped in ancient alien sphere which suddenly (heat from collision course with sun presumably— G.E.) came to life. Four screens worth of unique defenses, on-off shields, fuel deposits, alien treasures, running timer, energy, score and very nice graphics display make Ihis one that does not quickly wax old. Defender on TRI requires at least 3K memory expander, but will run with any memory add-on (8K, 16K, 24K, etc.) we have come across. '19.95 • • SPECIAL • • Another NUFEKOP Big Deal to close this year out RIGHT! Weat NUFEKOP want to celebrate by giving you a gift. Our catalog. ..FREE. No, seriously, if you order both Antimatter Splatter and Exterminator, or three of the lesser-priced games, you may pick ONE FREE GAME from any of the above (except Exterminator.) Happy New Year!! nUFEKUP P.O. Box 156, Shady Cove, Oregon 97539-0156 C.O.D. Orders...call (503) 878-21 13 Mastercard and Visa cards accepted Ask for our new FREE catalog! Games will be on tape unless you request disk. Alien Panic Standard 5K VIC 20/combinalion slick & keyboard. This arcade-type game pits you against time and an alien on a six level construction sight with ladders and pitfalls, but not to worry! You have a shovel. '12.95 Krazy Kong The crazy gorilla has taken three fair maidens up to the top of the giant stairway. And you (the valiant hero) will attempt lo rescue them at the risk of your own life. Your timing must be totally accurate as you jump the barrels that Kong is rolling down at you. '12.95 Rescue From Nufon Adventure '12.95 Collide Crunch '12.95 Vikman Classic '1 2.95 Search Challenging '1 2.9S SPECIAL OFFER! With any order of Exterminator and Anti-Mat- ter Splatter •mb'W send you a FREE 17" X 22" poster like the one shown above. Also available separately tor $3.50. VIC is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc. Easy Apple Disk Space Messages Beirne L Konorski, Kent, OH As diskettes fill up, it is useful to know how much room is left on them. Two methods exist for find- ing this number. One is to get a calculator or pencil and paper and add the figures. This seems point- less, since the computer is supposed to do those tasks. The alternative is to run the FID program from the system master. This is a nuisance, though, because you often change diskettes. Since many people incorporate a CATALOG command into their greeting program, this would be the most useful place for a sector-counting subroutine. The DOS Mflnws/ contains two sections which help to solve this problem. The first is the RWTS (Read or Write a Track and Sector) machine language program (p. 94). The second is the listing of sector allocation (p. 129). The RWTS subroutine can be used to read the sectors containing the catalog and tally the amount of sectors used. The diskette directory is located in track $11. It contains 15 sectors of catalog information, each holding the names and sizes of seven programs. The program reads one sector at a time beginning with sector $F and places it into the memory range beginning at $2000. The sector is then checked before the next one is read from the disk. The seven program titles are checked for two things. The first is to see if the program is current. When a program is deleted, its catalog entry is not erased, but instead the first byte of the listing becomes $FF. If the program is current, then the bit containing the length is added to the running total. The Least Significant Byte of the total is stored in location $6074, or 24692. If there is a carry, it is placed in $6075. When all seven listings have been checked, the next sector is loaded, and the process continues until all fifteen sectors are read. The computer then returns to BASIC. The rest of the BASIC program PEEKs the two locations containing the sum of the sectors used. The Most Significant Byte is multiplied by 256 and added to the LSB. This total is displayed and then subtracted from 496 to give the figure for the space remaining. The program reads the DATA lines and enters the numbers beginning at $6000. It displays the CATALOG, then gives the results of the count. It can be substituted for your HELLO program, 56 COMPUTE! January, 1983 with your own personal touches like name and date placed before or after line 20, or after line 110. 10 D« = CHR* (4) 20 PRINT D*! " CATALOG " 30 FOR K = 24576 TO 24694 40 READ A 50 POKE K,A 60 NEXT 70 CALL 24576 BO X = PEEK < 24672) sY = PEEK < 24693) 90 Z = X + 256 » Y 100 PRINT i PRINT "SECTORS USEDi ";Z 110 PRINT "SECTORS REMAINING: ";496 - Z 120 END 130 DATA 169, 96, 160, 76, 32, 217, 3, 17 3, 11, 32 140 DATA 201, 255, 240, 3, 32, 99, 96, 23 8, 118, 96 150 DATA 173, 118, 96, 201, 7, 208, 2B, 1 69, 0, 141 160 DATA 118, 96, 169, 44, 141, 104, 96, 169, 11, 141 170 DATA 8, 96, 173, 2, 32, 201, 0, 240, 25, 141 IBO DATA Bl, 96, 76, 0, 96, 173, 104, 96, 105, 35 190 DATA 141, 104, 96, 173, 8, 96, 105, 3 5, 141, a 200 DATA 96, 76, 7, 96, 96, 0, 1, 96, 1, 0 210 DATA 17, 15, 94, 96, 0, 32, O, O, 1, 0 220 DATA 0, 96, 1, 0, 0, 1, 239, 216, 0, 24 230 DATA 173, 116, 96, 109, 44, 32, 141, 116, 96, 144 240 DATA 3, 238, 117, 96, 96, 0, 0, 0, 0 Use the handy reader service cards in the back of the magazine for information on products advertised in COMPUTE! [ "^yl <ri iing like it before. Nothing else like it now! !i*^3SU«ij< , /e-'J-'.* -lii;^" >4Ei;''^*'1 m : . . brings you c&immm» Hi-Res actifJOamBtion in every adven- turous momeni! And, real running, leaping, crawling. Real fighting, ■ — — shooting, stabbing, dynamiting. Real wounding, poisoning, killing. Real action, excitement, mystery! AH in a real-time ctiallenging adventure that's the wave of the future! "'^Stevenson's graphic genius, first displayed in his It selling "Swashbuckler" sword fighting game, -. uutdoes itself in AZTEC. You're inside an ancient - Aztec pyramid searching for the golden idol. -.. Descend deep into the heart of the temple- ts meet cobras, scorpions, giant lizards, hostile Aztec guardians and more. Watch for liidden trapdoors and strange death- ly -Be ready to fight, or run, crawl or to-nossible safety. The menace is Jtionsand strategy are yours. ,. .„„ .J never seen an adventure like [ Aztec! You'll never tire of its amazing •n-animation.and exciting challenge. .^ S39.95 for the Apple M " At your ^ computer store or: wy 'Aa fc-^^? :f'c^^>i i*^ •' ^.^ ^ ^-<*-«^_. "r- f **.J.U-'.k'ii.^'-j>i4. 97-18 Cozycrofi Ave., Chatswor ■'^, , iiht^ rOO shipping- >iits add fi'./".!! y Juggler Doug Ferguson, Elido, OH For Atari ami VIC (with or witlwiit e.xpamion), this game will challenge anyone's dexterity. If you can score 50 with two balls or 500 with three, there is an extra surprise. "Juggler" is a fast-action game I wrote in Sep- tember 1981 when the idea of programming BASIC was very new to me. It has undergone countless revisions since then, but the main loop (lines 860- 970) remains what it was the first night I strug- gled . The purpose of Juggler is to use the joystick to control the arms of a cartoon juggler in his at- tempt to keep two or three balls in the air. The juggler's hands move in tandem and can be positioned to catch the three colored balls {inside, middle, and outside). Since this game is not for the timid, it requires a joystick because only game addicts know how to work them. The balls are as random as I could make them and, contrary to the opinion of novice players, cannot land at the catching stage at the same time. The most important playing strategy is to make sure you hear the ball being caught before you move the hand toward another catch. The game can be slowed down merely by adding a few extra GOSUB 150 statements in the main loop, prefer- ably at lines 860, 900, and 940. The game will run on either the unexpanded or expanded VIC-20. 1 would rather not explain how it all works, mainly because it often follows inconsistent logic and layout. One technical foot- note for those curious enough to investigate the program: instead of using zeros as values, I used a period (as in Y = .) because I read somewhere that this is faster and still zeros out the variable. To start a game, push the joystick up or left for the three-ball or two-ball games, respectively. To repeat the same game, press the fire-button, or move the stick to change games. If you want to quit, hit Q. 58 COMPUTtI Janui3fv.1983 Program 1: VIC-20 Version 100 POKE36879,75:X=RND(-TI) :Y=2:G0T 0670 110 POKEV,15:POKEV-2,N:FORT=1TO10:N EXT:POKEV-2,0 120 0=0+l+ABS(C) *9 130 PRINTTAB(7) " {WHTlSCORE "0"{HOME HOME} "; : RETURN 140 DEFFNJ{X)-~( (PEEK(37151)ANDX)=. ) : RETURN 150 IFFNJ (16)ANDU=1THEMGOSUB360 160 IFFNJ (16)ANDU=2THENGOSUB420 170 POKEG+2,127:Q=PEEK(G) :POKEG+2,2 55 180 IFQ=119ANDU=1THENGOSUB480 190 IFQ=119ANDU=.THENGOSUB420 200 RETURN 210 IFPEEK (H) <64THEN330 220 RETURN 230 IFPEEK (H+2) <64THEN340 240 RETURN 250 IFPEEK(H+4)<64THEN350 260 RETURN 270 IFPEEK (H+16X64THEN330 280 RETURN 290 IFPEEK (H+14) <64THEN340 300 RETURN 310 IFPEEK(H+12)<64THEN350 320 RETURN 330 POKEJ%(K-A) ,32:D=K-1:GOSUB630:G OTO540 340 POKEU% (L-B) ,32:D=L:GOTO540 350 POKEG% (M-C) , 32 : D=M+1 :GOSUB640 :G OTO540 360 POKEH+2,32:POKEH+3,32:POKEH-1,7 4:POKEH,64:POKEH+l,7 5 3 70 POKEH+4,32:POKEH+5,32:POKEH+24, 32:P0KEH+23,77:P0KEH+25,32 SUNDAY DRIVER gives you four scenarios to choose from. You must beat the clock as you drive along while avoiding pedestrians, other cars, and obstacles. In other versions it's winter and you're on ice-slicked roads. In game three it's nighttime (don't hit the ghosts). If this sounds too easy try the 007 option — it's you against them on twisty roads. SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: Software P.O. Box 23 Worcester, MA 01603 MasterCard and VISA accepted (617)892-3488 16K cassette or disk $29.95. Dealer inquines invited. 1982 A.N.A.L.O.G. Software ATARI® is a trademark of AtARI, Inc. 38 0 POKEH+14,32:POKEH+15,32:POKEH+1 l,74:POKEH+12,64:POKEH+13, 75 390 POKEH+16,32:POKEH+17,32;POKEH+3 7,32:POKEH+35,77:POKEH+36, 32 4 00 POKEH+187,77:POKEH+188,78:POKEH + 209, 32 :P0KEH+18 1,103: POKE H+203,122:POKEH+180,32:U=. 410 RETURN 420 POKEH+l,74:P0KEH+2,64 :POKEH+3,7 5:POKEH,32:POKEH-l,32 4 30 POKEH+4,32:POKEH+5,32:POKEH+25, 32:POKEH+2 3,32:POKEH+24,7 2 44 0 POKEH+13,7 4:POKEH+14,64:POKEH+l 5,75:POKEH+12,32:POKEH+ll, 32 4 50 POKEH+16,32:POKEH+17,32:POKEH+3 7,32:POKEH+35,32:POKEH+36, 72 4 60 POKEH+181,103:POKEH+203,122:POK EH+18 7,101:POKEH+209,76:PO KEH+188,32:POKEH+180,32:U= 1 470 RETURN A fumbled ball crashes in "juggler," VlC-20 version. 480 POKEH+3,7 4:POKEH+4,64:POKEH+5,7 5:POKEH+2,32:POKEH+l,32 4 90 POKEH,32:POKEH-l,32:POKEH+25,78 :POKEH+23,32:POKEH+24,32 500 POKEH+15,74:POKEH+16,64:POKEH+l 7,75:POKEH+14,32:POKEH+13, 32 510 POKEH+12,32:POKEH+ll,32:POKEH+3 7,7B:POKEH+35,32:POKEH+36, 32 5 20 POKEH+181,7 8:POKEH+180,77:POKEH +203,32:POKEH+187,101:POKE H+209,76:POKEH+188,32:U=2 5 30 RETURN 540 GOSUB650:PRINTTABCD} "{21 DOWN} { WHT}CRASH{HOME}"; :P0KEV-1, N:POKE79 54-SC,15:POKEH-36, 34 5 50 FORT=15TO0STEP-1:POKEV,T:POKEV+ 1 ,PEEK (V+1)AND2480RT 560 FORW=1TG100:NEXT:NEXT:POKEV-1, . :POKE36879,75 5 70 PRINTTAB(7) "{YEL} {02 DOWN}GAME ~ OVER{DOWN} ":POKEH-14,64:GO TO590 580 PRINT" {BLK}T{YEL} 3 BALLS DOWN} ":PRINT" {BLK}«- YEL} 2 BALLS{D0WN}":PRINT" PRESS {REV}Q{0FF} to Q UIT":GOSUB140 590 GETA$:IFA$="Q"THENSYS65234 595 IFFNJ (32}ANDY<>2THENRESTORE:E=0 :O=0:GOTO710 600 IFFNJ (16)THENCLR:Y=1:GOTO700 610 IFFNJ {4}THENCLR:GQTO700 620 GOTO590 630 FORT=38884TOT+6 :P0KET-C0,7 :NEXT : FORT=38900TOT+6:POKET-CO, 7:NEXT:RETURN 640 FORT=3888 4TOT+6:POKET-CO,6:NEXT : FORT=38899TOT+6 :POKET-CO, 6:NEXT:RETURN 6 50 FORT=8165+DTOT+2:POKET-SC,123:N EXT 660 RETURN 670 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN} {YEL}V IC JUGGLER{WHT} " 680 PRINT"{03 DOWN} {03 RIGHT}USE JO YSTICK ONLY{04 DOWN}" 690 PRINT" {YEL} {04 RIGHT}CHOOSE GAM E{DOWN}":GOTO580 7 00 V=36878:H=7968:G=37152:DIMJ%{18 ) ,U%(16) ,G%(13) 710 PRINT" {CLEAR}"; : IFPEEK (36869 ) =1 9 2THENSC=3 584:CO=512 720 H=7968-SC:GOSUB140 7 30 FORX=8015TO8025:POKEX-SC,64:NEX T:POKEX-6-SC,104 7 40 POKEH-37,93:POKEH-3 5,93: POKE H+7 :POKEH+118,102 7 50 POKEH-15,93:POKEH-13,9 3:POKEH-5 9,85:POKEH-57,73 7 60 POKEH-36,114:POKEH-14,8 2:POKEH+ 8 ,114:POKEH-58,64:P0KEH+74 ,102 7 70 P0KEH+139,78:P0KEH+141,77:P0KEH + 150,78 :P0KEH+164,77:P0KEH +96,102 780 GOSUB360 790 F0RK=2T016:READJ%(K) :J%(K)=J%(K ) -SC:P0KEJ% (K)+30720+SC-CO 60 OWWWIB jQr,uory.1983 DRKAMIiVG or is it real? ^ Lost in a maze of haunted chambers . . pursued by fearsome creatures YOU*R£ TRAPP^pt^^ OLD seek the key to your escape ... reach the Iron Door. Pay no attention to the footstcfi^jiehind ^it's not the psychopatlkJ^iller! ^ Concentrate— THINK! Fkid Your Mind*s Eye hidden in the Death TunneL WHERE IS IT? ^^^ . THE NIGHTMAJRE, designed by Marc RusseU Beniof^^^?^ Offers... Ce&^Z • Both Puzzle-Solving & Role-Playmg Intrigue! • Superb Graphics, Sound 81 Color Animation! • Hours of Challenging Horror! Requires... --»■ • ATARI 4001800 81 One Disk Drive • One Player 81 Joystick ControUer ' ^^ Comes with.... • Game Prog ram & Complete Instrx • BPYX30IFOKEVERWABRANTY'\ es^^JK, Now Available At Your Favorite Deale For the name of your nearest EPYX "THENIGHTMAREjJ EPYX/Automated Simula 1043 Kiel Court, Sunni '' coMPtrref? gam€S EPYX Temple of Apshai was the very first computer game ever to win the Hobby industiy award for excellence. EPYX pledges you that same excellence in every game you purchase from us . . . the VERY BEST in entertainment! EPYX 30/FOREVER WARRANTY *Our 30-day Unconditional Guarantee: If your EPYX Game has any defect whatsoever within 30 days of purchase, return it to us or your dealer and we will replace it free . *Our Forever Warranty: If anything happens to your disk at any time after 30 days, for any reason. Just send it back with 85,00 for shipping, and we will send you a replacement . *AUaa 400I800 is a trademark of ATARI , IfiC . ,7:NEXT 800 FORK=2T014:READU% (K) : U% (K)=U% (K ) -SC:NEXT 810 F0RK=2T012:READG% (K) :G% (K) =G% (K )-SC:POKEG% (K) +30720+SC-CO ,6:NEXT 820 K=INT(RND(1)*8)+2:A=1 830 L=INT(RND(1) *7)+2:B=l 840 IFY=0THENM=INTCRND{1) *6)+2:C=l 8 50 IFO>49+4 50*ABS(C)THENE=1:Y=. 860 GOSUB150 870 N=220:IFK=17THENGOSUB270:A=-1:G OSUB110:K=15-E 880 IFK=1THENGOSUB210:A=1:GOSUB110: K = 3+E 8 90 POKEJ%{K-A) ,32:POKEJ%{K) ,81:K=K +A 900 GOSUB150 910 IFL=15THENGOSUB290:B=-1:GOSUB11 0:L=13-E 9 20 IFL=1THENGOSUB2 30:B=1:GOSUB110: L = 3+E 9 30 POKEU%(L-B) ,32:POKEU%(L) ,81:L=L + B 940 GOSUB150 9 50 IFM=13THENGOSUB310:C=-1:GOSUB11 0:M=11-E 9 60 IFM=1THENGOSUB2 50:C=1:GOSUB110: M=3 + E 970 POKEG% (M-C) ,32:POKEG% (M) ,81:M=M +C:IFE=.THEN850 980 POKEJ% (K-3*A) ,32:POKEJ% (K-2*A) , 81 990 P0KEU%{L-3*B) , 32 : POKEU% {L-2*B) , 81 1010 POKEG% CM-3*C) ,32:POKEG% (M-2*C) , 81:GOTO860 1020 DATA 7946,7902,7858,7815,7772,7 7 30,7710,7712,7714,7738,77 84,7829,7874,7918,7962 1030 DATA79 48, 79 04, 7860, 7817, 777 4, 7 7 5 4,77 56,7758,778 2,7827,7 87 2,7916,7960 1040 DATA79 50, 7 9 06, 78 62, 7819, 7798, 77 7 8,7 8 02,7825,7870,7914,795 8, Program 2: Atari Version lOO REM 1 10 GRAPHICS IS 120 GOSUB t60:GRAPHICS 19:P0KE 756, CH SET/256: SETCOLOR 1 , 1 2 , 6: SETCDLOR 3, 4,8: SETCOLOR 2,0, lO 130 SCR=PEEK <B8> +256*PEEK (89) #6; " '. " # 6 ; " < { [I> t lU < f!> > " #6; " <:C] " *6:" t V." ISO BALLS = 2:DI« B ALL* ( 3 ) : &ALLS= "G {[?> t6J": POSITION 6,0:? #6;M* 190 GOSUB 320:P0SITlaN I,l5? «6;"ErEaa 140 POSITION 7.6 150 POSITION 7,7 160 POSITION 7.3 170 POSITION 7,9 ?O0 ?io 120 J30 ?40 E: " ; BALLS POSITION lO, 1 : ? F PRACTICE THEN 6; "HmEEH^" K=PEEK (53279) : IF K=7 THEN IF PEEK (53279) =K THEN 220 IF K=5 THEN B ALLS= 5-B ALLS IF K = 3 THEN PR ACT I CE= 1 -PR ACT I CE #6; " ta SPACES] POSITION 10,1: :io Atari Notes Use your joystick to move the Juggler's arms to any of three positions (far left, center, or far right) to catch and (deflect the balls. You can select a game with either two balls or three balls by pressing SELECT when the game is RUN. If you press OPTION, you can play a "practice" game. In a practice game, you cannot make any points, but you can't lose, either. It's a gootj way to learn how to play without becoming frustrated. A successful catch is greeted with a "bleep," but a miss gets you a raspberry. If you're not playing a practice game, it's all over when you miss a ball. The rest come tumbling down! A note on strategy: let go of the joystick after each move. This will return the Juggler to the center position, where it is easiest to quickly react. 250 IF K<>6 THEN 190 260 POSITION 1,1:? #6; "{9 SPACES:" 270 GOSUB 1190 280 REM ■;[:%.<; ■^•M::* 290 GOSUB 320:eOSUB 320 3O0 GOSUB 440: GOSUB 320 310 GOTO 290 320 REM ■=faij=ai:l:lZH:S 330 IF PEEK (53279) =6 THEN RUN 340 P0S=2- (l-PTRIB(O) )+ (1-PTRI6 ( 1 > ) 350 ON POS GOSUB 370,390,410 360 RETURN 370 POSITION 6.7:? *6 s " < {[I><il> CE)' > :POKE 77,0 380 POSITION 8,9:? «6;"4 +":RETURN 390 POSITION 6,7:? #6;" < { C: <: tE> 1 03 > " 400 POSITION 8,9;? #6: "4 "/"jRETURN 4 10 POSITION 6,7:? #6;" < <:E! f D> t CJ > " : POKE 77, 0 4 20 POSITION B.9:? »»6;"« 7.":RETURN 430 REM mzi.vi.m-.r'.}mmm 440 INDEX=(INDEX+l)t( INDEX < BALLS- 1 ) 4 50 BPOS=BPOS ( INDEX) 460 WHICH=WH1CH( INDEX) ; BDI R=BD I R ( I NDE X) :BIN=BIN( INDEX) 470 POKE BPOS.O 480 BPOS=BPOS+PB( WHICH, BIN) *BDIR 490 POKE BROS, ASC (BALLS.( INDEX + 1 ) ) 500 BIN=BIN+BDIR: IF BIN=0 OR BIN>PB(W HICH,0) THEN 530 62 COMPUIE Jonuatv.1983 Fbr the Atari 400/800 Home Computer ^^^^ggl^ 'ou are Sentinel 1, the latest in highly maneuverable strike aircraft, and you have a mission, to protect the metropolis, but the alien attack will stop at nothing to destroy your very last lines . of defense. Your senses are tuned for battle and the ^ '^^^ attack begins. ^JH^^^^^g ^" — - - Aliens will block your path, destroy your ship, deplete your fuel and sacrifice their lives to stopyour < mission. You must destroy the aliens with your rapid fire lasers before they home in and destroy you. There is no escape — you must destroy them all for they will stop at nothing. S S<5s*\ -fr fTT ' y 1007(1 machine language y 1 or 2 player option f.-vii y joy stick controls •. y' y lateral scrolling screen •/superb graphics y extensive color y finest sound utilization yavailable in 16K tape $29.95 U.S. funds y 24K disc S54.95 U.S. funds ycall your local dealer for more information SOFTWARE :,^;>^:>-fVl Inhome Software Incorporated 2485 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5L ITl. (416) 828-0775. Atari is o registered trode mofk of Atari Inc Made in Conodo 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 &30 640 650 660 BIN CINDEX)=BIN BROS ( INDEX >=BPOS: RE REM ■H:h-W--Ijairr;l'j-C P=PEEK (BPaS+20) : IF O THEN 580 FOR W=14 TO O STEP 10,W: SOUND 1 , 60, 10. IF NOT PRftCTICE TH +1+9* (BALLS=3) : POSI RS <SCDRE) ) /2, 1 : ? #6 POKE BROS, 0: BDIR ( IN EX)jBDSUB 1260:RETU SOUND O, lOO, 12, 8: FO XT WjSOUND 0,0,0,0: EN 570 FOR 1=1 TO 10:F0R J POKE BPDS ( J) , ASC (BA BPOS ( J ) =BPOS ( J ) +20- O, I*BALLS+J, 12, lO-I POSITION 9,6:7 #6;" POSITION 5,0:? #6;" IF PEEK (53279) <>6 T RUN REM mn:h**t-Am*-:i:Ti**.y. TURN _ _ 1^^ 4=lri^ ■! hyj P028 AND P<>3 -2:S0UND 0,50, WrNEXT U EN 3C0RE=SCORE TIDN 10-LEN(ST ; SCORE;" " DEX)=-BDIR ( IND RN R W=l TO 50:NE IF PRACTICE TH =0 TO BftLLS"l LL* (J+l ) ) BDIR tj) :SOUND :NEXT J:NEXT I DresE. i=»»:lr«i-- HEN 64 0 iPOKE CHSET+I,PEE O, I , 10,8: POKE 53 • JiU 99le r ^ Reaching li'ith nii oulstretclied arm in the Atari version of "jiiggier." 670 GRAPHICS 2+16:DIH M*(10) 680 M*=" JmrgBEr " 690 FOR 1=1 TO LEN <M4) : A=ASC (M« ( I ) ) : P OKE 712, INT (A/16) «16+14 700 FOR J=l TO IIjCOLDR 32:PL0T I+J-1 ,J-::COLOR AiPLOT I+J,J;SOUND 0,J +I«10, 10,8: NEXT J:CDLDR 32:PL0T I +J-I . J-1 710 FOR J=10 TO 6 STEP -IsCDLDR 32:PL OT I+J/2+3. 5, J+1 ;COLOR A:PLOT 1+3 +J/2,J:S0UND 0, J+I t lO, 10, 8: NEXT J 720 NEXT I 730 FOR 1=0 TO 240 STEP lO:P0KE 712, O 740 A=PEEK (70B> : POKE 708 , PEEK ( 709 ): PO KE 709, PEEK (710) : POKE 710,PEEK(71 1 ). : POKE 711, A 750 POKE 71 1 , PEEK (53770) : POKE 53279,0 760 SOUND O, I , 10. 4: SOUND 1,1+10,10,4: NEXT I 770 SOUND O, 0,0,0: SOUND 1,0,0,0 780 GRAPHICS 2 + 1 6 : POSI T ION 7,6:? »6;ri * 790 CHSET= (PEEK ( 106) -8) *256: FOR I=0 T O 7:P0KE CHSET+I ,0;NEXT I 800 RESTORE 840: IF PEEK « CHSET+S ) =60 T HEN 1030 810 FOR 1=128 TO 207; K (57344+1 ) : SOUND 274, I : NEXT I 820 FOR 1=1 TO 14:READ A,B:FOR J=0 TO 7; POKE CHSET+A«8+J , PEEK ( 57344 +Bt B+J): SOUND O . A . 1 0 , B : SOUND 1,B,10, B 830 POKE 53274, A:NEXT J:NEXT I:SOUND O, O, O, O: SOUND 1,0, 0,0 840 DATA 34,34,33,97,44,108,51,115,26 , 26, 42, 4 2,53, 1 17, 39, 103, 37, 1 0 1 , 50 , 1 14, 48, 48, 35, 99, 52, 116,41, 105 B50 READ A: IF A=-i THEN SOUND 0,0,0,0 :GOTO 10 30 B60 FOR J=0 TO 7: READ B:POKE CHSET+A* 8+J,B:S0UND O, B, 10, BsPOKE 53274, B :NEXT J GOTO 850 1,60, 126, 219, 2 55, 189, 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 9SO 960 970 9 80 990 lOOO 1010 1020 1030 1O40 1050 1060 1070 lOBO 10 90 1 100 1 1 lO 1 120 1 130 1 140 1 ISO 1 160 1 170 1 180 1 190 1200 1210 1220 1230 124 0 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 DATA , 60 DATA , 126 DATA 195 DATA DATA DATA 60 DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA 195, 126 2,24, 102, 165, 219, 231, 126, 122 3, O, 126, 126, 126, 126,231 , 195, 4,3,6, 12,24, 16, 112,0,0 5, 192, 96, 48,24,8, 14,0, O 6,60,90,219,255,231,231, 126, 7,0, O.O, 24, 24,0, 0,0 8,0,0,0,0, 63, 224, O, O 9,0,0,0,0, 252, 7, O, O 1 O , 1,67,166,28,0,0,0,0 11 , 128, 194, ioi , 56, 0,0, O, O 28, 128, I30,68, 60, 7,0, 0,0 30, I , 33, 18, 60, 224, O, 0,0 16, 24,28, 30, 30,2 8,24, 16 ,19,19, ,-1,19, , -1 , 19, 19, 19, !0,0,-9 , J >=A: -1 ■1 DATA 127, DATA -1 REM ■:i|.1-|-^ifc<:h*rf:T»*-^;fc*J.V REM Read in parabolas DIM PB (4, IS) : RESTORE 1060 DATA 0,-19,-20,-21,-21,-1, 20,20,0,-99 DATA 0,-20,-21,-21,-21,-1. 20, 21 ,21 ,0, -99 DATA 0,-19,-20,-21,-21 19,20,21,0, -99 DATA 0,-19,-20.-20,-21, 19,20,0,-99 DATA 0,-20,-21,-21.19,19,: 9 FOR I=0 TO 4 FOR J=l TO 15 READ A: IF AO-99 THEN PB ( I NEXT J PB ( I , O) ^J-1 NEXT 1 DIM BROS (2) , BPEEK <2) , WHICH (2) DIM BDIR (2) , BIN (2) : RETURN REM FifTr* it if :T* »^ ^ ^I:T Ka FOR 1=0 TO 2: WHICH (I )=-l :NEXT I FOR I=0 TO BALLS-1 BDIR< I>=-i+2* (RND ( 1 ) >0. 5) INDEX=I : GOSUB 1 260 NEXT I RETURN REM »<?>** J=T**4^.]:i:^;T:T« WHICH=INT (5«RND (0> ) : WH 1 CH ( I NDE X ) = -1 BROS (INDEX ) =SCR+13 0+INT (3*RND<0) > -4* (BDIR ( INDEX) =-1 ) FOR J=0 TO BALLS-1 IF WHICH (J>=WHICH THEN J=BALLS:N EXT J:GOT0 1260 NEXT J: WHICH( INDEX) t=WHICH BIN<INDEX)=1+(PB(WHICH,0>-1)*(BD TR ( INDEX>=-1 ) RETURN 64 COMWIB Jonoaiy,1<Pa3- ...and so there were l«eys for1heAtari400. S&w;: -VW' :x^VL ftS^ ?^???^*iiri ?J^ "■^vSK iSfi^V* ?;?S'te" 'MU' NT .n the beginning there was the membrane keyboard. So it was to be done that Inhomc Software would create a full-stroke keyboard for the Atari 400 Home Qjmputcr and it would be called the B Key 400, and would sell for $ 1 1 9.95 U.S. funds. The new B Key 400 was made so easy to install that the owner could do it himself in a miraculous two minutes. With the B Key 400 keyboard from Inhome Software, you will follow into the land of professional home computers that arc powerful, easy to program and have a great capacity that can be made even greater with Inhomc Software 48K and 32K memory boards. It was done and it was good. INHOME ^ SOFTWARE Inhomc Software Incofporated, 2485 Dunwin Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5L ITl. (416) 828-0775. Made in Canada. ATARI rs a legislorcd iradernark of ATARI. USA $85 $65 KM MM Pascii for PET/CBM A subset o( standan) Pascal with extensions. - Mactiine language Pascal Source Editor with cureor oriented window mode - MacNne Language P-Code Compiler - P-Code to machine language translatof fof optimiied object code - Run-time package - Floating point capatiility - Usef manual and sample progfams Reguires 32K Please specify configuration. EARL for PET (disk file base^ EdUr, AttMUir, Rtlmtir. Uikir Generates retaatable object code using MOS Technology mnemonics. Disk file input lean edit files largef ifian menxxy). Links .multiple object programs as one memory load. Listing output lo screen of printer. Enhanced editor operates in txMh command mode and cursor oriented "window" mode RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 4K or 8K bytes, of soft ROM with optional t>attery backup. flAM/ROM is compatitjie wjth any large keytjoard machine Plugs into one of the ROM sockets atxwe screen memory to give you switch selected write proteciatiJe RAM. tise RAM/ROM as a software development tool to store data or machine code tieyond the nonnal BASIC range. Use RAM/ROM TO LOAD A ROM image where you have possitile conflicts with more than one ROM requiring the same socket- Possible applications inclixie machine language sort (such as SUPERSORT), unrversal wedge. Extramoa etc. RAM/ROM - 4K $75 RAM/ROM -■ 8K 90 Battery Backup Option 20 SU BSORT by James Strasma $35 Subsort is an excellent general purpose machine language sort routine for PET/CBM computers. Sorts both one and two (jimensioned arays at lightning speed in either ascending of descending order. Othsr fields can be subsorled when a match IS found, and fields need not be in any special ofder. Sort arrays may be Specified by name, and fields are random length Allows sorting by bit to provide 8 categories per byte. The routine works with all PET BASICS, adjusts to any memory size, and can co-exisi with other programs in high memory. SuperGraphics 2.0 NEW Version with TURTLE GRAPHICS SuperGraphics, by John Fluharty, provides a 4k machine language extension which adds 35 full featured commands to Commodore BASIC to allow fast and easy plotting and manipulation of graphics on the PET/CBM video display, as well as SOUND Commands Animations which previously were too slow or impossible without machine language subroutines now can be programmed directly in BASIC Move blocks (or rockelships, etc ).or entire areas of the screen with a single, easy to use BASIC command Scroll any portion ol the screen up, down, left, or right. Turn on or off any of the 4000 (8000 on 8032) screen pixels with a single BASIC command In high resolution mode, draw verticaf horizontal, and diagonal lines. Draw a box. fill a box. and move it around on the screen with easy to use BASIC commands Plot curves using either rectangular of polar co-ofdinales (great (or Algebra Geometfy and Trig classes ) The SOtJN D commands allow you to initiate a note or series of notes (Of even several songs) from BASIC, and then play them in the background mode without interfering with your BASIC program This allows your program tp run at full speed with simultaneous graphics and music. Seven new TURTLE commands open up a whole new dimension in graphics. Place the TURTLE anywhere on the screen, set his DIRECTION, lum him LEFT or RIGHT, move hm FORWARD, raise or lower his plotting pen. even flip the pen over to erase. Turtle commands use angles measured in degrees, not radtans, so even elementary school children can create fantastic graphic displays. Specify machine model (and size), ROM type (BASIC 3 or 4) SupefGraptiics in ROM S45 Volume discounts available on ROM version for schools. NEW VERSION II fir rn/tll Ci^ftm FLEX-FI LE is a set of flexible, friendly programs to allow you to set up and maintain a data base. Includes versatile Report Writer and Mail Label routines, and documentation for pro- grammers to use Data Base routine as part oi other pro- grama RANHOH Jti:CE3S OATJI lASE Record size limit is 256 characters The number of records per disk is limited only by record size and free space on the disk. File maintenance lets you step forward or bacfcward through a file, add, delete, or change a record, go to a numbered record, or find a record by specified held (or partial Held), Field lengths may vary to allow maximum information packing Both sub- totals and sorting may be nested up to 5 fields deep Any field may be specified as a key. Sequential file input and output as well as file output In WordPro and Paper Mate format is suppor- ted Record size, fields per record, and order of fields may be changed easily MAIUKG USELS Typical mail records may be packed 3000 per disk on 8050 (1 400 on 4040). Labels may be printed any number wide, and may begin in any column position. Tliere ts no limit on the num- ber or order of fields on a label and complete record selectjon via type code or field condition is supported REf>OflT WHITEH Flexible pnnling format, including field placenenL decimal justilication and rounding Define any column as a series of math or trig functions performed on other columns, and pass results such as running total from row lo row. Totafs, nested subtotals, and averages supported. Complete record selectkia including field within range, pattern match and kigical func- tions can be specified, FLEX-FILE II by Michael Riley $110 Please specify equipment configuration when ordering Di^Kiiii; lirteniiire Cm Uatt by LC Cirfile COMPLETE DISK RECOVEHY SYSTEM FOfl CBM DRIVES - edit disk blocks with ease • duplicate disks, skipping over bad blocks - complete diagnostic facilities - un-scratch scratched files - check and correct scrambled hies - recover improperly closed files • extensive treatment of relative (lies - optional output to IEEE488 printer - comprehensive user manual (an excellent tutorial on disk operation and theory!. Furnished on cooy-prolecled disk with manual Backup disk available. St 0 additional. $40 PROGRAM YOUR OWN EPROMS $75 Branding Iron EPROK^ Programmer for PET/CBM software for all ROM versions Includes ali liardware and software to pro- gram Of copy 271 6 and 2532 EPROMs raRTMAKER bUALliS23^^^ ~ SERIAL PORT $63 Two ports with full bipolar RS232 buffering. Baud rates from 300 to 4800. For PET/CBM, AIM, SYM, CBM Softtnre TCL Pascal Version 1.6 Petspeed BASIC Compiler Integer BASIC Compiler CMAR Record Handler UCSD Pascal (without board) Wordcraft 80 BPI Accounting Modules Professional Tax Prep Sys. Intelligent Terminal Emulator ASERT Data Base Personal Tax Cat Dow Jones Portfolio Mgmt. Assembler Devekipment Legal Time Accounting 135 225 110 110 135 300 300 600 25 375 55 110 80 445 FORTH for PET BY L C. Cargile and Michael Riley $50 Features include: full FIG FORTH model. aJ( FORTH 79 STANDARD extensions, stnjctured 6502 Assembler with nested tiecision making macros. full screen editing (same as when programming in BASIC), auto repeat key, sample programs, standard size screens (IB lines by 64 characters). 1 50 screens per diskette on 4040, 480 screens on 8050. ability to read and write BASIC sequential files. introductory manual, reference manual. Runs on any f6K or 32K PET'CBM (including 8032) with ROM 3 or4, and CBM liisk drive. Please specify configuration when ordering, Mebcsm^ler far FORTH {30 simple metacompiler for creating compacted object code which can be executed independently (without the FORTH system!. PaperMate 60 COMMANO WOflD PROCESSOR by Michael Rrley Paper-Mate is a full- featured word processor lor CBM/PET by l/ichaef Ritey Paper-Mate incorporates 60 commands to give you full screen editing with graphics for all 16K or 32K machines (including 8032), all pnnters, and disk or tape drives. Many additional features are available (including most capa- bilities of Professional Software's WordPro 3| For writing texL Paper-Male has a definable keyboard so you can use with either Business or Graphics machines. Shift lock on ietlers only, or use keyboard shift lock. All keys repeal Paper-Mate text editing includes ftoating cursor, scroll up or down, page forward or back, and repeating insert and delete keys Text block handling induces transler. delete, append, save loail and insert. All formatting commands are imbedded in text for complete coofrot Commands include margin controf sni release^ cdumn adiusL 9 tall settingSi variable line spacing. |ushfy text center text, and auto print form letter (variable block) Files can be linked so that one command prints an entire manuscript Auto page, page headers, page numbers, pause at end of page, and hyphenation pauses are included Unlike most word processors, CBM graphics as well as text can be used. Papet-Male can send any ASCII code over any secondary address to any printer Paper-Mate functkjns with all CBM/PET machines with at least 16K, with any type of printer, and with either cassette or disk. To order Paper-M ate. please specify machine and ROM type Paper- Mate (disk or (ape) for PET CBM. VIC. C64 $40 SM-KIT tor PET/CBM $40 Enhanced ROM based utilities for BASIC 4, Includes both pro- gramming aids and disk handling commands. BASIC INTERPRETER lor CBM 8096 tZOO A full interpreter implementation to automatically take advan- tage ol the extra memory availaDle with 8096, PEDISK II SyslBDis Irom cgrs Mlcratecli iinilible, FILEX IBM_3T41/2 Diti ExcltttigeSDltWirt mllltile. JINSAM Bib Bite Mmigtmeit System lir CBM, Comprehensive version available for most configuratkms, COPT-WRITER WonI Proutur for PET/CBM. V 59 Works like expensive word processors. pKis has added fea- tures like double column printing and shorthand generate, CASH MANAEEMENT- SYSTEM $4S Easy lo use disk system. Keeps i rack of cash disbursements, cash receipts, cash transfers, expenses (or up to 50 cate- I gories 252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar. PA 18915 215-822-7727 A B Computers WRITE FOR CATALOG Add S 1 ,25 per (xder for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discount basis Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subiect to change. WE STOCK EAGLE COMPUTERS ODmPUTER ffi) USI Wilefl Monitors— Green Of AMBER 20 MHz hf-res Deals and OEM inquiries invited _ _ SPEcim on IHTHEGATEO CIBCUITS 6502 7'!5 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/6,15 6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90 6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/415 6522 VIA 6.4S 10/6,10 50/5,75 100/5.45 6532 7.90 10/7.40 50/7,00 100/6.60 2114-L200 2.45 25/2.30 100/2.15 2716EPR0M 4.90 5/4,50 10/4.00 2532EPR0M 8.90 5/8.45 10/7.90 6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 8.90 5/8.45 10/7,90 4116 RAM 8fof14 Zerolnserlio52wsei'tji'>§95!SLi§?i!*§L ^^ A^-a/VAjLjAUiLj^L ni^^-M Anchor Automation Signalman Modems FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN All Signalman Modems are Direcl Connect, and include cables In connecl to your computer arid to the telephone Signalman Modems provide the ties! pf ice-periormance values, and start at less Itian S100, Dnllf ni DEM ii^tihtt inflri Mark I RS232 Mark II lor Atari 850 Mark IV (or CBM/PET v^ith software Mark V lor Ostximc (soltware available) Mark VI tor IBM Personal Computer Mark VII Auto Oial/Auto Answer Mark VIM Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer DC HAYES Smirtmotem ZZi RSZ32 mOOEH — /IcMUsHc 119 HSZ3Z MODEM — CCITT Irtqwiieitt 175 We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell 16KRAMCanl X^i>^ lor Apple Apple LOGO Video Recordef Interlace Super Serial Card Thtralerclock Plus 280 Sohcard and CP/M Parallel Printer Interlace/Cable Grappler Interface TG Products Joystick lor Apple TG Paddles DC Hayes Micromodem II Videx 80 Column Card fullFORTH+ (Of Apple (lig-Eoft(l) Silenlype Printer and Card Graphics Tablet and Card Apple PASCAL Language Apple FORTRAN We stock EOUWARE Software GENIS I Courseware Development System Unicom Grade Reporting or School Inventory Executive Briefing System with fonts Apple Dumpling (MicrotBlcl Printer Interface Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer PIE Writer Wonl Processor 65 150 545 149 119 295 80 139 48 32 299 259 85 310 645 195 160 145 250 225 115 160 120 Qcommodore See us for Personal, Business, anii Educational requirements. Educational Discounts avaiiabla PETSCAN $245 base price Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers to shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con- figurations. Base conliguration supports 2 computers. AiJdi- tiortal coirputer fwokups $1 00 eacli Commodore COI^MUNICATES! COMPACK $129 Intelligent Terminal Package includes: ACIA hardware iBsed interface, 0B25 Cable and STCP Sofl- ware with remote telemetry, transfer lo/from disk printer out- put, XOH-XOFF control, user program control, and status lint __ VE-2IEEEtoParal[ellnterface 119 Includes case, power supply, full a-dtt transmisskja and switch selectable character conversion to ASCII, VIC 20 VIC Printer VIC 3K RAM VIC SK RAM V1C16KRAM VIC Disk Drive VIC Pinball VIC Omega Race Spiders Dl Uai^ (UMI) VIC Draw Poker 189 335 32 53 99 395 32 32 39 24 VIC Sargon II Chess VIC GORF Meteor Run (UMI) VIC Radar Ratrace Amok (UMI) Snakman Rubik's Cube programmeis Refcfence Renaissance (UMI) VIC Superslot VICTORrSlltnrtltrVIC Street Sweepers 12 Maiein3-D Night Rider Treasures ot Bat Cave Games Pack I Victory CasTO Atfvcntuie Pack II 11 12 12 a 12 Cosmic DeBris Grave RoGbefS Advent Games Pack II Advetilure Park I Trek TNW 488/103 with DAA Computel's First Book of PET/CBM POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM WordPro 3H- - 32K CBM, disk, prinlef WordPro 4-1- - 8032, disk, printer SPELLMASTER tpelling checker tor WenlPni CDPY-WBITEFt Professional Vlford Processor VIStCALC (or PET, ATARI, or Apple PETRAX PET to Epun Gnphics Soitanre SM-KIT enbinceil PET/CBM ROM Utilllles Programmefs Toolkit ■ PET ROM Utilities PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable Dust Cover (or PET, CBM, 4040, or 8050 VIC or C64 Parallel Printer Interface CmC IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface — PET SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel Library of PET Subroutines Prngnmning the PET/CBM (Cgmputel) — R, Wett CompuW First Book of VIC WMe PET Cilileg (Mideiglil Giutle) Color Chart Video Board for PET PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 32 32 39 24 20 15 13 15 39 23 12 12 11 12 12 _11 450 11 78 195 300 170 159 190 35 40 35 36 40 8 85 120 235 12 20 11 8 125 11 REVERSAL (Spracklen) Appie or Atari SARGON II — Apple 0<TRS-80 Apple II User's Guide (Osborne) Introduction to Pascal (Sybex) Pascal Handbook (Sybex) Musical Applicalions of Miaos (Ctiamtjertin) Starling FORTH Discover FORTH User Guide to the Unix System 6502 Assembly Language Subfoutines PET Fun and Games KAMIKAZE (Hvden Software-Apple) 25 26 12 13 16 20 14 12 13 It 9 28 DISK SPECIALS 10/2,30 10/2.45 50/2.10 50/ 2.20 100/2.05 100/2.15 SCOTCH (3M) 5" SCOTCH (3M) 8" We stock VERBATIM DISKS Write for Duler ind OEM pricei BASF 5" Of 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1,85 Wabash 5" 10/1.80 50/1.75 100/ 1.70 Wabash B" 10/2.25 50/2.20 100/2.10 We stock MAXELL DISKS Write lor deiler and OEM prices. Disk Storage Pages 10 lof $5 Bub Rings 50 (or 56 Disk UDrary Cases 8 "—3,00 5"-2.25 Head Cleaning Kits 11 CASSEHES— ABFAPE-611 PflEMIUM High output, low noise, 5 screw hocsings, C-10 10/ ,61 50/ ,58 100/50 C-30 _ 10/ .85 50/_8_2 lOOIJO SPECIALS Ttmex/Sinclair Computer 95 Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitoj 109 INTEX Tillier Teit te Speech Syitem 265 Epson, Okidata, Prowriter printers available Brother Daisy Wheel Printer 880 STARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer FIO 1445 We StKk AMDEK Mositan Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 995 6-pen 1295 Staticide anti-static spray 6 dBASEJI _ il5 ALL BOOK lod SDRWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED AP^Pnidiicte J5%0FF Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189 KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keytward 349 KTM-3/80 Synenek Tuheless Terminal _335_ ^^ Alspa Computer, Inc. Tlie price-performance leader. Includes ZBOA 1 or 2 full 8" drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallel port and Winchester pon Prkes start at less than $2000. DEALER and OEM inquiries invited- TgftfTM data systems Z90-80 64K 1995 Z90-82 64K. 1 double dens, drive 2245 Z37 1 .3 M egabyle Dual Drive 1355 Z1 9 Video Terminal (W-52 compatible) 695 Zr-1 1 ntelligeot Communications Terminal 550 Z10Q16-bit/S-bit System CALL ATARr SPECIALS 800 Computer 400-16K 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer 850 Interface Inside Atari DOS Joysticks Of Paddles 16K RAM (Microtek) 32K RAM (Microtek) Pilot Super Breakout APX Software 649 269 440 625 170 18 19 69 99 65 29 Call Microsofl BASIC MISSILf COMMAMD ASTEROIDS sun RAIDERS Space Invaders Music Composer Caverns of Mars PAC-MAN CENTIPEDE First Book of Atari Atidior Modem — Atiri Other Atari pfoducts 72 29 29 34 29 35 33 36 36 f1 85 Call 252 Bettilehem Pike Colmar. PA 18915 215-822-7727 A B Comiiuters WRITE FOR CATALOG Add SI. 25 per order for shipping. We pay balance o( UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discount basis Regular prices slightly higher Prices suQtect to change SOUND On The Sinclair/Timex Arthur B, Hunkins School of Music, UNCG, Greensboro, NC Sound on the Sinclair/Timex? Beethoven sym- phonies, no; simple melodies, yes! All you need is one of the programs below, and a high-gain amplifier/speaker connected to the computer's mike output. {Radio Shack's battery-operated mini- or telephone-ampHfier/speakers at $10-12 work fine.) The software secret is a short Z-80 machine language (ML) routine buried in a REM statement at the beginning of a BASIC program. It is impor- tant that the routine be the FIRST program state- ment; if it isn't, all the USR and POKE addresses that follow must be changed. We'll make our open- ing REMark statement number 10, and leave it! After typing 10 REM, press the following sequence of CHARACTERS (ignore commas, periods, and spaces): NEXT, A, /, I, =, :, COPY, INKEY$, PEEK, COPY, (, RETURN, INKEY$, < = , RETURN, (, RETURN, H, 4, LET, 9, 4, GOTO, TAN. Remember, these are Omracters - single keijstrokes. Spaces will appear in the display, but you don't type any in. Some of the characters are FUNCTIONS; to register them, you first hit the function key. Others are KEYWORDS, a bit trickier. First hit THEN, which causes the K cursor to appear; then press the keyword; finally go back and delete THEN. Presto, a keyword in a REM statement! When you are finished entering characters, be sure to hit ENTER. Now we'll add a second statement: 30 LET A = USR 16514. Attach the amplifier to the mike output, turn up the volume, and we're ready for a test. (You might want to save the program first - machine language crashes make you start over.) Be sure you are in FAST mode; sound doesn't work in SLOW. (In your own applications, you may switch back and forth from SLOW to FAST whenever you wish.) RUN the short program. If all is well, you should hear a slightly low B above middle C for approximately one second. The screen display goes berserk during the note, showing horizontal black streaks similar to a LOAD. When the sound is finished, the previous display returns. Note that the computer hum, which is quite audible except during the note itself, is caused by the screen display. When the screen is "off," in- cluding black during computer calculations, there is no hum. This program produces one note per subroutine call - a square wave, limited in range to pitches from B above middle C on up. (More sophisticated routines that extend the range into the bass register, and permit a variety of tone colors, are discussed later.) Frequency And Duration Let's construct a simple BASIC program to play our choice and length of note; 10 REM (as above) 12 LET B = 255 14LETD = 5 17FOKE16520,B 22 POKE 16518,D*1000/B 30 LET A = USR 16514 B is the frequency value, POKEd into location 16520; D is the duration value, which - converted to be constant for varying frequencies - is placed in 16518. B must be between 1 and 255, and D must be greater than 0. For higher frequencies, it is possible to ask for too long a duration; one may receive a report code of B in statement 22 here (an attempt to POKE a number larger than 255 into location 16518). For longer tones, adjust tempo location 16516, which normally contains value 24. POKEing a smaller value speeds up the tempo, while a larger value makes everything last longer. Note that these three memory locations - for frequency, duration, and tempo - are the same for all pro- grams in this article. So is the USR subroutine call address. The single-byte frequency values for pitches from the B above middle C up through two octaves are given in the table. These are the values with zero as the high byte (ignore the zero and use only the low byte). For this particular program, add three to each value listed; thus a low B (the first pitch with high byte = 0) should be 250 instead of 247. Experiment with different frequency and duration values. Now let's explore a routine that permits a full range of pitches, down to two octaves below mid- dle C or lower, if you wish. Here we require a two-byte frequency value. The machine language is more extensive. Again begin with 10 REM, add- ing the following sequence of character strokes: NEXT, A, /, 1, =, upper left quarter square 66 COMPUni January. 1Q63 graphic, upper left quarter square graphic, COPY, VAL, PEEK, COPY, lower left quarter square graphic, left half square graphic, C, upper right quarter square graphic, (, RETURN, £, $, C, upper half square graphic, $, /, RUN, AT, < = , RETURN, lower left quarter square graphic, left half square graphic, C, upper right quarter square graphic, (, RETURN, £, $, C, upper half square graphic, $, /, RUN, H, 4, AND, 9, 4, STR$, TAN. Whew! Again conclude by hitting ENTER, and double or triple-check the entry. Be sure to identify the correct graphics characters, preceding and following them by pressing the GRAPHICS key to obtain or cancel the G cursor. To get the graphics character rather than a reverse field letter, you must use the shift key. This routine may be quick-checked also by adding the statement: 30 LET A = USR 16514. This time you should hear a slightly low B below middle C, for about two seconds. The complete BASIC program is listed below. 10 REM (as above) 12LETB = 1 13 LET C = 255 14 LET D = 10 15LETX = B»256 + C 17 POKE 16520,B 18POKE16521,C 22 POKE 16518,D*1000/X 23 IF PEEK 16518 = 0 THEN POKE 16518,1 30 LET A = USR 16514 Here B and C are the two-byte frequency values {high-low order). X sums the two values for purposes of calculating the duration to be POKEd into 16518. Statement 23 may seem prob- lematic. It is needed because very low notes (high B and C values) may cause 16518 to contain zero, which will produce a veri/ long tone in combination with a small D value. Statement 23 protects against this possibility. To obtain accurate rhythms on low short tones, speed up the tempo (POKE a value less than 24 into 16516) so that you can work with larger values of D. Again, try different fre- quencies and durations, using the frequency table at the end of the article. B is the high byte, C, the . low. Use the values straight out of the table (do not add 3). Varying Tone Next we have a modification of the above ML routine that permits variation in tone color. It is more complex and difficult to use, but permits any width of pulse (rectangular) wave by changing a single variable. While requiring considerable additional overhead, only one more variable is specified (pulse width). Frequency values are the same as in the previous program. It will be easiest to enter this routine as a modification of the pre- vious one. Start, as usual, with 10 REM then: NEXT, A, /, I, = , upper left quarter square graphic, upper left quarter square graphic, COPY, PEEK, COPY, lower left quarter square graphic, left half square graphic, C, upper right quarter square graphic, (, RETURN, £, $, C, upper half square graphic, $, /, RUN, upper left quarter square graphic, upper left quarter square graphic, COPY, < = , RETURN, lower left quarter square graphic, left half square graphic, C, upper right quarter square graphic, (, RETURN, £, $, C, upper half square graphic, $, /, RUN, H, 4, OR, 9, 4, USR, TAN. Conclude with ENTER. Adding the statement 30 LET A = USR 16514 should result in the same tone as previously, since a square wave (50 percent pulse width) is specified. As the BASIC overhead for this routine is fairly extensive, it may not run on the IK ZX-81. All other programs should. 11 LET P = 50 12LETB = 1 13 LET C = 255 14 LET D = 10 15LETX = B»256 + C 16LETY = P*.02*X 17 POKE 16520, INT (Y/256) 18 POKE 16521,Y-PEEK 16520*256 19LETY = (100-P)*,02*X 20 POKE 16538, INT (Y/256) 21 POKE 16539, Y-PEEK 16538*256 22 POKE 16518,D*1000/X 23 IF PEEK 16518 =: 0 THEN POKE 16518,1 30 LET A = USR 16514 P is the new variable, representing pulse width expressed as a percentage (greater than zero and less than 100). The other statements are needed to calculate, from a single two-byte fre- quency number, the two sets of timing loop values for the top and bottom portions of the pulse wave. Suffice it to say that the two pairs of loop values go into locations 16520-16521 and 16538-16539, and that if the two pairs are identical, you get a square wave; otherwise, a variable-width pulse results. Incidentally, these variable pulse widths may be monitored on the screen, where the thicker streaks of white represent greater positive pulse widths at the same frequency. Note, too, that spacing of the streaks is proportional to frequency. A Short Melody Finally, let's return to our first sound routine - the one with one-byte frequency values, square waves, and high pitches only - and attempt a short melodic phrase. To do this, we define a series of frequency and duration variables in arrays, inserting them in order during a FOR/NEXT loop that calls the notes one at a time. Observe that this program is not designed to perform entire compositions (though, given enough memory, it could). 1 will review two commercial programs in an upcoming issue of January. 1983 COMPUII! 69 COMPUTE! which allow you to code or perform, then play back, extended melodies. 10 REM (as above, first sound routine) 12 DIM B(6) 13DIMD{6) 14LETB(1) = 157 15LETD<1) = 3 16LETB(2) = 186 17LETD(2) = 1 18LETB(3) = 235 19LETD(3) = 4 20LETB(4) = 186 21LETD(4)=4 22LETB(5> = 157 23LETD(5) = 4 24LETB(6) = 117 25LETD(6) = 8 26 FOR 1 = 1 TO 6 27 POKE 16520,B(I) 28 POKE 16518,D(I)*1000/B(I) 35LETA = USR16514 40 NEXT I After SAVEing the program to prevent possi- ble catastrophe, RUN it. Do you recognize the tune? If the tempo is too slow, you can always POKE the tempo location, 16516 - insert the state- ment, 11 POKE 16516,15 (or POKE any other number below 24). Experiment with different speeds between 1 and 255. You may have noticed that there is no provi- sion for rests. Rests are a bit awkward. Perhaps you might want to work out something inside the play loop that checked for a B (frequency) array variable of zero, and converted the D (duration) array variable into an index for a "do nothing" FOR/NEXT loop. Yes, it sounds complicated. Perhaps the following suggestion is some improvement. Add two statements to the program above: 30 IF B(I) = 255 THEN POKE 16528,255, and 32 IF B(l)<>255 THEN POKE 16528,254. Now, if you code a FREQUENCY value of 255, you'll get a rest of the specified duration rather than a pitch. Make sure to reserve the "pitch" of 255 for a rest. Or you may choose, and reserve, any other value greater than zero to 255 for this purpose. Unfor- tunately, zero won't work. After inserting this code, try substituting 255 for one of the B array values in the melody. You should get a note hole. Comparable additions to the BASIC code for the other sound routines are also possible. 1 suggest reserving the value of 255 for the lower frequency byte. In the routine that deals with square waves throughout the frequency range, add the statements IF C(I) = 255 THEN POKE 16540,255 and IF C(I)<>255 THEN POKE 16540,254 during the play loop. Note the change in memory location. The C array represents the lower fre- quency byte. For the routine with variable pulse width, use the same two statements, but POKE 16541 instead of 16540. What follows is a list of delay loop (frequency) POKE values for equally tempered pitches 70 COMPUIE! Jonijaiy,19B3 through five octaves around middle C. The first pitch is two octaves below middle C, the last, three octaves above middle C. Be sure to mid three to these values when using the one-byte, simple sound routine. This routine handles only pitches with a high byte of zero, which is omitted. Pitch Values PITCH HIGH BYTE LO C 7 105 C#/DF 6 250 D 6 145 D#/EF 6 35 E 5 218 F 5 130 F#/GF 5 50 G 4 228 G#/AF 4 155 A 4 90 A#/BF 4 23 6 3 225 c 3 167 c#/dF 3 114 d 3 65 d#/eF 3 17 e 2 230 f 2 188 f#/gF 2 149 g 2 110 g#/aF 2 75 a 2 42 a#/bF 2 11 b 238 cl (middle c) 210 c#l/dFl 184 dl 159 d#l/eFl 136 el 113 fl 92 f#l/gFl 72 gl 53 g#l/aFl 36 al 19 a#l/bFl 3 bl 0 247 c2 0 232 c#2/dF2 0 219 d2 0 207 d#2/eF2 0 195 e2 0 183 f2 0 173 f#2/gF2 0 163 g2 0 154 g#2/aF2 0 145 a2 0 136 a#2/bF2 0 128 b2 0 121 c3 0 114 c#3/dF3 0 107 d3 0 101 d#3/eF3 0 95 e3 0 89 f3 0 84 f#3/gF3 0 79 S3 0 74 g#3/aF3 0 70 a3 0 66 a#3/bF3 0 62 b3 0 58 c4 0 55 THUNDERBIRD Dave Sanders, Garland, UT For TRS'80 Color Computer, Atari and Uncxpanded VIC, this game should prove a challenge for all age levels. So far, none of the plai/ers who've tried it have been able to get past the second level. But if you do, the game will keep getting harder. _^ , "Thunderbird" will demand your undivided at- tention and all of the memory the unexpanded VIC-20 has to offer. The object of Thunderbird is to score as high as possible. The high score will be kept from game to game. The scoring is as fol- lows: 200 points for taking out a tree, 50 points for taking out a saucer, 75 points for deflecting off either wing of the Thunderbird, 25 points for de- flecting off the main body of the Thunderbird, and 1000 points for breaking out the bottom of the playing field. When the satellite drops into a well, 125 points are subtracted from the score. You score these points by keeping the satellite in the playing field. The satellite can break out the top and the bottom of the screen. When it breaks out the bottom, you score 1000 points, and a new and more difficult playing field is set up for you. If the satellite breaks out the top of the field, your game is half over. You can lose only two satellites out the top. You prevent the satellite from break- ing out the top by deflecting it back into the field with the Thunderbird. The Thunderbird is moved across the top of the field with the cursor control keys. The display on the right side of the screen tells you if you are playing the first or second satel- lite. When the satellite drops into a well, the Thunderbird lasers down from one to three mul- ticolored saucers to further hinder the satellite from breaking out the bottom. You will notice that the Thunderbird deflects the satellite one way off its main body and a different way off its wings. You have to keep the Thunderbird moving across the screen in conjunction with the direction the satellite is moving, or you will not play for very long. With a little practice, the first breakout is not too hard. The second breakout will not be out of reach either, but no one in our neighborhood has broken out the third time. Just in case you are a whiz though, the game will continue to get har- der. Crunching It Info The VIC Because of the length of the program, I had to use a technique known as "crunching." You can pack more instructions - and power- into your BASIC programs by making each program as short as possible. Crunching programs lets you squeeze the maximum possible number of instructions into your program. It also helps you reduce the size of programs which might not otherwise run in a given size. A list of keyword abbreviations is given in the Appendix D in the Personal Computing Guide that you received with your VIC-20. This is helpful when you program because you can actually crowd more information on each line by using these abbreviations. In this program it is manda- tory to use this technique on many of the lines when you type them in. The most frequently used abbreviation in this program is PO (P shifted-O) which is the BASIC abbreviation for the POKE command. However, if you LIST a program that has abbreviations, the VIC-20 will automatically print out the listing with the full-length keywords. If any program line exceeds 88 characters (four lines on the screen) with the keywords un- abbreviated, and you want to change it, you will have to re-enter that line with the abbreviations before saving the program. SAVEing a program incorporates the keywords without inflating any lines because BASIC keywords are tokenized by the VIC-20. Usually, abbreviations are added after a program is written and do not have to be LISTed any more before SAVEing. REM statements are helpful in reminding yourself- or showing other programmers - what a particular section of a program is doing. How- ever, when the program is completed and ready to use, you probably will not need those REM statements any more; you can save quite a bit of space by removing them. If you plan to revise or study the program structure in the future, it is a good idea to keep a copy on file with the REM statements intact. January, 1983 COMPUIB 71 HOME COMPUTERS A ATARf 4oa 16K S1 nni^ iNon Alan Ram. OSQ^^^ 4 S K . '."T *' V TT'. $ 3 5 9 I 4 1 0 flecordef $7400 510 Disk Dfivo , S429,00 aZZPnntor,., SZ69-00 825Pnnler S589.00 830 MoOsm S 159.00 SiO Prinler S259.00 850 Ihlertacs, . S169.00 CX40 Joysticks (pair) SI 8.00 CXeSa Atari 1 6K Ram 1T7.95 BOO 4SK DISK QRIVEB POR ATARI COrMRUTERB 51 SinBiB Drive SS49-00 Al Add-On Dfive S339.00 52 Dual Driue S879.C» Single Side Dual Hsad . $67900 Dual Drive Dual Head. . $1046,00 New low yrice etlective January 1. 1933 Microtek 1 6K Ram A;ilDn RamdiSkdZflKI inlec 48K Board intek 32K Board One Year Extended Warranly CX4ai Entertainer Package CX482 Educator Package CX 483 Programmer Package CX 484 Communicalof Package $ 74 96 S42995 S159 0O $ 74 00 i 70.00 $69 00 .1130,00 $54.00 $344.00 SOFTWAHE FOR ATARI ATARI Pac Man £33 Missile Command, $29 Centipede S33 Stat Raiders . , £35 Caverns ot Mats $32 Galaiian $33 Asteroids 129 Defender ON-LINE $33 Jawbreaker S27 Mission Asteroid £22 Soft porn $27 Mouskattack , ,,.$31 Wiiard i Pttncos*. ... $29 Frogger -£31 The Neul Step $34 Cross Fire inOMl SYNAPSE $36 File Manager SOC Sa9 Shamus ,,£26 CfiicKen $26 Protector, ,,$26 Dodge Racer, $26 fJaulilus £26 Synassembier $30 Slime,, ,.S26 Page 6 £19 Disk Manager DATABOFT ,$24 Pacilic Higtiway, £25 Graphic Generator ,-$13 Canyon Climtwr $25 Micro Painter .,£25 Tumble Bugs £25 Tent Wizard $79 Stiootinfl Arcade. , £25 Spell Wizard .$64 Clowns S Balloons $26 Bishop's Square ..$25 Grapliic Master $30 Sands 0( Egypt . . EPYX $25 Crush Crumt:le $24 VO'IOCS Tower $16 Undead Crypt £24 Rescue at Rigei £24 Curse of Ra it 6 Ricochet St 6 Oaleslones S16 Star Warrior S29 nvasionOi'on £1 9 Tempie Apstiai $29 Arthur's Heir $24 Upper Heacties APX 516 Teit FofTiatter tlSSO Holy Grail $24 Family Budget £16 50 Player Piano 3 IflbO Eastern Front $24 Keyboard Piano S 16 50 Family Cash £18 50 Number Blast Si3 Jukeboi $13 Frogmaster S 18.50 Dow.'nt).ri S1650 747LandSimul i 18 50 Outlaw S 1 8 SO Word l-'rocessor CBS $40 K-rajy Shoot Out $32 K-razy Antics — $32 K-razy Kritters , $3 2 K-slar Patrol ..$32 STICK STAND % 1 '6^' m ^ viaicoptp For Apple, IBM S. Franklin Visideic $189.00 Wsifile $189.00 ViiipJpl S1S9.00 Visilerm $89iXI Visitrend/Ptoi $229,00 VisiSchedule $22900 Desktop Plan ., ,,$189 00 VISICALC tor Apple II plus, Alan, CBM i IBk^ 179,00 CONTINENTAL Ttie Home AcountanHApple/Franklm) , , . $59,00 The Home Accountant (IBM) $119,00 1 SI Class MaillApple/Franklint $59,00 BIRIUB Fiee Fail $24 Space Eggs, £24 Beer Run £24 Sneakers $24 Snake Byte $24 Bandits , £28 BRODERBUND ApBle Panic £23 Arcade Machine $34 David's Mayc S27 Choplitter 327 Star Blazer $25 Serpiline, £27 INFOCOM Deadline £35 Zork I , £29 Star Cross S29 Zork II or III S29 MPC Bubdisk(i28f, Ra-nl S/1900 PRINTERS ■ml^h Corona TP 1 £599 00 C.ITOH [TEC] Starwriter (F 1 0-40CPS1 , , , $ 1 399,00 Prinlmaster (Ft 0-55CPS1 $1 749.00 Prowriler 80 Col IP) - $499,00 Prowriter 80 Col ISI $629.00 Prownter 2 (1 32 Col) $799.00 OKIOATA 82A $429.1X1 a3A $659.00 84P $1079.00 64S $1199.00 loa MicroPrism , , , $649,00 132 dully conligured) $1 599.00 80 Itully configured) 1 1 399.00 Call for other configurations. 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NEC COMPUTERS 8001 A $729.00 6031 $729.00 8012 $549-00 PRINTERS 6023 , $499,00 7710/7730 $2399 00 3510/3530 $1599,00 MONITORS JB-1260 $129.00 JB-1201 $15900 JC-1201 S3I900 JC-1203 $729.00 800-233-8950 IN PA. CALL (71 "7) 3e7-9B7B 477 E. THIRO ST., WILLIAMSPORT, PA. 1 7701 east In-stock items ahipoed same day yov call- No risk, no deposit on CO, D orders Pre-paid orders recetvefreestiippingwi I hm the conimental United States wim no waiting period forcerlified checks of money orders- Add 3%(minimum $3.00| shipping and Itandling on all C 0 D and Credit Card orders NV and PA residents add sales tax AH items subjeci to availability and pfice change NOTKi We stock manufacturer's and third, party 50llv«afe lor most all compoters on the market' Call today lor our new catalogue Following is a list of REM statements that would have been in my program if there had been room. Program Line No. Description 4-17 Routine to set up playing field. 25-26 Subroutine for printing score. 50-54 Routine for making game more difficult. 55-59 Routine for displaying instructions and a short game. 65-80 Routine for firing laserand starting satellite back ata random kication. 85 Routine for ttie graphiics when .satellite takes oul saucers. 90-91 Routine forsoundsand points on breakout. 95-98 Routine forsoundsand colors on losing satellite out the lop of the field. 100-103 Routine for moving Thiinderbird across screen. 104-118 This section moves satellite and has all thePEEKs for the other routines in the program. Orie of the easiest ways to reduce the size of your program is to eliminate all the spaces. Al- though programmers often include spaces in sam- ple programs to provide clarity, you actually do not need any spaces in your program and will save memory if you eliminate them. Instead of PRINTing several cursor com- mands to position a character on the screen, it is often more economical to use the TAB and SPC instructions to position words or characters on the screen. Well, that's enough on "crunching." You can find these and many other useful in- structions in the VlC-20 Prograinmer^ Reference Guide VMllO published by Commodore. On line 68 a couple of saucers are lasered down by the Thunderbird. The screen code POKEd for the saucers is the same as all the other saucers, but thev certainly look different. This effect is achieved by POKEing a 9 into the color code location for these saucers. POKEing a color location with a number above eight will switch that location into multicolor mode. You can get some very interesting shapes and colors by using multicolor. In lines four through seven, the (Q) is the ball graphic, and the (W) is the circle. If you do not want to punch the program in, 1 will be happy to make a copy (VIC only) for you on tape. Send a cassette with a self-ad- dressed, stamped (requires 40 cents postage) en- velope, and a check for $3 to: Dave Sanders P.O. Box 533 Garland, LIT 84312 Program 1: VIC-20 Version 2 VD=36874:F=125:OX=3074 2:OF=.30720:P1=1:L=1: SC=0:HI = 0:K = 1:M=7703:RS=1:VA.=VD+2:C=V A+3 4 PRINT" { CLEAR} ":P0KEC,1 05 :F0RR=1T01 7: PRINT: next:print"{yel}qqqqqqqqqoqqqoqqqqqqq qqqqqq 1 w ht ) w ( yel 1 qqqqqqoqqq { w ht } w { y e l yeUqqqqq" 5 print" {wht) (uplqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq QOQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ" 6 PRINT"ICYN} [UPjQQOQQqQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ" 7 PRINT" (PUR) {UPlQQlWHTlWiPURlQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQ{WHT]W{PUR}QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQOQQQQQQ 8 FORR=8142TO8136:P0KER,65:NEXT:J=87:G=81:FO RR=38 4 2 3T03844 2:POKER,7:NEXT:P0KE3687 8,15 9 FORR=3886 3T03888 2:POKER,5:NEXT:FORR=3a885T 03890 4 : POKER, 5: NEXT: POKES 16 5, J: POKES I 68,J:POKE8171,J 10 POKE8178,J:POKE8181,J:POKE8184,J:FORR=7937 T08141STEP22:POKER+OF,l:NEXT:FORR=768 0TO8164STEP22 11 HEADA:POKER,A:NEXT:FORn=7701TO818 5STEP22:R EADA:POKER,A:NEXT:FORR=7681TO77 00:REA DA:POKER,A:NEXT 12 FORR=79 66TO8120STEP22:POKER+OF, 1: NEXT: REST ORE:IFP1=>2THEM50 13 PRINTSPC(6) "(REV) {WHTl (22 UP} "SC: P0KE7686 , 189:PRINTSPC(14) "(REV) (WHT} iUP] "HI:PO KE7694,ia9 14 X=l;Y=l:DX=l:DY=l:POKEM+l,8 5:POKEM+2,88:PO KEM+3,73: IFRS=1THENRS=RS+1 :GOT055 15 IFTT=500THENTT=1 :X=12:L=1 :SC=0:PRINT" {HOME HOr4E}{07 RIGHT) (REV) ■':GOTO104 16 IFLO2THEN104 17 POKE77 67,147:POKE7789,133:POKE7 811,131 :POK E7833,143;POKE78 55,142:POKE7877,132:G OTO104 2 5 PRINTSPC(6) "(UP) {REV}"SC:POKE7686,189: IFSC >HITHEtJHI = SC:PRINTSPC(14) "(REV) (UP) "H I :POKE7694,189 26 RETURN 5 0 FORR=79 4 5TO7 964;POKER,G:NEXT:POKE80 59,J:PO KE8070,J:FORR=794STQ7964:POKER+OF,7:N EXT 51 IFP1=>3THENPOKE8012,J:POKE3 0 29,J 5 2 IFPl=>4THENPOKE8105,J:POKE8112,J 5 3 IFPl=>5THENPOKE79Sl,J:POKE79 58,J 54 G0T013 5 5 POKE77 54,8:POKE77 55,9 : P0KE7 7 56 , 20 ; P0KE7799 ,153:POKE7840,20:POKE7841,15:POKE784 3 , 16:POKE7844 , 12 5 6 POKE78 45,l:POKE784 6,25:P0KEM+l,8 5:POKEH+2, 88:POKEM+3,7 3:POKE7 78 3,42:POKE7903,21 : POKE79 0 4 , 19 : POKE7905 , 5 5 7 POKE79 07,3:POKE7908,21 :POKE79 09, 18:POKE791 0 ,19:POKE7911, 15:POKE7912, 18:POKE7914 ,ll:POKE7915,5 5 8 POKE7916,25:POKE7917,19:POKE7 9 2 5,6 :POKE7 92 6 , 15:POKE7927,18:POKE7929,18:POKE79 30 ,9:POKE7931,7 5 9 POKE79 32,8:POKE79 33,20:POKE79 3S,38:POKE793 7 ,12:POKE7938,5:POKE7939,6:POKE7 94a,2 0 6 0 GETA$:IFA$="Y"THENSC=0:L=1:GOTO4 61 IFA$<>="Y"THENPOKEVA,0:TT=TT+1:IFTT=500THE N4 62 GOTO60 6 5 SC=SC-F:G=M+2: IFHI=SC+FTHEN HI=HI-F 6 6 POKEG+22,77:POKEC,10:POKEG+OF+22, l:G=G+2 2 67 IFPEEK(G+22) =8 lORPEEK (G+22) =65THENPOKEG ,8 1 : P0KEG+0F,9 :G0T072 6 8 IFPEEK (G+22) =87THENPOKEG,81:POKEG-2 2,81:G= G-22:POKEG+OF,9 : POKEG+OX ,9 :G0T07 4 6 9 IFG>8185THENPOKEG,81:P0KEG+OF,9:GOT072 7 0 IFPEEK (G) =77THENPOKEG+2 2,78:POKEG+22+OF,l: G=G+22:GOT067 7 1 GOT066 7 2 IFPEEK{G-1) =32THE(JPOKEG-l,8 1:POKEG-l + OF,9 7 3 IFPEEK (G+1) =32THENPOKEG+l,8 1:POKEG+l+OF,9 7 4 POKEG-22,32:G=G-22:IFPEEK (G-22 ) =88THEN7 6 7i COMPtfTE! Jcinuafv,1''33 FIRST and FINEST In Systems Software for Atari and Apple MAC/ 65 First we delivered Atari's Assembler'Editor (the cartridge). Then we produced our entianced "EASI^D." Now OSS IS introducing the linest integrated assembly language development system yet! In addition to being ideal for writing smail, ■ quick and dirty" subroutines and programs. MAC/65 shows its lull power and speed when used with even the most complex of large assembly language source files. Naturally, MAC/65 is upward compatible with both EASMD and the Atari cartridge. And, of course, the object code output is also compati- ble with OSA^. Atari DOS, and or Apple DOS. as appropriate, MAC/65 S80.D0* OS/A+ Optimized Systems Software — the group that produced both the first Apple DOS and the lirst Atari DOS — now brings you OS.'A*. which combines the finest features of these and other successful personal computer operating systems, OS/At is the first and finest operating system available for both Apple II and Atari computers and features a keyboard-driven, easy-lo-use command processor. In addition to several simple resident commands, 0S'A+ allows logi- cal and readable requests for even the most sophisticated utility commands. In fact, the user can even add system connmands as desired. But the real power and flexibility of OS.'A* is its ability to easily interlace to devices and disk drives of virtually any kind and size. File com- patibility (with Apple DOS or Atari DOS, as ap- propriate), device independence, batch proces- sing, easy of use — OS/A+ truly brings the linest in operating systems to your computer AND NOW OS.'A^ (for standard Atari or Apple drives) is included as a part of every standard OSS language package. Versions of OS/Ar for some higher capacity drives available at extra cost. Unless otherwise noted, all OSS products re- quire 48K and at least one disk drive. We re- commend 64K for the Apple version of OS/At . SpeedRead+ The first and still linest speed reading tutor designed for you to use on your computer is availafile only from OSS, SpeedRead+ uses time-proven techniques to train you to instantly recognize words and phrases, and yet it goes far beyond what mere mechanical devices are capable of- SpeettReadf exercises your peripheral vision, improves your eye movement and timing, and generally works wilfi you at your pace,,, now and in the future, NOTE: Ttie Atari verslun ol SpeedRead+ needs only 16K of RAM SpeBdRead+ S59.95 C/65 NOW AVAILABLE! The lirst native mode C compiler ever produced for Atari and Apple computers, C/65 supports a very usable subset of the ex- tremely powerful and popular C language. Just as C is used by the most sophisticated pro- grammers from tfte professional and academic communities, so shall C/65 prove to be a pow- erful and much-needed tool for 6502 software developers. C/65 supports integer and character types (and arrays), pointers, fully recursive functions, and much more. NOTE; C 65 requires MAC 65 or an equivalent assem- blef- Two disk drives fecommended hut not required, C/65 S8D.00' tiii> e As a product of Tiny C Associates, liny-c was the first structured language interpreter for microcomputers. Now OSS brings this innova- tive interpretive language to your home com- puter. While not having the speed and power a true C compiler, liny-c is an excellent choice for the programming student who is ready to begin learning the valuable techniques of structured languages. tiny-c provides an easy-to-use. easy-to- modify environment that encourages ex- perimentation while promoting proper pro-, gramming style. The liny-c package includes not only a comprehensive and instructional user manual but also complete source, liny-c S99.95* BASIC A+ "From llie authors of Atari BASIC..." It's a fact! OSS gave you that lirst and most popular language lor Atari Home Computers, But why be content with the first when you can have the (inesi? BASIC A- is the only logical upgrade available to the Atari BASIC programmer. While retaining ail the features which make Atari BASIC so easy to use, we've also given BASIC A-i- fea- tures that place it at the forefront of modern interpretive languages. BASIC A- will let you explore the worlds of structured programming, superior inputoutput, helpful programming aids, and even a very comprehensive PRINT USING command- And. exclusively for the Atari computer, an almost unbetievable array of PLAYER/MISSILe GRAPHICS commands and functions. BASIC Af S80.00' •REMEMBER: Standard OS/At is included at no extra charge with BASIC A+, MAa'65. C/65. and tiny-c. ATARI. APPLE II. and TINY C sie Irademarks of Alan. Inc , Apple Compuier, Inc . and Tiny C Associales, respeclivsly Speedftead > . MAC 66, C 65. BASIC A ■ and OS'Ai are Irademarks q( Optimijed Systems Soltwarc. Inc Optimized Systems Software, Inc., 10379 Lansdale Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014, <408) 446-3099 7 5 GOT07 4 7 6 FORR=2E.5T0128STEP-.9:POKEVA,R:NEXT:POKEVA, 3 7 7 X=INT(RND(1) *18)+1:DY=1:Y=1:DX=1:IFX=>11TH ENDX=-DX 78 IFX=<12THENDX=+DX 79 IFDX = >Ei0THENDX=l 8 0 GOSUB2Ei:FORR=lTO7 50:POKEC,10 5:GOTO105 8 5 POKEBD,91:POKE8D,90:DX=+DX:DY=-DY:POKEBD,9 1 :GOSUB25:POKEBD,32:GOTO105 9 0 FORR=1TO15:FORW=250TO2 40STEP-1:POKEVA,W:NE XT:FORW=240TO250:POKEVA,W:NEXT:POKEVA ,0:NEXT:P1=P1+1 1 m n i •=..:C'P;e:= imni h i !^ ♦ ♦ HIT ♦ T Ul « E H 1 1 TO Rl_FlV r j n i; !■ E i USE CURSOR 1 r.^ ^^"x— s .- F' j ROR R IGHT & CEP- r I F-- * • 1 T • • •< >•• L ±:±E -h - ^ _ >~ k- • •OM« • •« t4tttt - ;:; ~ ~ ~ ~ [liAAini • £••« Z -• - - "m •^ • ••Ma ;.a H *p- .*! ^ J u • . » £«"*"*■ -4 t ♦ ■*"»"*-«"*"* '*•*■*'*'*■*'»' t«>«tW ^ 2dfc*o^2 bXZZ X Z Z 3 •sXITaT. ^ Getting ready to play another game of the VIC-20 version of "Thtinderbini." 91 FORR=lTO10a:SC=SC+10:POKEVA,24 5:GOSUB25:FO RW=1TO10: NEXT; POKEVA,0t NEXT :G0T04 9 5 IFL>1THENP1=1:FORR=0TO255:POKEC,R:POKEVA,I NT(RND(a) * 12 8+ 127) : NEXT: POKEC, 105 : POK EVA,0:GOTO55 .9 6 IFL<3THENL=L+K:POKE7767,147:POKE7789,133:P OKE7811,131:POKE7833,143:POKE7855,142 :POKE7877,132:X=17 9 7 DX=1 :Y=1:DY=1: POKEC, 47 :F0RR=1T028:READA:P0 KEVA,A:POKEC,A:FORW=1TO50:NEXTW,R 9 8 POKEVA,0: RESTORE: POKEC, 10 5 :DX=-DX:DY=+DY:G OTO104 100 IFM<7703THEN104 101 POKEM,8 5:POKEM+l,88:POKEM+2,73:POKEM+3,32: M=M-1:GOTO104 102 IFM>7718THEN104 103 POKEM+2,S5:POKEM+3,88:POKEM+4 ,7 3 : POKEM+1 , 3 2:M=M+1 104 POKEBO,32:BO=770 3+X+22*y:POKEBO,4 2 105 X=X+DX: IFX=0ORX=19THENDX=-DX:POKEVA,240 106 Y=Y+DY:IFY=-1THEN95- 107 IFY=22THEN90 108 IFDX=0THENDX=1 109 POKEVA,0:POKEVD,0:BD=7703+X+22*Y 110 IFPEEK (BD)=32THEN116 111 POKEBO,32:IFPEEK(BD)=JTHEN65 112 IFPEEK (BD)=81THENPOKEVA,2 38:POKEVD,238:SC= SC+50:GOTO85 113 IFPEEK (BD) =65THENSC=SC+200:FORR=128TO255S1 EP2:POKE3687 5,R:NEXT:POKE36875,0:GOTO 85 114 IFPEEK (BD) =8 50RPEEK (BD) =73THENPOKEVA, 140 : S C=SC+7 5:GOSUB25:DX=+DX:DY=-DY:GOTO10 5 115 IFPEEK (BD)=88THENPOKEVA,212:SC=SC+2S:GOSUB 25:DX=:0:DY=-DY:GOTO10 5 116 IFPEEK {197)=31THEN100 117 IFPEEK(197)=23THEN102 118 GOTO104 125 DATA 218,218,218,218,160,143,136,149,142,1 32,133,146,130,137,14 6,132,160,218,21 8,218 126 DATA2 18, 2 18, 218, 218, 218, 218, 2 18, 134,137,14 6,147,148,160,147,129,148,133,14 0,140 ,137 127 DATAl 48, 13 3, 2 18, 2 18, 2 18, 2 18, 14 7, 13 1,14 3, 14 6,133,160,160,160,160,160,160,136,137 ,150 128 DATA160,160',16e,160,160,160 Program 2: Atari Version 100 1 lO 120 130 I40 150 160 170 ISO 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 290 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 3i0 370 380 390 400 410 REM REM GRAPH 6;GOS rs +r DIM A L*="« CHSET THEN 1 ized BRAPH REM T DLIST EM lo FOR I I :RE IRS 4 POKE REM t POKE ar act SETCO M wh i RESTO POSIT d i 5p REM P DATA SCR = P ate s REM p FOR I READ EXT J POSIT PO = BA r 3er POKE = 2) :R POKE ne re POKE = 1) -3 seJ e ul ty RESTO FDR I I: REM FOR I : READ DR+I + REM b DATA IF PE REM t POKE sere ait f DY=1 : = -0. 5 BX = IN + 3) : R ICS 0!BASE=<P UB 1560:REM r om screen » (40) jBALL* (4 nt J J CfJ} " : BALL =BASE: IF PEEK GOSUB 120O:RE ICS O: urn o-f =PEEK ( c at i on = 3 TO M Chan <mul i DLIST- Op t MO 756, CH er set LOR 0, te and RE 240 ION 0, lay* at t ern 1. r i f ^ . EEK (88 cr sen ut br i =SCR+5 A: FDR :NEXT ION 5, SE+102 o , 704, 28 EM Sol 54279, s . 53277, * <DIFF ct wi d POKE 75 f curso 560) +25 o-f d i 5 24: POKE ge mode col ar c 1 , 6+64: 1 i nes SET/256 O, 12:SE red :REM dr O:? BAL o-f ball of Mai 3,14,12 ) +256»P memory c M s on 20 TO S J = I TO I O:? #6; 4: PADR= +176* (D d , gree BASE/25 3: POKE =2) : REM t h ace o EEK ( 106) -16) »25 etnove old playe ):POKE a2,0:BAL S = 4 <CHSET + 9) < >252 M I -f not initia 2, I :PQKE 559,0: r , screen 6»PEEK (561 ) +4: R play list DLl ST+1 , 4: NEXT zer D 1 i nes to harac t er ) POKE DLIST+2,6: GRAPHICS 1 : REM t ur n on ch TCOLOR 1,3,65RE aw br i c k area L* (1 , BALLS) : REM 5 (birds) 1 eft 1 : 9, 130, 131 EEK (89) : REM 1 oc screen CR+800 STEP 40: I+39:PDKE J,A:N PO+4a:REM playe IFF=1 ) +80* (DIFF n , or viol et 6:REM single— li 53256, 3-2* (DIFF Start P/M DMA, rding to dif-fic RE 370 =0 TO 21:PDKE PADR+ I , O: ME XT clear out player =0 TO 7*(3-DIFF) STEP 3-DIFF A:FOR J=0 TD 3-DIFF:PDKE PA J,A:NEXT J:NEXT I i r d pattern 0, 24, 8, 107, 28, 8, O, O EK(547)<>6 THEN A=USR(1536>: urn on VBLANK if necessary 559,62:G0SUB 750:REM turn on en (single-line res. P/M), m or START DX=0.5:IF RND(1)>0.5 THEN DX :REM Set up ball direction T (40«RND (0) > ;BY=INT(7»RND(0) EM select random starting po 76 COMPUni January, W83 TRS-80 COLOR AARDVARK OSI VIC-64 VIC-20 SINCLAIR TIMEX QUEST - A NEW IDEA IN ADVENTURE GAMES! Different from all the others. Quest is plaved on a computer generated map of Alesia. Your job is to gather men and supplies by combat, bargaining, explor- ation of ruins and temples and outright banditry. When your force is strong enough, you attack the Citadel of Moorlock in a life or death battle to the finish. Playable in 2 to 5 hours, this one is different every time. 16k TRS-80, TRS-80 Color, and Sin- clair. 13K VIC-20. $14.95 each. ADVENTURES!!! These Adventures are written in BASIC, are full featured, fast action, full plotted ad- ventures that take 30-50 hours to play. (Ad- ventures are interactive fantasies. It's like reading a book except that you are the main character as you give the computer com- mands like "Look in the Coffin" and "Light the torch."( Adventures require 16k on TRS80, TRS80 color, and Sinclair. They require 8k on OSI and 13k on Vic-20. Derelict takes 12k on OSI. $14.95 each. ALSO FROM AARDVARK - This TRS-80 Color and OSI), business CATERPILLAR O.K., the Caterpillar does look a lot like a Centipede. We have spiders, falling fleas, monsters traipsing across the screen, poison mushrooms, and a lot of other familiar stuff. COLOR 80 requires 16k and Joy- sticks. This is Edson's best game to date. $19.95 for TRS SO COLOR. PROGRAIVIIVIERSI SEE YOUR PROGRAM IN THIS SPACE!! Aardvark traditionally pays the highest com- missions in the industry and gives programs the widest possible coverage. Quality is the keyword. If your program is good and you want it presented by the best, send it to Aardvark, ESCAPE FROM MARS (by Rodger Qlsen) This ADVENTURE takes place on the RED PLANET. You'll have to explore a Martian city and deal with possibly hostile aliens to survive this one. A good first adventure. PYRAMID (by Rodger Olsen) This is our most challenging ADVENTURE. It is a treasure hunt in a pyramid full of problems. Exciting and tough I HAUNTED HOUSE (by Bob Anderson) It's a real adventure — with ghosts and ghouls and goblins and treasures and problems - but it is for kids. Designed for the 8 to 12 year old population and those who haven't tried Adventure before and want to start out real easy. DERELICT (by Rodger Olsen & Bob Anderson) New winner in the toughest adventure from Aardvark sweepstakes. This one takes place on an alien ship that has been deserted for a thousand years — and is still dangerous! TUBE FRENZY (by Dave Edson) This is an almost indescribably fast action arcade game. It has fast action, an all new concept in play, simple rules, and 63 levels of difficulty. All machine code, requires Joysticks. Another great game by Dave Edson. TRS 80 COLOR ONLY. 16k and Joysticks required. S19.9S. CATCH 'EM (by Dave Edson | One of our simplest, fastest, funnest, all machine code arcade games. Raindrops and an incredibe variety of other things come falling down on your head. Use the Joy- sticks to Catch'em. It's a BALL! — and a flying saucerl — and a Flying Yl- and so on. TRS 80 COLOR. $19.95. BASIC THAT ZOOOMMSI! AT LAST AN AFFORDABLE COMPILER! The compiler allows you to write your programs in easy BASIC and then auto- matically generates a machine code equiv- alent that runs 50 to 150 times faster. It does have some limitations. It takes at least 8k of RAM to run the compiler and it does only support a subset of BASIC— about 20 commands including FOR, NEXT, END.GOSUB.GOTO, IF, THEN. RETURN, END, PRIIMT, STOP, USR (X|, PEEK, POKE, *,/,+, -, > , < ,=, VARIABLE NAMES A-Z, SUBSCRIPTED VARfABLES, and INTEGER NUMBERS FORM 0-64K. TINY COMPILER is written in BASIC. It generates native, relocatable 6502 or 6809 code. It comes with a 20-page manual and can be modified or augmented by the user. S24.95 on tape or disk for OSI, TRS-80 Color, or VIC. f /ease specify system on alt orders is only a partial list of what we carry. We have a lot of olhor games (particularly for the programs, blank tapes and disks and hardware. Send $1 .00 for our complete catalog. ^ AARDVARK - 80 2352 S. Commerce, Wailed Lake, Ml 48088 (313)669-3110 Phone Orders Accepted 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. Mon.-Fri. 9^ 5i t i on 420 REM psf?ffrBn»r 430 IF STRIG<0)= all ow " thund 440 IF BTICKtOX 450 TX=BX+DX: TY= 460 IF TY<1 THEN EM check -for 470 IF TY>20 THE TO 430:REM c 480 IF TX<0 OR T bounce off w 490 TPOB=SCR+TX+ bst acl es 500 IF PEEK(TPDS POKE SCR+BX+ OTO 430 510 REM Rebound 520 IF PEEK (IPOS 0RE=SC0RE-50 530 DY=-ABS (DY) ; = -DX 540 FOR W=14 TO , 10, W:NEXT W 550 SCORE=SCDRE+ KS+1:REM bco 560 POKE TPOS,0; SCORE) ) /2, 0: 570 IF BL0CKS=32 -OUT 1 5SO IF SCDRE<0 T 590 GOTO 500 600 REM Hit bird 610 IF PEEK (5325 TO 630 620 GOTO 660 630 FOR W=14 TO 0, 10, W: NEXT 640 POKE SCR+BX+ Y + DY 650 POKE 53278,2 660 REM Ball out > POKE SCR+BX+ 670 680 FOR W=100 TO 12,8:NEXT W: 5:S0UND O.W 0, 0, 0 690 POKE 53278,2 700 BALLS=BALLS- O THEN GOSUB SOOsREM er " >15 THEN POKE 77,0 BY + DY:REf1 update ball SOBUB 6O0:GDT0 430:R mi ss N DY=-DY:GaSUB 920:60 heck for breakthrough X>39 THEN DX=-DX:REM al 1 40*TY;REM check for o )=0 THEN POKE TPaB,S: 40«BY,0:BX=TX:BY=TY:G tiles (lasered down) )=4 THEN GOSUB B90:BC : DY=ABS (0Y> :GDTO 560 IF RND(0)>0.5 THEN DX O BTEP -25S0UND 0,W*5 (BY-1 1 ) »5:BLaCKS=BL0C re according to row POSITION 29-LEN(STR«( ? " " ; SCORE; " " ; O THEN lOOOtREM BREAK HEN 720 2) THEN DY=-DY: Z=l jGO O STEP -2:S0UND 0,W+1 M 40* BY, 0: BX=BX+DX:BY=B 55: RETURN of bounds (past bird 40*BY, O O STEP -5: SOUND 0,W, FOR W=W=0 TO 100 STEP ,12,B:NEXT W:SOUND O, l:PDSITION BALLS, O:? 7IO 720 730 740 750 760 IF balls: REM ,0: IF O THEN •UiMiM 5,0:? ■' 400 GiSmE OCEbE ^ ,„„-, pRBZRD » ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■■■ 1 ■ 1 , , . ,JJ1 "^^^^H ■ ■■ ■ ■■■■1 X ^ ■ •■■•1 T ■ ■ ■■«■■ "X ■ ■■■■1 T " T I i o 20, O 20, 0 POSITION GOSUB 750JRUN IF PEEK (53279) =6 THEN POSITION ? "C5 SPACES>" : RETURN PEeK(20)>20 THEN POSITION "PRESS" PEEK(20)>40 THEN POSITION :? "t^*=1A." : PHKF 20,0 GOTO 750 XPOS= (PEEK (1664) -48) /4+4:FLIP=0:R EM equate player po5. to screen p OS . FDR 1=3 TO 12: WHERE=SCR+XPOS+40*I P = PEEK (WHERE) -.POKE WHERE, 6+FLIP: F LIP=1 -FLIP: REM zig-zag line SOUND 0, I * 10, O, 15-I-.P0KE 710,PEEK (53770):REM scintillate color NEXT I FOR 1=3 TD 12:POKE SCR+XP0S+40* I , 0;NEXT I : REM er s^e lightning WHERE=SCR+12*40+XPOS: SOUND 0,0,0, 0:PDKE WHERE-i , 4: POKE WHERE+1,4:P OKE WHERE, 4:REM lay down tiles SETCDLOR 2,9,4:RETURN REM sound effect: FOR W=0 TO 240 STEP 30: SOUND 0,W, 12, 15-W/ 17; SOUND 1 , W+10, 10, 15-W/l 7:NEXT W:SOUND 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 : SOUND 1,0, 0, 0 RETURN REM break— through IF DONE THEN RETURN FOR 1=1 TO 100:PDKE 53274 , PEEK ( 53 770):SOUND 0 , I , 0 , 1 5-1 / 1 O: NEXT I SOUND O, O, 0, 0: POSITION 4,0:? " [33E EESncEmnr" : POSIT ION 22,0:? "looo point taaaia" FOR 1=1 TO 10:P0SITIDN 22,0:? "10 00":FOR W=l TD 20:NEXT W:PDSITION 22,0:? "{4 SPACESJ":FDR W=l TD 2 0:NEXT W:NEXT I POSITION 4,0:? " K:IH:1>T^I:1i<:T.: " : PO SITION 22,0:? "{17 SPACES?" FOR 1=1 TO iOsFOR J=0 TD 15 STEP 5:S0UND 0 , 50+ 1 O- I , 0 , 1 S- J : NEXT J:S C0RE=SCDRE+100 POSITION 29-LEN (BTR* (SCORE) ) /2, 0: ? " " ; SCORE; " "; NEXT i : DONE=l jRETURN GOSUB 1100:REM do "BLAST" FOR 1=1 TO 50:F0R J=0 TO 3:PDKe 708+J, PEEK(53770) :NEXT J:Z=Z«(Z< 5) +1 SOUND 0, I+-Z, 10, I/10:S0UND 1,I+Z + lO, JO, I/10:NEXT I SOUND 0, O, O, O: SOUND 1,0,0,0560SU B 1560 GRAPHICS 1S:P0S1TIDN 0,6:? »6j" <Q><PJ{LJC3 PJ point (SSSBeitLy FOR W=l TO lOO:B0UND 0,PEEK(5377 0) , 0, 1S-W/10:P0KE 7 1 2 , ( 3-FL I P t 2 > »16+FLIP*4+4:FLIP=1-FLIP: NEXT W SC0RE=SC0RE+10000: SOUND 0,0,0,0 DIFF = DIFF + 1 : IF DIFF>2 THEN DIFF=- 2 GOTO 150 POKE 82,5:P0SITI0N 5,10 ? "II!! #{6 SPACES>B|(:4 SPACES?. Unleashing a- lightning bolt in the Atari version of "Tlntnderhird." 770 IF 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 BBO B90 900 910 920 930 94 0 950 960 970 980 990 lOOO 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1O90 1 lOO 1110 1120 ? " ! {3 SPACESJ ! HCS SPACE5>a D .{3 SPACES>.<3 SPACESJH" 78 COMPUni January, 1983 Atari' Games On Your VIC-20? The "CARDAPTER/1" will allow Video Game Cartridges designed for use on the Atari Video Computer System to be played on a standard VIC-20® SUGGESTED RETAIL $89.95 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED United States: England & Europe: Cardco, Inc. Audiogenic 3135 Bayberry Martin Manary Wichita, KS 67226 34-36 Crown St. (316)685-9536 Reading, Berkshire England (0734) 595647 West Canada: LSI Distributing East Canada: Attn: Mr. Wong Hobby Craft Canada 2091 W. 61 St Avenue 24 Ronson Drive Vancouver, BC. CA V6J 1Z2 Rexdols Ontario M9W1 B4 (604)733-0211 (416)241-2661 I 130 1 140 1 150 1 160 1170 1180 1190 12O0 1210 1220 1230 1240 12SO 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 I360 I370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 ? " ) {3 SPACES}! #t4 SPACES>D £3 SPACESXB . <7 SPACESJH" ? " ! I ! ! #t4 SPACES>HJt3 SPACeS>B . , . CA SPACES>0" ? "!f3 SPACES}! #{4 SPACES >UUI1UU <C5 SPACES}, <;3 SPACES>n" ? •■ ! C3 SPACES}! #44 SPACES>ffl PACES>B . f^ SPACES}. PACESJB" !J! #### IB{3 SPACES}|i ... PACES}B" 82. OsRETURN {3 <3 ? {4 S POKE END REM POKE tCLE S DU POST POSI ITIO REST FOR 0,A, T I fl = US DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA DATA REM PDSI D" FOR EK (5 E 71 REST READ O: SO FOR , 8: S POKE 60T0 8B,0:P0KE 89 , BASE /256 : ? " AR} " :6RAPHICS 2+16:ReM CLEAR T P/M AND CHARACTER MEMORY TioN 5,0:? #6; "OHmEmagaa?:": TION 6,4:7 #6 ; " pat i ence " : POS N 5,8:? #6; "READING ML" ORE 1260 1=1536 TO I6II5READ AjSOUND 10,8:P0KE 7i2,A:P0KE I,A:NEX R ( 15 104 6, 1 6, 1 23, 173 173 128 125 6, 2 6, 2 200 144 6,7 36) I , 173 73, 3 69, 6 32, 9 , 128 , 124 .6, ,2,2 38, 1 01 . 1 , 141 ,5, 1 6,73 60T0 ,34,2 5.2, 1 , 162, 2, 228 .6, 14 ,2,20 06, 12 08, 6, 28,6, . 176. , 128, 69.32 ,6 1400 , 141 . 74 41 , 75 6, 160 .96.24 1,0, a„6, 8,6, 173 2 38, 128 173, 128 5, 169 6, 201 ,250 , 141 , 128 ?08 206 TION 3,8:? #6;"[15EEBCE Miaa 1=128 TO 510:P0KE CHSET+I,PE 7344+1 ) rSOUND O , I /2 , 12 , S: POK 2, I/2:NEXT I ORE 1460 AiIF A=-i THEN SOUND 0,0,0. UND 1 , 0,0, 0:RETURN J=0 TO 7:READ B:SOUND 0,B,10 OUND 1 , B+IO, 10, S:POKE 712, B; CHSET+A*S+J,B:NEXT J 1430 1460 DATA 1,0,252,168,84,252,168,252, 0 1470 DATA 2.0,168,168,252,252,168,168 ,0 1480 DATA 3,0,216,120,184,228,180,212 ,0 1490 DATA 4,0,0,0,219,150,0,0,0 1500 DATA 5,0,0,0,16,32,0,0,0 1510 DATA 6,192,192,48,48,12,12,3,3 1520 DATA 7,3,3,12,12,48,48,192,192 1530 DATA 10,24,40,24,153,126,255,20, 34 1540 DATA 14,0,126,126,126,126,126,12 6, O 1550 DATA -1 1560 REM KILL P/M GRAPHICS 1570 POKE 53277, 0:FDR I=0 TO 3;P0KE 5 3261+1,0: NEXT I 1500 RETURN Program 3: TRS-80 Color Computer Version Making a "wing shot" in the TRS-80 Color Computer version of "Thiinderbird." lOO 1 lO 120 125 130 140 150 160 165 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 245 299 300 310 320 325 330 340 350 360 499 500 515 520 530 540 550 600 610 620 625 630 635 640 i-CHR* i 154> -CHR* ( 158) HCHR* ( 158) ' Qnniiaaniiins CLS 0 BL* = CHR* ( 128) +CHR« ( 128) +CHR* i 128) + CHR* <128) PRINT 310, "THUNDERBIRD"; H1* = CHR« < 128) +CHR* (157) +C H2«=CHR* (128) +CHR* ( 149) +t BD« = CHR« (156) +CHR* < 157) +t +CHR* (156) BALLS=4 ' nsnz gtiTwi on nrrKrir-tH FOR 1=2 TO 7 PRINT S< 1+7) 1:32, ""; FOR J=l TO 32:PRINTCHR* ( 143+1*16) ; : NEXT NEXT ' ECEiMlIIMSl tiH!r=T? LiJ;if><;Ui«=<a BY = RND <10)+6:BX = RND(32)-1 DY=1 : DX=-1 : IF RND(0)>.5 PRINTa23, "BALLS: "; BALLS; ' isT;v<; Lsns X=INT ( JOYSTK <0) /2) IF X>2S THEN X=2S IF X=DLDX THEN 360 THEN DX=1 PRINT30LDX+32, BL«; ; PRINT BL«; IF X<DLDX THEN PRINT3X+3 BE PRINT aX+32,H2«; PRINT3X + 64,BD*!; OLDX=X IF PEEK <65280) =126 OR PE =254 THEN GOSUB 4000 TX=BX+DX:TY=BY+DY IF TY=31 THEN DY=-DY:GOT IF TY>5 THEN 600 IF TX<X«2 OR TX>Xt2+LEN< EN lOOO DY=-DY:IF RND<0)>.5 THEN 30LDX+64, 2, HI*; EL EK (65280) 0700 BD*) *2 TH DX=-DX =-DX :GOTQ GOTO 700 IF TX<0 OR TX>63 THEN DX= 700 P=POINT(TX,TY) IF P=0 THEN RESET(BX,BY) : SET (TX, T Y,0) :BX = TXi BY = TY : G0T0300 IFP=1 THEN P=-5 SC0RE = SC0RE + P«5: PRINTStO, SCORE; IF SCORE<0 THEN 1030 PR I NTS) I NT (TX/2)+INT (TY/2) * 32, CHR* < 128) : 80 COMPUIH JaniKiiy,1983 FOR ALL YOUR SOFTWARE NEEDS AT THE LOWEST PRICES We have one of the largest selections of software available for your home computer at the lowest prices. You will find all of the top games and office management software in our catalog at from 20% to 30% below retail. Monster Maze (Rom) Platler Mania cRom) Chopliner (Disk) Embargo <nom) Raster Blaster (Oisx) Frogger (d/c) Wlzzard of Wor (d/c) Slime (D/C) Serpentine (D/c/Rom) Steller Stiultle (d/o ATARI® Retail Our Price m) S39.95 S29.95 n) $39.95 $29.95 $34.95 $25.95 S49.95 $34.95 0 S29.95 $18.00 334.95 $24.95 VC) S39.95 $29.95 S34.95 $24.95 5m) S34.95 $24.95 ;) S29.96 $20.95 Retail Our Price S2995 $23.95 Atari' & Atari APX" programs now available at 25% off suggested retail if you mention this ad. ^ TG Trackball S64.95 $51.95 Wico Tracltball S69.95 $57.95 . And many, many more. Call for an update of new titles, including Atari VCS'. , $24.95 VIC Call fof more information on new software for ttie fastest growing Home Computer today. Retail Our Price Crush, Crumble & Chomp (Ca^s ) $29.95 $23.95 , AstroblltZ(Ca:rt) S46.95 $37.50 Choplitter (Can ) S44.95 $35.95 Martian Raider (Cois) S19.95 $15.95 Ricochet (Cass) S19.95 $15.95 Sword of Fargoal ccass) S29.95 $23.95 Serpentine (Can) 844,95 $35.95 Apple Panic (Cart) S44.95 $35.95 Shark Trap (Coss) SI 9.95 $15.95 Trashmon (Cart) $46.95 $37 JO Rescue at Rlgel(Cass) $29.95 $23.95 Muifisound Synthesizer (Coss) $19.95 $15.95 . Monster Maze (Cart) $39.95 $31.95 DISKEHE SPECIAL Box of 10 witfi Plastic Library Case Singie-sided/CSouble Density (40 track) with reinforced hub-ring, Call for Prices on Maxell and VertKitim. Apple Panic Siiv Vb *ZJ.» Call to Arms S29.95 $23.95 Curse ot Ra S19.95 $15.95 Frogger 534.95 $27.95 Jabber Talky 529,95 $23.95 Temple of Apshal 539,95 S29.96 Upper Reaches of Apshal S19 95 $15.95 OH Barons 5100,00 $75.00 •MatheMogic S89.95 $67.50 •Graphmogic 589,95 $67^0 •Combo Rack 5159,90 $119.95 Visicorp/Micropro - 25% ot all titles including Visicalc & Wordstar, TG Joy Slick 564,95 $49.95 APPLE Retail Our Price Sea Fox 329,95 $22>45 ' Serpentine 334,95 $26.25 •MalheMogic 389,95 $6750 •Graphmogic 389.95 $67.50 •Combo Pack 3149.95 $112.50 Oil Boron $100,00 $70.00' New world 529.95 S2245 Snooper Troops $44,95 $33.75 Wizardry 349,95 $37.50 Star Blazer 331,95 $20.00 RuskiDuck 334,95 $18.00 Rescue at Rigel 3^ck Morlock's Tower 349.95 $3750 Datestone of Ryn Rosier Blaster 529,95 $16.00 TG Joystick Apple ll ■ 559 95 $46.00 TG Joystick Apple 111 ' 564,95 $48.95 TG S«iect-a-Port S5995 $46.00 CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-82^^838 Ss!S^gag'?J)^ For Inside California and Other Inquiries Call 1-916-925-2666 MAIL ORDERS: For fast delivery, send certified check, money orders, or Visa or MasterCard number and expiration date, for total purchase price plus 1% or S2 minimum for postage and handling. Add S5 for shipment outside the continental U.S. California Residents add 6% sales tax. COD: and Chargecard orders call 1-800-82S-2a38. In California call 1-916-925-2666. Subject to stock on hand. Prices subject to change. Catalog free with any order or send S2 postage and handling and please specify computer type. *'®>-connection- 5133 Vista Del Ore Way Fair Oaks, CA 95628 IF TY=28 THEN GOSUB 2000 IF P=-5 THEN DY=ABS (DY) ; GDT0700 DY=-ABS (DY) HIT=HIT+1:IF HIT=192 THEN 3000 SOUND 240, J GOTO 300 FDRI = 1T010: SOUND 1 , 1 : SOUND255, i : N EXT RESET (BX, BY) BALLS=BALLS-1 : IF BALLS>0 THEN 23 0 F0Rr=25ST01STEP-15: SOUND I , 1 : NEXT CLS5 PRINT3267, "GAME OVER"; PRINT30, SCORE; IF PEEK<652S0) 0126 AND PEEK(652 80)0254 THEN 1060 RUN 641 645 650 660 700 710 1000 lOlO 1020 1030 1040 1050 1055 1060 1070 199<? 2000 IF FIRST=1 THEN RETURN 2010 FIRST=1 2015 PR1NT36, " lOOO POINT BONUS"; 2020 FOR J=l TO lO STEP 2 2025 T=1-T:IF T THEN PRI NTS)6, " 1 000" ; ELSE PRINT36,BL*; 203O FOR I=200+J TO 210+J 2040 SOUND 1,1 2050 NEXTiNEXT 2060 PRINT36,BL«; " THUNDERB IRD" ; BL* ; Atari Notes: Thunderbird Charles Bronnon. Editoriol Asststont Thunderbird for Atari requires a joystick and 16K of memory. You move the bird left and right with your joystick, using it to bounce a ball into a wall of bricks. As in Breakout, the object of the game is to clear out all the bricks, without letting the ball escape past you. A 1,000 point bonus is awarded when you break out the bottom of the wall {a "breakthrough"); and if you're really good, you get 10,000 points for clearing out all the bricks (no mean feat!). Shades Of Zeus But the Thunderbird is no mere Breakout paddle! It can unleash the most awesome power of nature - lightning - at the touch of a button (the fire but- ton). Thunderbird will "beam down" several luminous "tiles" that serve to deflect the ball downwards when hit. You can lay down tiles like a cap over a hole the ball has created, to force it to widen the hole. Every time the ball hits a tile, it swoops downward, but 25 points are subtracted from your score. That should discourage overuse of this miraculous feature. Vertical Blank And IRG 4 Here's a bit of information about the pro- gramming. The playing field is a mixed-mode display consisting of two rows of GRAPHICS 1 82 COMPUIE! January. 1983 2070 SC0RE=SC0RE+1000 2080 PRINT30, SCORE; :PRINTa23, "BALLS: ' ; BALLS; 2090 RETURN 2999 ' r:iki Is};)i4ij;^ li^4i 3000 FOR 1=1 T050 3010 CLS RND<8)-1 3020 PRINT3263, " lo, OOO POINT BONUS'"; 3030 NEXT:CLS 0 3040 SC0RE=SCDRE+lO0O0 3050 DIF=DIF+1 3060 IF DIF=3 THEN DIF=2 3070 ON DIF 60TD 3100,3200 3100 Hl«=" " 31 JO H2*=H1« 3120 ED*=CHR* (169) +CHR«(166) 3130 GOTO ISO 3200 H1«="":H2*="" 3210 4000 BD* = CHR* <243) ; GDTOISO liij;L'J.-|H^T: ItTtmr 4010 FORI=3TD7 4020 PRINT3X+1+I»32,CHR« (233> ; 4050 NEXT 4060 S0UND245, 10 4070 F0RI=3T07 4080 PRINT3X + 1 + I»32,CHR* <128) ; 4090 NEXT 4100 PRINT3X+I«32,CHR» ( 131 ) ; CHR* (131) ;CHR»(131) ; 4110 RETURN text, and 21 rows of a multicolored character mode, IRG 4. This lets us have multicolored bricks. Player/missile graphics are used to represent the bird, which can be any of three sizes, de- pending on the skill level. The bird is moved left and right by a small machine language routine that is executed every 1/60 second during the TV's vertical blank (when the electron beam is traveling from the lower right-hand corner to the upper left-hand corner of the screen). IRG mode 4, the multicolor mode, is quite interesting. A single character can be any of three colors. To design these colored characters, divide the character horizontally into four two-bit zones. Each two-bit block controls one pixel of color with- in the character (a multicolor character's resolution is 4x8). No color would be 00, color one is 01, two 10, and three 11 (simple two-bit binary). For ex- ample, one of the bricks consists of several colored bands: 1110 2220 3330 1110 2220 3330 1110 0000 The numbers correspond to a "COLOR" state- ment. One side and the bottom row are left blank, so the blocks won't touch. The pattern, when expanded into binary, would look like: 01010100 10101000 11111100 01010100 10101000 11111100 01010100 00000000 Such a "custom character" would look strange on a normal screen (although you would see some semblance of multicolors, due to artifacting). But when displayed on either an IRG 4 or IRG 5 mode screen, each character is like a tiny 4x8 block of" GRAPHICS 7 pixels. Also, any character printed in inverse (with the Atari logo key) will look dif- ferent. The COLOR 3 pixels in such a character will be displayed as COLOR 4 (normally available only in GRAPHICS 1 or 2). To create an IRG 4 screen, you must replace the bytes for GRAPHICS 0 by modifying the dis- play list. Luckily, the resolution of IRG 4 is identi- cal to GRAPHICS 0, 40x24. DL = PEEK(560) + 256*PEEK(561) + 4 POKEDL-1,4 + 64 FOR 1=2 TO 24:POKE DL + I,4:NEXT I See lines 160-180 of Thunderbird. You can also try out IRG 5, which displays these characters in double-height (40x12). © 32k RAM FOR ATARI 4001800 Only Tech'Data can offer such top quality at so low a price. Our Ram board features: • Lifetime Warranty • Gold-plated edge connectors • Compatability with Atari 400/800 Dealer Inquiries Invited 800-237-8931 In Fla.: 813-577-2794 V Tech •Data Corporation 3251 Tech Drive North, St. Petersburg, FL 33702 You Can COUNT Liiil>44f*^ On ^m"^^. /Vic * COMMODORE 64 * PET^ *SPRITE-AlDto, ceM-6-i 515 [SEO] *SYNTHY-64 IWus.c 4 sound Syr.lhes.«r S35 [S40] GRAPHVICS Super tull-scFMn Vrc graphics S25 tS30] VtC or PET VIGIL gamPS language Wf9 games $35 [540] VIC or PET PIPER-THE MUSIC MACHINE S25 [$30] VIC HIRES/MULTICOLOR GRAPHICS UTILITIESSZO [S2S] TINY BASIC COM FILER Vic cbmsj =r Pei $Z5 [530] ■)f VIC JOYSTICK PAINTER 515 [$20] *SUPER EXPANDER SCREEN DUMP 515 [520] I-CHING FOR VIC 530 [535] ■JtVIC TINY PILOT 525 [530] ■^BUDGETEER v.c cbm-m o. Pei 525 [530] BASIC REFERENCE CARD $2.50 [S3. 00] *VIC MACHINE LANGUAGE GUIDE $7 [58] PET TINY Pascal PLUS 540 [S45] PET MACHINE LANGUAGE GUIDE 59 [$1 1] * NEW Look for Commodore 64 Software Coming SOOWt Write for our FREE Catalog or for fast service, call our Order Line. IfffffflllllH nmm AbacL5 --»,■ Software «®- P.O. Box 7ZI 1. Grand Rapids. M! 495 10 616/241-5510 FREE POSTAGE. Unless noted prices are for cassette Add 33.00 p*r DISK package. Forfign pne*4 m I 1 Manuals availabk s*peratPly toi inspection. crfditablP toward* purcriase of software S5 00 each [S7 00 foreign] All offers must be prepaifl m U S Dollars via checK or international Money order Of by VISA. MC, ACCESS Eufocard inBgK©! Quit Playing Games . . . Disk Based Software to Make Your Computer Get Down to Business Disk Based Data Manager— Create and ntianage your own data base. Allows you to create, add, change, delete, search, sort, print, etc. Available for vrC-2 0, Commo- dore G4 , any COM or Pet, and IBt^ Personal Computer. VIC-20 59.95 All others 79.95 Inventory Control Manager— Fast, efficient inventory package which will manage your day to day Inventory requirements. Provides Information on sales and movement of items. Mailing List Manager— 4 ,0B0 Items per 8050 disk. 1,300 on 4040 disk and 1,200 on 1540/1S41 disk. User defined label format (1—4 ) across. Payroll Systenv- Full featured complete Payroll System, Up to 350 employees on a 8050 disk. Prints checks, 941 's and W-2's. For the CBM 8032/8050,^032/404 0, Commo- dore 64/1541. Hospitality Payroll— The most complete payroll system written specifically for the Restaurant Industry available today. Recognizes tip and meal credits, pay advances, salaried and hourly employees, etc. For the CBM 8032/8050. CONTACT US FOR ALL YOUR DISK BASED SOFTWARE NEEDS Call for specifics on Hardware Configurations. Send Self-Addressed Stamped Envelope for Catalogue of Games and other Applications DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME 2905 Ports O'Call Court Piano, Texas 75075 (214) 867 1333 VISA and MASTERCARD Accepted jonuQP/.wea coMPuni as HOME ENERGY CALCULATOR Davfd Swaim. Atlanta You (and your computer) could becotne preth/ popular when xvordgels out that you can analyze the benefits of home improvements on fuel hills. This program is in Microsoft (Apple, PET, OSI, etc.) and Atari BASIC. Lately there has been a great deal of interest in saving energy in the home. Nobody needs to be reminded that fuel costs are rising. We all want to reduce our energy bills. The way to do this is simple: reduce household energy consumption. There are a number of ways this can be done. The cheapest way is to change habits. An example would be setting the thermostat back to a lower temperature and wearing heavier clothes. If you're not too keen on that, the next alternative is to improve the ability of the house to protect you from the elements. Insulation could be added to the walls, floors, attic, and heat ducts. Weather- stripping could be applied to windows and doors. Storm windows and doors could be added. Improvements such as these reduce the amount of heat that the house will lose to the outside. But which of the above items would save us the most money? Which one would cost the least to implement? Or, better yet, which will give the greatest savings for the least amount of cost? It's this last question we really want to answer. The best measure of the cost effectiveness of an energy saving improvement is the payback period. That is simply the amount of time (in years) it takes for the savings in energy costs to add up to the total cost of installing the improve- ment. Obviously, the item with the shortest payback period is the best candidate for im- plementation. To determine the payback period, we must know two things: how much it will cost to make the improvement, and how much it will save us on utility bills for a year (a heating season). Obtaining the improvement cost requires con- sulting a contractor or, if we plan to do it ourselves, a building supply store. Predicting Effectiveness Finding out how much the improvement will 84 COMPVni Jaruatv.1963 save us in heating costs over a season is not quite as easy to determine. One way would be to keep records of our heating bills for one season, make the improvement, and then keep records of our heating bills for the next heating season. There are two drawbacks to this method. First, the severity of the weather will vary from one year to the next. If the first year is severe and the second is mild, our heating bills would be less even if we made no improvements. This problem can be corrected by adjusting the heating costs using weather data for the two years. The second and biggest drawback to this method is that you can't find out if an improve- ment is cost effective until after you have installed it. If it turns out not to be cost effective, it is too late to decide not to implement it! What we need is a way of predicting savings. If we know the weather and the heat loss charac- teristics of the house, we can estimate the heating cost. By calculating the heating costs based on heat loss characteristics of the house both before and after the improvements, we can obtain the estimated savings due to the improvements. This is what the program here does. To gather the data needed by the program, you will need to make some measurements and observe insulation levels in your house. The first thing the program calculates is the heat loss of the house. Heat loss of a house depends on three things: the thermal resistance, known as the R- value, of the structure; the total area of the struc- ture exposed to the elements; and the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the house. So we simply need the area, R-value, and the difference in temperature. The only problem is that different parts of the house have different R-values. Windows will have a lower R-value than walls, for example. In general, you can divide the external area of the house into five categories: windows, doors, walls, ceiling, and floor. The program requests informa- tion on each of these five categories in turn. For windows it requests height, width, number of windows (it calculates total window Now the VIC 20 and 64 can communicate with PET peripherals VIC and 64 users Would you like to be able to access any of these peripherals from your computer? • Vi megabyte disks (Commodore 4040 drive) • 1 megabyte disks (Commodore 8050 drive) • 10 megabyte disks (Commodore 9090 hard disk) • Printers including a wide range of inexpensive IEEE and RS232 matrix and quality printers • IEEE instruments such as volt meters, plotters etc. Now you are no longer limited by the VIC or the 64's serial bus. Simply by attaching INTERPOD you can vastly increase the power of your VIC 20 and when used with the new 64, INTERPOD turns the computer into a really powerful system. With INTERPOD the VIC and 64 become capable of running really professional quality software such as Word-processing, Accounting, Instrument control and many more. INTERPOD will work with any software. No extra commands are required and INTERPOD does not affect your computer in any way. Using INTERPOD is as easy as this: Simply plug INTERPOD into the serial port of your computer, power-up and you are ready to communicate with any number of parallel and serial IEEE devices and any RS232 printer. INTERPOD costs ^180 (IW7I:III»<>I>) Oxford Computer Systems CSoftware) Ltd. Hensington Road. Woodstock. Oxford OX7 IJR, England Tel. (0993) 812700 Telex 831 47 Ref OCSL /. She needs 'Superscript'! Sof&tm^i^ Features Provides full screen edit, delete, erase, insert, transfer and document merge facilities. Over 240 columns. Simple facilities to send mailshots to standard address lists. Powerful aids to produce tables with wide screen, horizontal, decimal and vertical tabs. Search with optional replace Comprehensive printer controls with control of margins, lines per page, underlining, bold print, super and sub scripts, variable line and character pitch. SfeM^ Features Dictionary in excess of 30,000 words. User definable dictionary with facilities to add, delete, print or merge with standard dictionary. Spelling checker verifies largest 'Superscf/pf document in less than two minutes. Displays totals of words, different words and unrecognized words. Editing of unrecognized words in document includes optiong to accept, ignore, change or add to user dictionary. 'Superscript' transforms your Commodore computer into a true Word Pro- cessor, enabling your secretary to turn out high quality letters, mailshots, quotations, etc., faster and easier than ever before. But spell? — Adding 'Superspell' gives you access to an extensive dictionary with automatic checl<ing of any document entered, enabling recognition of spelling errors and mistypes. If she wants a better machine, and you want the very best of Word Processing, then yoH both need a Commodore with 'Superscript' and 'Superspell' available from your local Commodore dealer. Superscript and Superspell run on the 2001, 3016/32. 4016/32, 8032 and 8096 Commodoce computers, 2040, 3040, 4040 and 8050 disk drives, all Commodore printers and a wide range of letter quality printers. Precision Software wA Professbnal's Word Processor Precision Software Limited, 4, Park Terrace, Worcester Park, Surrey KT4 7 JZ, England. Telephone 01-330 7166 For further information concerning thiese outstanding software products contact your local SUPERSCRIPT distributor as sfiown. Alabama To Be Announced Alaska B. G. Systems Anchorage 907 276 2986 Arizona Gerald Hasty & Co. Las Vegas Nevada 702 737 5670 Arkansas To Be Announced California (North) To Be Announced Caiifornia (South) P. E. C. Anatieim 714 778 3007 Colorado To Be Announced Connecticut Multi Business Computer Systems Portland 203 342 2747 Delaware Professional Micro Services Baltimore Maryland 301 325 5725 Florida To Be Announced Georgia U. A. G. Athens 404 353 8090 Hawaii To Be Announced Idaho To Be Announced lillnois Cambridge Business Systems Chicago 312 525 3900 Indiana Srepco Dayton Ohio 513 224 0871 Iowa To Be Announced Kansas To Be Announced Kentucky Srepco Dayton Ohio 513 224 0871 Louisiana To Be Announced Maine Best Business Equipment Worcester Massachusetts 617 755 1077 Maryland Professional Micro Services Baltimore 301 325 5725 Massachusetts Best Business Equipment Worcester 617 755 1077 Michigan Newman Audio Video Grand Rapids 616 243 3300 Minnesota To Be Announced Mississippi To Be Announced Missouri To Be Announced Montana To Be Announced Nebraska To Be Announced Nevada Gerald Hasty & Co. Las Vegas 702 737 5670 New Hampshire Best Business Equipment Worcester Massachusetts 617 765 1077 New Jersey Geneva Technology Cranford 201 276 1144 New Mexico To Be Announced New York State {North & West) Upstate Computer Shop Whitesboro{Nr. Uttica) 315 768 8151 New York State (South) Computer Emporium Middletown 914 343 4880 New York State (Long Island) Centerbrook Software Livingston Manor 914 439 3591 New York City Geneva Technology Cranford New Jersey 201 276 1144 North Carolina To Be Announced North Dakota To Be Announced Ohio Srepco Dayton 513 224 0871 Oklahoma To Be Announced Oregon The Computer Place Klamath Falls 503 882 9603 Pennsylvania (East) Mainline Computer Center Wayne 215 687 8500 Pennsylvania (West) Srepco Dayton Ohio 513 224 0671 Rhode Island Multi Business Computer Sysiems Portland Connecticut 203 342 2747 South Carolina To Be Announced South Dakota To Be Announced Tennessee To Be Announced Texas To Be Announced Utah Gerald Hasty & Co. Las Vegas Nevada 702 737 5670 Vermont Best Business Equipment Worcester Massachusetts 617 755 1077 Virginia Professional Micro Services Baltimore Maryland 301 325 5725 Washington State Computer Sales & Service Moses Lake 509 765 9751 Washington D.C. Professional Micro Services Baltimore Maryland 301 325.5725 West Virginia Professional Micro Services Baltimore Maryland 301 325 5725 Wisconsin Combridge Business Systems Chicago illinois 312 525 3900 Wyoming To Be Announced Canada Canadian Micro Dlslributors Milton Ontario 416 878 7277 If a SU PERSCRIPT distributor is not shown for your area, contact your nearest Commodore dealer for more information. If he does not stock SUPERSCRIPT or SUPERSPELL, write to Precision Software in England at the address shown opposite and we will send you the full distribution list. Precision Software area from these items), and type of frame and number of layers of glass. The number of types and/or sizes of windows is requested first. Most houses will have several sizes of windows, and there may be storm windows on some and not on others. The program allows for up to ten different types and/or sizes of windows. If you need more, change the dimension of S in statement 180. Only one size and type of door is allowed. If you have sliding glass doors, you should consider them another type of window. You need to get the height, width, and number of doors. Re- member: these are exterior doors only. Information needed for the walls consists of type of construction and R-value of the insulation in the wall. If you enter a negative number for the R-value of the wall insulation, the program will give you a list of typical R-values for wall insula- tion. To get the area of the wall, the program asks for the ceihng height, total perimeter of the house, and the number of stories in the house. The pro- gram will calculate the gross wall area from this data and subtract the total window and door area to obtain the proper wall area. One Hand Calculation The only time you have to calculate area yourself is for ceiling and floor. For the ceiling, you wiil be asked for the number of inches of insulation in the attic and the type of insulating material. For the floor, the type of foundation is requested. In addition to the heat losses mentioned so far, there are two others. The first of these is infiltration of outside air through cracks in win- dows and doors. The program asks if the windows and doors are weather-stripped. It uses this infor- mation and the total length of the cracks around windows and doors to calculate infiltration. The other heat loss is in the heat ducts from the furnace to the heat registers. The program asks if your heat ducts are insulated and where they are lo- cated. This concludes the input needed for cal- culating the total heat loss of the house. At this point the heat losses are displayed, and you are asked if you wish to make improvements to the house. If the answer is "Y", you will be asked if you wish to improve each item. You can make im- provements to one item or to any number of items. As you probably noticed, the first question you are asked is what the outside design temper- ature is. The outside design temperature for my area (Atlanta, Georgia) is 23 degrees. The outside design temperatures for other areas are tabulated in Table 1. For a more complete list, consult one of the references listed at' the end of this article. Actually, you do not need to put any specific temperature in here as long as it is less than 75 degrees, the inside design temperature used by 88 COMPUTE! Januotv.W83 the program. The program will still give you valid results for savings and payback. However, using the correct outside design temperature gives you the advantage of seeing what the furnace size would be for your house with and without the improvements. In fact, heating engineers use the same basic method as this program does to size furnaces for houses. When the program finishes calculating the heat loss of the house after improvements, it is ready to do the cost analysis. First you are asked for the type of heating fuel you use: electricity, Table i: Winter Design Temperatures CITY TEMPERATURE MONTGOMERY AL 26 JUNEAU AK -4 PHOENIX A2 34 LITTLE ROCK AR 23 SACRAMENTO CA 32 DENVER CO 3 HARTFORD CONN 5 DOVER DEL 15 TALLAHASSEE FL 29 ATLANTA GA 23 HONOLULU HI 62 BOISE ID 10 SPRINGFIELD IL 4 INDIANAPOLIS IN 4 DES MOINES lA -3 TOPEKA KS 6 LEXINGTON KY 10 BATON ROUGE LA 30 AUGUSTA ME -3 BALTIMORE MD 20 BOSTON MA 10 LANSING MI 6 ST. PAUL MN -10 JACKSON MS 24 JEFFERSON CITY MO 6 HELENA MT t13 LINCOLN NE 0 CARSON CITY NV 7 CONCORD NH -7 TRENTON NJ 16 SANTA FE NM 11 ALBANY NY 5 RALEIGH NC 20 BISMARCK ND -19 COLUMBUS OH 7 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 15 SALEM OR 25 HARRISBURG PA 13 PROVIDENCE RI 10 COLUMBIA SC 23 PIERRE SD -9 NASHVILLE TN 16 AUSTIN TX 29 SALT LAKE CITY UT 9 BURLINGTON VT -7 RICHMOND VA 18 OLYMPIAWA 25 CHARLESTON WV 14 MADISON WS -S CHEYENNE WY -2 1983 - T^ke Control A FINANCIAL WIZARD 1.5 THE HIGHLY ACCLAIMED PERSONAL FINANCE SYSTEM FOR ATARI* • Budget Forecast- 26 expense categories • Check Entry- easy data entry-scan & modify 26 major & 36 sub-categories -information block • Check Search -single or multiple parameters - (up to seven) to search entries • Tabulations-detailed expense vs. budget comparisons by month, year-to-date, category • Bar Graphs -screen displays in graph form expenses vs. budget-by month or category- printing with graphic capable printers Check Reconciliation -fast clearing of resident checks & deposits, complete summary report Checkwriter- prints your custom checks Printouts- most popular printers • Audit Report iVIuiti-Colored Graphics • Audio Enhancements 7 Utility Programs • User-Friendly Operation Easy To Use Instruction Manual Handsome Tinted Plastic Storage Case The system is designed for Atari computers having a minimum of 24K and operating from a disk drive. The price is only $59.95 plus $3 for handling/postage. If your dealer does not have A RnancJal Wizard. . . Telephone orders are accepted on Mastercharge or Visa credit cards. Mail order must be accompanied by check or money-order or credit card #. Dealer Inquiries invited. (405)751-2783. 'trademark of Atari Inc. OK residents ad 4% Tax. A Financial Wizard Exclusively thru Z CHECK ENCLOSED NAME IPfint) Address ^^' LINE COMPlfTtR CTNTERB ol DKC ■•' Z VISA 10944 North May Oklahoma City, OK 73120 (4051751-2781 □ MASTERCHARGE City Card# State^ -Zip. -Exp,. -Sig. fuel oil, or natural gas. Next you must input the cost per fuel unit of the heating fuel. Note that this unit cost is in dollars, so if natural gas in your area is 35 cents per therm, you should input .35 dollars per therm. Using this data and the heating degree days, the program calculates the total energy needed to heat the house for the entire heating season. The degree days and name of the city are on line 7010. You should change this line to reflect your own location. Some sample degree days for different cities are listed in Table 2, and a more complete Table 2: Yearly Heating Degree Days CITY DEGREE DAYS MONTGOMERY AL 2291 JUNEAU AK 9075 PHOENIX AZ 1765 LITTLE ROGK AR 3219 SACRAMENTOCA 2419 DENVER CO 5524 HARTFORD CONN 6235 WILMINGTON DEL 4930 TALLAHASSEE FL 1485 ATLANTA G A 2961 HONOLULU HI 0 BOISE ID 5809 SPRINGFIELD IL 5429 INDIANAPOLIS IN 5699 DES MOINES lA 6588 TOPEKAKS 5182 LEXINGTON KY 4683 BATON ROUGE LA 1560 PORTLAND ME 7511 BALTIMORE MD 4111 BOSTON MA 5634 LANSING MI 6909 MINNEAPOLIS MN 8382 JACKSON MS 2239 ST. LOUIS MO 4484 HELENA MT 8129 LINCOLN NE 5864 RENO NV 6332 CONCORD NH 7383 TRENTON NJ 4980 ALBUQUERQUE NM 4348 ALBANY NY 6201 RALEIGH NC 3393 BISMARCK ND 8851 COLUA-IBUSOH 5211 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 3725 SALEM OR 4754 HARRISBURGPA 5251 PROVIDENCE RI 5954 COLUMBIA SG 2484 RAPID CITY SD 7345 NASHVILLE TN 3578 AUSTIN TX 1711 SALTLAKECITYUT 6052 BURLINGTON VT 8269 RICHMOND V A 3865 OLYMPIAWA 5236 CHARLESTON WV 4476 MADISON WS 7863 CHEYENNE WY 7381 list can be found in any of the references. The last thing you must input is the total cost of the im- provements you made. From this data the pro- gram calculates the payback period in years. I got pretty popular in my neighborhood when word got out that my home computer could calculate how cost effective it would be to add insulation. I have also learned a great deal about my own home from running this program. Much of what I concluded was what I expected, but some conclusions surprised me. The program can definitely help home owners in assessing home energy improvements; it can also enable a home owner to spot dishonest "energy-saving" schemes pretty quickly. References 1. ASHRAE Handbook 1981 Fundamentals. Atlanta, Georgia: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Incorporated, 1981. 2. Other Homes and Garbn;^e, Jim Leckie, Gi) Masters, Harry Whitehouse, and Lilly Young. San Francisco, California: Sierra Club Books, 1975. 3. Refrigeration. and Air-Conditjoning, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1979. Program i: Microsoft BASIC 100 PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN} HOME EN ERGY PROGRAM 110 PRINT-.PRINT 120 PRINT" BY DAVID SWAIM 130 PRINT" P. 0. BOX 720126 140 PRINT" ATLANTA, GEORGIA 303 58 150 GOSUB 8000 160 REM COPYRIGHT 1981 DAVID C. SWA IM II 170 REM 180 DIM A(6),Q(6) ,R(6),RW(4,3) ,D(4) ,IW(2,3),S{10) 190 DIM RF(3) ,TC(3) ,N$(5) ,IC{5) ,DM( 2,3,3),IN(2) 2 00 REM WINDOW R VALUES 210 DATA 1.01,2.22,1.815,3.155 220 DATA .909,1.667,1.437,2.137 230 DATA .909,2,1.724,2.564 240 REM DOOR R VALUES 250 DATA .41, .75, .95,1.1 2 60 REM FLOOR R VALUES AND TEMP COR R 270 DATA 3.2,0,3.2,30,1.23,0 280 REM CEILING INSULATION R PER IN CH 290 DATA 3.5,3,2.5,4.5,5.5 300 N$ (1)="WIND0WS":N$(2)="D00RS":N $ (3)="WALLS" 310 N$(4)="CEILING":NS(5)="FL00R *" 320 REM DUCT MULTIPLIERS 330 DATA .2,. 15, 5, .05 ,1,.15, .1, .05, .1,.0 90 COMPUTf! Januory.WSS Potential into practical reality. Tills is the core of DISKEY — a remarkable utility program that gives ATARI disk drive owners the flexibility to accomplish tasks that other utilities either ignored or only hinted at. With DISKEY, the user will be able to actually examine a disk and its directory, and repair some files that might otherwise have been lost. DISKEY also per- forms a multitude of other practical functions, including the following: * Automatically lists any unreadable or destroyed sectors * Sends contents of disk to printer selectively * Up to four separate drives may be addressed * Can be used to backup some of those "un- backupable" disks * Allows direct examination of any file * Over 50 separate key functions available As an ATARI 400 of 800 owner, you have ex- traordinary power and versatility at your disposal. Tap into those resources effectively with DISKEY — new from Adventure Interna- tional. ATARI 400/800 32K DISK 052-0158 S49.9S (Note: Some features will require 40K) SOME OF DISKEY KEY FUNCTIONS Clear screen and filename B/te compare, D1 lo 02. OS lo DS Copy sectors, OD to OD. OS to DS Toggle destination drive EcasG disk {format) Select file sub-menu Set autornatlc function lower llmfl {OS} Modify Sector Map New destination sector Toggle originate drive Print screen to printer Query (searcfi for fiex key, drive OD, sector OS to DS) Read new OS, set DS to matcti Searcti for ASCII key. drive OD, sector OS to DS Tape lo disk Upper case conversion of printer lower case Toggle v*rite verify Write memory butter to sector DS, drive DD Select EOR Sector Map screen print mask Zero memory buffer Read upward, next sector on disk Read downward Directory Information Select directory sub-menu Byte compare, D1 to D2, whole disk cC Copy D1 lo D2, whole disk cD Decimal to hex, ASCII conversion cE Erase disk (without new format) cF Modify sector forward sector chain reference cH Hex to decimal, ASCII conversion cL Locate bad sector on drive OD cN Modify sector file number reference cO Select one-drive functions sutj-program cP Print current Disk Map cR RPM test drive OD cS Special fHe copy, no directory reference from source cV VTOC update and repair, drive OD cY Toggle Sure Response prompt enable FA File binary load address headers to printer FD Delete file FF Select filename for all file functions FL Lock tile FM Show memory address load position in file FO Relative Query FR Rename file FS fteiative Searcti cB BASIC ROUTINES FOR THE ATARI Finally, a self-help system that cuts through the stuffy technical jargon and allows the user to learn effective programming techniques fast! BASIC ROUTINES FOR THE ATARI has been written especially for ATARI 400 or 800 users who wish to write programs in BASIC. This package comes complete with an extensive manual and your choice of a tape or disk which contains all of the routines from the manual — which means you'll be able to actually see each of them in action on your ATARI. Some of the BASIC routines include joystick, sound, player missile strings and much more — and presented in a way that you'll quickly be able lo learn and apply to your own programs. If your programming ability lies somewhere between beginning and advanced, then look no further — BASIC ROUTINES FOR THE ATARI is the system for you. BASIC ROUTINES book with 16K TAPE 051-0154 $24.95 BASIC ROUTINES book with 24K DISK 052-0154 $24.95 Published by (O 1 COPYRIGHT 1962 dventuT^ I^iTEHNATlONAL a subsidiary of Scott Adams, Inc. BOX 3435 ' LONGWOOD, FL 32750 • (305) 830-8194 To order, see your local dealer. If he does not have the program, then call 1 (800) 327-7172 (orders only please) or write for our free catalog. 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 4 30 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 5 20 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 605 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 7 50 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 ,15, .l,.l, .1, .05, .05, ,0 PER FOOT OF CRA DATA .2, 5, .05 REM AIR CHANGES CK DATA 39,74,52,24,32,33 REM READ WINDOW R VALUES FOR F=l TO 3 FOR G=l TO 4 READ RW(G,F) NEXT G,F REM READ DOOR R VALUES 1=1 TO 4:READ D(I):NEXT I READ FLOOR R VAL AND TEMP FOR REM ORR FOR EXT REM FOR REM FOR FOR FOR READ 1=1 TO 3: READ RF(I) , TC (I) :N I READ INSULATION R PER INCH 1=1 TO 5:READ IC(I):NEXT I READ DUCT MULTIPLIERS KD=1 TO 2 K=l TO 3 J=l TO 3 DM(KD,J,K) NEXT J,K,KD REM READ AIR CHANGES FOR INFILT RATION FOR 1=1 TO 2 FOR J=l TO 3 READ IW(I,J) NEXT J, I REM INSIDE DESIGN TEMPERATURE IT=75:PK=1 GETA$ : IFA$=""THEN605 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN}WINTER OUTSI DE DESIGN TEMPERATURE"; INPUT OT DT=IT-OT GOSUB 1000 GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB 2000 3000 4000 5000 5200 6000 .REM REM REM :REM REM REM :REM 830 INPUT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN}DO YOU WI SH TO IMPROVE FLOOR"; AS 840 IF LEFT$ (A$,1)="Y" THEM GOSUB 5 000 850 INPUT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN}DO YOU WI SH TO IMPROVE DUCTS" ;A$ 860 IF LEFT$ (A$,1)="Y*' THEN GOSUB 5 200 870 GOSUB 6000:REM REPORT RESULTS 880 Q2=TQ/DT 890 PRINT:PRINT"HIT RETURN TO GET S AVINGS" 900 GET A$:IF A$="" THEN 900 910 GOSUB 7000:REM CALCULATE A YEAR OF SAVINGS 999 END 1000 REM WINDOW SUBROUTINE 1010 I=1:IF PK>1 THEN 1040 1020 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN} HOW MANY DIF FERENT TYPES OF WINDOWS"; 1030 INPUT NX 1040 IX=1:CW=0:A(I)=0:Q(I} =0 1050 PRINT" {DOWN} ARE WINDOWS WEATHE RSTRIPPED"; 1060 INPUT WW$ 1070 IF LEFT$ (WW$,1)="Y" THEN IX=2 1080 FOR J=l TO NX 1090 PRINT"SIZE";J: IF PK>1 THEN 1160 1100 PRINT"NUMBER OF WINDOWS"; 1110 INPUT NW 1120 PRINT"SIZE OF WINDOWS (H,W) FT" WINDOWS DOORS WALLS CEILING FLOOR DUCTS REPORT RESULTS Q1=TQ/DT PRINT" {DOWN}DO YOU WISH TO MAKE IMPROVEMENTS?" GET A$:IF A$="" THEN 730 PK=2:IF A$="N" THEN 999 INPUT" {CLEAR} {02 D0WN}D0 YOU WI SH TO IMPROVE WINDOWS" ;A$ IP LEFT$ (A$,1)="Y" THEN GOSUB 1 000 INPUT" {CLEAR} {02 D0WN}D0 YOU WI SH TO IMPROVE DOORS" ;A$ IF LEFT$ (A$,1)="Y" THEN GOSUB 2 000 INPUT" {CLEAR} {02 D0WN}D0 YOU WI SH TO IMPROVE WALLS" ;A$ IF LEFT$ (A$,1)="Y" THEN GOSUB 3 000 INPUT" {CLEAR} {02 D0WN}D0 YOU WI SH TO IMPROVE CEILING" ;A$ IF LEFT$CA$,1)="Y" THEN GOSUB 4000 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1210 INPUT H,W S{J)=H*W*NW CW=CW+(H+W) *NW A(I)=A(I)+S(J) PRINT"TYPE OF WINDOWS" PRINT" 1. SINGLE GLASS" PRINT" 2. SINGLE + STORM" PRINT" 3. DOUBLE PANE" PRINT" 4. TRIPLE {DOUBLE + ST ORM) " 1220 INPUT G 1230 PRINT"TYPE OF WINDOW FRAME" 1240 PRINT" 1. WOOD" 1250 PRINT" 2. METAL OR JALOUSE" 1260 PRINT" 3. FIXED" 1270 INPUT F 1280 RM=RW(G,F) 1290 Q(I)=Q(I)+S(J)*DT/RM 1300 R(I)=RM 1310 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN}"; 1320 NEXT J 1330 IN(I)=0.018*DT*IW(IX,F)*CW 1340 RETURN 2000 REM DOORS SUBROUTINE 2010 I=2:IF PK>1 THEN 2080 2020 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN}NUMBER OF DO ORS"; 2030 2040 2050 2060 207 0 INPUT N PRINT"SIZE INPUT H,W A(I)=H*W*N CD=(H+W) *N OF DOORS (H,W) FT' 92 COMPint! Jonuacv.waa tINI Sometimes Only Words Will Do £UU! % ±± Too-t iT-jS I ai m tjji" i ' o n m^ V I O , Ciait-i 'HE. c: 1 s. 1 ml l-i i ^ i> ujn a n sd If l=incl I tp^r ^^ ^ *^ *=* o n ^ WOROer^AFT. . .A First! V\ford Processing for VIC 20 Never be at a loss for words again! Expressing yourself is easier, faster, and less expensive than ever before . . . thanks to Wordcraft 20© from United Microware. Wordcraft 20® has all the features found on bigger systems costing a lot more — all the features you'll need to prepare "piaure- perfea" documents, letters, personalized mailers, lists, and many other projects that have you juggling words. Wordcraft 20© is easy to use; it won't conftjse you. Your words will appear on the screen just as you've written them. This fully featured system lets you do w}^,atyou need to do . . . change a charaaer, a word, or an entire block of copy . . . arrange and rearrange the text ... set the tabs and margins . . . adjust the line lengths . . . move the copy up and down, left or right, so you see every word on the screen . . . before you print. Wordcraft 20© gives you personal word processing with professional results. Plug Wordcraft 20© into your VIC® today ... see for yourselfjust what words will do. Available exclusively from your local UMI dealer. United Microware Industries, Inc. 3503-C Temple Avenue Pomona, CA 91768 (7141 594-1351 Commodore and VIC 20 are registered trademarks of Commodore Bustrness Machines. Inc. Wordcraft 20© copyright held try PL Dowson. 2080 PRINT" {DOWNlTYPE OF DOORS" 2 090 PRINT" 1. WOOD" 2100 PRINT" 2. WOOD + STORM" 2110 PRINT" 3. METAL URETHANE CORE n 2120 PRINT" 4. METAL POLYSTYRENE C ORE" 2130 INPUT T 2140 R(I)=D{T) 2150 QCI)=A(I)*DT/R(I) 2160 DW=138 2170 PRINT" {DOWN}ARE DOORS WEATHERST RIPPED"; 2180 INPUT DW$ 2190 IF LEFTS (DW$,1)="Y" THEN DW=69 2200 IN(I) =0.018*DT*DW*CD 2210 RETURN 3000 REM WALLS SUBROUTINE 3010 I=3:HO=.17:HI=.68 3020 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN}TYPE OF WALL CONSTRUCTION" 3030 PRINT" {DOWN} 1. BRICK VENEER" 3040 PRINT " 2. STONE" 3050 PRINT " 3. WOOD SHINGLES" 3060 PRINT " 4. STUCCO" 3 070 PRINT " 5. MASONRY BLOCK" 3080 PRINT " 6. LOG" 3090 PRINT " 7. OTHER:" 3100 PRINT " ENTER CALCULATED R VALUE DIRECTLY" 3110 PRINT " WHEN ASKED FOR INS ULATION R VALUE" 3120 INPUT TY 3130 ON TY GOTO 3140,3150,3160,3170, 3180,3190,3200 3140 RM=.2*3.5:GOTO 3210:REM BRICK 3150 RM=„08*5: GOTO 3210:REM STONE 3160 RM=.87: GOTO 3210:REM WOOD 3170 RM=.2*2: GOTO 3210:REM STUCCO 3180 RM=2: GOTO 3210:REM MASONR Y 3190 RM=1.25*8:GOTO 3210:REM LOG 3200 RM=0:REM OTHER 3210 PRINT" FOR LIST OF R VALUES F OR INSULATION" 3220 PRINT" ENTER -1 FOR INSULATIO N R VALUE" 3230 PRINT" INSULATION R VALUE"; 3240 INPUT RI 3250 IF RK0 THEN G0SU6 3500:GOTO 32 30 3260 R{I)=HO+RM+RI+HI:IF PK>1 THEN 3 340 3270 PRINT"HOW MANY STORIES IN HOUSE 3280 INPUT NT 3290 PRINT"WHAT IS THE CEILING HEIGH T (FT)"; 3300 INPUT CH 3310 PRINT"WHAT IS TOTAL PERIMETER ( FT) " ; 3320 INPUT P 3330 A(I)=NT*CH*P-A(1)-A(2) 3340 Q(I)=A(I)*DT/R{I) 9i COMPUR! Januatv.WSa 3 350 RETURN 3500 REM LIST OF INSULATION R VALUES 3510 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN} LIST OP INSU LATION R VALUES, WALLS" 3520 PRINT" {DOWN} NO INSULATI ON (AIR) = .94" 3530 PRINT" BATT INSULATION IN WA LL = 11" 3540 PRINT" HALF INCH ASPHALT BOA RD = 2.4 3550 PRINT" 1/2 IN GYPSUM OR PLAST ER = 1.39 3560 PRINT" 1/4 IN WOOD FIBER BOA RD =1.12 3570 PRINT" FIR OR PINE SHEATHI fJG = 1.92 3580 PRINT" 3/4 IN PLYWOOD PANE LS = 1.88 3590 PRINT" 1/2 IN PLYWO OD = 1.57 3600 ERINT:PRINT 3610 RETURN 4000 REM CEILING ROUTINE 4010 1=4 4020 HI=.61:HO=.61:IF PK>1 THEN 4060 4030 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN}WHAT IS TOTA L CEILING AREA" 4040 PRINT"OF THE HOUSE"; 4050 INPUT A(I) 4060 PRINT" HOW MANY INCHES OP INSULA TION IN CEILING"; 4070 INPUT CI 4080 PRINT"TYPE OF INSULATING MATERI AL" 4090 PRINT" {DOWN} 1. FIBERGLASS" 4100 PRINT " 2. MINERAL WOOL" 4110 PRINT " 3. VERMICULITE OR PERL ITE" 4120 PRINT " 4. CELLULOSE FIBER" 4130 PRINT " 5. U-P POAM{DOWN}" 4140 INPUT T 4150 RM=CI*IC(T) 4160 R(I)=HO+RM+HI 4170 Q(I)=A(I) *DT/R(I) 418 0 RETURN 5000 REM FLOOR ROUTINE 5010 I=5:IF PK>1 THEN 5040 5020 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN}WHAT IS TOTA L FLOOR AREA"; 5030 INPUT A(I) 5040 PRINT"HOW MANY INS OF INSULATIO N IN FLOOR"; 5050 INPUT FI:IF PK>1 THEN 5110 5060 PRINT"TYPE OF FOUNDATION" 5070 PRINT" 1. OPEN CRAWLSPACE" 5080 PRINT" 2. ENCLOSED CRAWLSPACE OR BASEMENT" 5090 PRINT" 3. CONCRETE SLAB" 5100 INPUT TF 5110 R(I)=H0+FI*3.1+RF(TF)+HI 5120 Q(I)=A(I)*{DT-TCCTF) )/R(I) 5130 RETURN 5200 REM DUCTS 5210 DI=.l f %4^qcirnm( lO I GEMINI- FOR PRINTER VALUE THAT'S OUT OF THIS WORLD 7/r,^i-"',-»^-j:aa-c.'£->.rr''^>j«faflfat>>w&'.< Over thirty years of down-to-earth experi- ence as a precision parts manufacturer has enabled Star to produce the Gemini series of dot matrix printers— a stellar combina- tion of printer quality, ffexibiiity, and reliabil- ity. And for a list price of nearly 25% less than the best selling competitor. The Gemini 10 has a 10" carriage and the Gemini 15 a 15V2" carriage. Plus, the Gemini 15 has the added capability of a bot- tom paper feed. In both models, Gemini quality means a print speed of 100 cps, high- resolution bit image and block graphics, and extra fast forms feed. Gemini's flexibility is embodied in its diverse specialized printing ~ ~ capabilities such as super/ sub script, underlining, back- ' spacing, double strike mode and emphasized print mode. An- other extraordinary standard micron feature is a 2.3K buffer. An additional 4K is optional. That's twice the memory of lead- ing, comparable printers. And Gemini is compatible with most software packages that support the leading printers. Gemini reliability is more than just a promise. It's as concrete as a 180 day war- ranty (90 days for ribbon and print head), a mean time between failure rate of 5 million lines, a print head life of over 100 million characters, and a 100% duty cycle that allows the Gemini to print continuously. Plus, prompt, nationwide service Is readily available. So if you're looking for an incredibly A high-quality, low-cost printer 1^ that's out of this world, look J?^ to the manufacturer with its feet on the ground — Star and ® the Gemini 10, Gemini 15 dot amary stanaara micronics > inc matrix printers. MAKING A NAME FOR OURSELVES 1120 Empire Central Place, Suite 216, Dallas, TX 75247 For more information, please call Bob Hazzard, Vice President, at (214) 631-8560. 5220 IF TF=3 THEN KD=3:RETURN 5 230 PRIMT"{D0WN}IS YOUR DUCTWORK IN SULATED"; 5240 INPUT D$:IF PK>1 THEN 5310 5250 PRINT" {DOWNlLOCATION OF HEAT DU CTS:" 5260 PRINT" 1. ATTIC OR CRAWLSPAC E" 5270 PRINT" 2. UNCONDITIONED BASE MENT" 5280 PRINT" 3. IN SLAB FLOOR" 5290 PRINT" 4. INSIDE CONDITIONED SPACE" 5300 INPUT KD 5310 RETURN 6000 REM WRITE A REPORT 6010 PRINT" {CLEAR} ", "HEAT LOSS EVALU ATION" 6020 PRINT:PRINT:TQ=0 6030 PRINT" ITEM"," AREA"," R-VALUE" , "HEAT LOSS" 6040 PRINT ," SQ.FT.",," BTU/HR":PRI NT 6050 FOR 1=1 TO 5 6060 A(I) =INT(A(I) *100+.5)/100 6070 R(I)=INT(R(I) *100+.5)/100 6 080 Q(I)=INT(Q(I)+.5) 6090 PRINT N$(I) ,A(I) ,RCI) ,Q(I) 6100 TA=TA+A{I) :TQ=TQ+Q(I) 6110 NEXT I 6120 REM PRINT INFILTRATION LOSS 6130 PRINT"INFILTRATION" , ,INT( {IN(1) +IN(2))/2+.5) 6140 TQ=TQ+ (IN(1)+IN(2) )/2 6150 REM CALCULATE DUCT LOSS 6160 X=TQ/(A(5)*CH*NT) :J = 3:K=3 6170 IF X<45 THEN K=2 6180 IF X<35 THEN K=l 6190 DI=.15+.05*(3-Kl 6200 IP LEFT$ (D$,1)=^"N" AND KD<2 THE N 6240 6205 IF KD>2 THEN DI=0:GOTO 6240 6210 IF 0T<15 THEN J=2 6220 IF OT<0 THEN J=l 6230 DI=DM(KD,J,K) 6240 PRINT"DUCT LOSS" , , , INT (DI*TQ+. 5) 6250 TQ=TQ+TQ*DI 6260 PRINT ,"@@@@@@@@",,"@@@@@@@@" 6270 PRINT" TOTAL" ,INT(TA) , ,INT{TQ) 6280 PRINT:PRINT 6290 PRINT"DESIGN CONDITIONS:" 6300 PRINT" OUTSIDE DESIGN TEMP";0 T 6310 PRINT" INSIDE DESIGN TEMP"; I T 6320 PRINT"TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE" ; D T 6330 RETURN 7000 REM FIND SAVINGS USING DEGREE-D AYS 7010 00=^2961 :DD$^"ATLANTA GA" 7012 E1=INT(Q1*DD*24) 7014 E2=INT{Q2*DD*24) 7030 PRINT" {CLEARlTYPE OF HEATING FU EL USED" 7040 PRINT" 1. ELECTRICITY" 7 050 PRINT" 2. NATURAL GAS" 7060 PRINT" 3. FUEL OIL" 7070 INPUT PT:PC=.55 7080 ON FT GOTO 7100,7200,7300 7090 GOTO 7030 7100 REM ELECTRICITY 7110 PRINT"IS HEATING UNIT A HEAT PU MP"; 7120 INPUT HP$:ER=3413 7130 IF LEFT$(HP$,1) <>"Y" THEN 7150 7140 INPUT"ENTER EER OF HEAT PUMP";E R:ER=ER*1000 7150 INPUT" AVERAGE $ COST PER KWH" ; C 0:FU$="KWH" 7160 El=INT(El/ER+.5) 7165 M1=E1*C0 7170 E2=INT(E2/ER+.5) 7175 M2=E2*C0 7180 MS=M1-M2 7190 GOTO 7400 7 200 REM NATURAL GAS 7210 INPUT"AVERAGE $ COST PER THERM ~ OF NATURAL GAS"; CO 7220 El=INT(El/(103000*PCJ+.5) 7225 M1=E1*C0 7230 E2=INT(E2/C103000*PC)+.5) 7235 M2=E2*CO 7240 MS=M1-M2 7250 FU$="THERMS":GOTO 7400 7300 REM FUEL OIL 7310 INPUT"AVERAGE $ COST PER GALLON OF FUEL OIL"; CO 7320 El=INT(El/(138000*PC)+.5) 7325 M1=E1*C0 7330 E2=INT(E2/(138000*PC)+.5) 7335 M2=E2*CO 7 340 MS=M1-M2:FU$="GALL0NS" 7400 REM GIVE RESULTS 7410 M1=INT(M1*100)/100 7420 M2=INTCM2*100)/100 7430 MS=INT(MS*100)/100 7440 INPUT" {DOWN} TOTAL $ COST OF YOU R IMPROVEMENTS"; CI 7450 PB=INT{CI/MS*1000)/1000 7460 REM REPORT SAVINGS AND PAYBACK 7470 PRINT" {CLEAR}", "ANALYSIS OF IMP ROVEMENTS" 7480 PRINT:PRINT 7490 PRINT, , "ENERGY NEEDED" 7 500 PRINT"ORIGINAL HOUSE" , El ; FU$ 7 510 PRINT" IMPROVED HOUSE" , E2 ; FU$ 7 520 PRINT,, "@@@@@@@@@" 7530 PRINT, "SAVINGS" ,E1-E2;FU$ 7540 PRINT 7550 PRINT, ,"OPER. COSTS" 7560 PRINT"ORIGINAL HOUSE" ,"$"; Ml 7570 PRINT"IMPROVED HOUSE" ,"$"; M2 7580 PRINT, ,"@@@@@g@@@" 7 590 PRINT, "SAVINGS", "$"; MS 7600 PRINT: PRINT, "PAYBACK" ,PB; "YEARS n 7610 PRINT:PRINT 96 COMPUTEI ,lanuarv.1983 7620 PRINT"ABOVE IS BASED ON ONE YEA R OF OPERATION" 7 630 PRINT" IN " ; DD$ 7640 RETURN 8000 REM DRAW HOUSE 8 010 PRINTCHR$(14 2) : PRINT: PRINT: PRIN T 8020 PRINTSPC(8) ;" j_i" 8030 PRINTSPC(8) ;" (REV}1 _{ OFF}" 8040 PRINTSPC(8) ; "T , ;,,•,;,;, ;Y 8050 PRINTSPC(8) ;"T<><><><><>*{REV} _{OFF}'' 8060 PRINTSPCfS^ ;"T.;.;,;,;,;Y,""";Y n 8070 PRINTSPC(B) ;"T<><>{REV} 1 {OFFll< ><>Y{REV} 1 {OFF}_!_Y" 8080~PRINTSPC (7) ;"##########*###»### 111" 8090 RETURN Program 2: Make these changes in Program 1 for the Apple II. lOO HOME i VTAB 2: PRINT " HOME ENERGY PROGRAM" 3510 HOME : PRINT "LIST OF INSUL ATION R VALUES, WALLS" 3520 PRINT : PRINT " NO INS ULATIDN 4030 HOME : PRINT "WHAT IS TOTAL CEILING AREA 4090 PRINT : PRINT " 1. FIBERGL ASS 4130 PRINT : PRINT " 5. U-F FOA M": PRINT 5020 HOME : PRINT "WHAT IS TOTAL FLOOR AREA?"; 5230 PRINT s PRINT "IS YOUR DUCT WORK INSULATED?"; 5250 PRINT "LOCATION OF HEAT DUC TS: 6010 HOME : PRINT "HEAT LOSS EVA LUATION" 7440 PRINT : INPUT "TOTAL * COST OF YOUR IMPROVEMENTS"; CI 7470 HOME : PRINT "ANALYSIS OF I MPRDVEMENTS" 7520 PRINT ,," " 7580 PRINT ,," " aOOO RETURN 8010 - B090" DELETE" Program 3: Atari Version too POKE 82,0:PRINT "<:CLEAR>£2 DOWN} HOME ENERGY PROGRAM" 110 PRINT :PRINT 150 QOSUB 8000 170 OPEN #1 , 4, O, "K: " 180 DIM A (6) , D (6) , R £6) , RW (4, 3) , D (4) , I W (2, 3) , S < 10) 190 DIM RF (3> , TC (3) ,N* <5*10) , IC (5) , DM <2, 15> , IN (2) , ft* ( 1 ) , NL (5) 191 DIM WW« ( I ) , DWS < 1 ) , D« ( 1 ) , DD* (20) , H P* ( 1) , FU* ( 10> 200 REM WINDOW R VALUES 210 DATA 1,01,2.22,1,815,3.155 220 DATA .909,1.667,1.437.2.137 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 315 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 4 70 480 490 50 0 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 601 605 610 620 630 64 O 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 DATA .909,2,1.724,2.564 REM DOOR R VALUES DATA . 41 , . 75, . 95, 1 . 1 REM FLOOR R VALUES AND TEMP CORR DATA 3.2,0,3.2,30,1.23,0 REM CEILING INSULATION R PER INCH DATA 3.5,3,2.5,4.5,5.5 N« < 1 > = "WINDOWS" : N* ( 1 1 ) ="DODRS" : N* <21 ) ="WALLS" N*<31)="CEILING":NS(41) =" FLOOR «" NL ( 1 ) =7: NL (2>=5:NL (3)=5:NLC4>=6: N L (5) =7 REM DUCT MULTIPLIERS DATA .2, .15,,!, .15,-1, .05,.!,. 05, . 05 DATA .2, . 15, . 1 , . 1 , . 1 , .OS, .05, . 05, . 05 REM AIR CHANGES PER FOOT OF CRACK DATA 39,74,52,24,32,33 REM READ WINDOW R VALUES FOR F=l TD 3 FOR 6=1 TD 4 READ TEMP: RW <G, F) =TEMP NEXT G:NEXT F REM READ DOOR R VALUES FOR 1=1 TD 4:READ TEMP : D ( I ) =TEMP : NEXT I REM READ FLOOR R VAL AND TEMP COR R FOR 1=1 TD 3:READ TEMP : RF ( I ) =TEMP ;READ TEMP: TC ( I ) =TEMP: NEXT I REM READ INSULATION R PER INCH FOR 1=1 TD 5:READ TEMP : I C ( I ) =TEMP :NEXT I REM READ DUCT MULTIPLIERS FDR KD=1 TO 2 FDR K=l TD 3 FOR J=l TD 3 READ TEMP: DM (KD, J+K*4) =TEMP NEXT J;NEXT K:NEXT KD REM READ AIR CHANGES FOR INFILTRA TIDN FOR 1=1 TD 2 FOR J=l TO 3 READ TEMP: IW ( I , J)=TEMP NEXT J:NEXT I REM INSIDE DESIGN TEMPERATURE IT=75:PK=1 ? ;? :7 "Press l:i^<li:]: to begin:"; GET * PRINT E DES INPUT DT=IT GOSUB GOSUB Gosue GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB Q1=TQ PRINT EMENT GET # K = 2: I PRINT TO I IF A* PRINT TO I IF A* PRINT 1,A " fCL IGN T OT -OT lOOO 2 GOO 3000 4 00 0 5000 5200 6000 /DT "DO S?: "; 1 , A: A F A* = " CCL MPRDV = " V ■■ " <:CL MPROV tCL EAR> fD0WN3 WINTER EMPERATURE" ; OUTSID :REM WINDOWS :REM DOORS :REM WALLS :REM CEILING :REM FLOOR :REM DUCTS :REM REPORT RESULTS YOU WISH TO MAKE IMPROV «=CHR* (A) "N" THEN 999 EARJ<:2 DOWN>DO YOU WISH E WINDOWS" ;: INPUT A« THEN GOSUB 1000 EARJ<:2 DOWNJDO YOU WISH E DDORS" ; : INPUT A* THEN GOSUB 2000 EAR>C2 DOWNJDO YOU WISH Januaiv,19B3 COHPUHI 97 800 810 820 830 840 S50 S60 870 880 890 900 910 999 1000 lOlO 1020 1030 104 0 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 llOO 1110 1120 1 130 1 140 1 150 1 160 1 170 1 180 1 190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1250 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 2000 2010 2020 203O 2040 20S0 2060 2070 2080 2090 TD IMPROVE WALLS" ;: INPUT A« IF A*="y" THEN GDSUB 3000 PRINT "<:CLEAR>C2 DQWN>DD YOU WISH TD IMPROVE CEILING" ;: INPUT A* IF ftt=..y.. THEN eOSUB 4000 PRINT "<:CLEAR><:2 DOWN>Da YOU WISH TO IMPROVE FLOOR"; ; INPUT A* IF ft«="Y" THEN GDSUB 5000 PRINT "<:CLEAR>{2 DDWN>DO YOU WISH TO IMPROVE DUCTS" ;: INPUT A* IF A«="Y" THEN GOSUB 5200 GOSUB 6000: REM REPORT RESULTS Q2=TQ/DT PRINT :PRINT "HIT RETURN TD GET S AVIN6S" GET #1 , A GOSUB 7000: REM CALCULATE A YEAR O F SAVINGS END REM WINDOW SUBROUTINE 1=1: IF PK>1 THEN 1040 PRINT " <:CLEAR> tDOWNlHOW MANY DIF FERENT TYPES OF WINDOWS"; INPUT NX IX=1:CW=0:A<I)=0:Q(I)=0 PRINT ■'CDOWN> ARE WINDOWS WEATHE RSTRIPPED" ; INPUT WW* IF WW*="Y" THEN IX=2 FOR J=l TO NX PRINT "SIZE ";J:IF PK>1 THEN 116 0 PRINT "NUMBER DF WINDOWS"; INPUT NW PRINT "SIZE OF WINDOWS (H,W) FT" INPUT H,W S (J)=H«W»NW CW=CW+<H+W) «NW A ( I ) =A ( I ) +S ( J) PRINT "TYPE OF WINDOWS" PRINT "{3 spaces:!. SINGLE GLASS 2100 PRINT "<3 SPACES32. WOOD + STORM PRINT RM" PRINT PRINT LE + S INPUT PRINT PRINT PRINT DUSE" PRINT INPUT RM=RW< D< I > =Q R ( I ) =R PRINT NEXT J IN ( I ) = RETURN REM DO 1=2: IF PRINT ORS" ; INPUT PRINT INPUT A ( I > =H CD= (H-t- PRINT PRINT "f3 SPACESJ2, SINGLE + STO "C3 SPACES>3. DOUBLE PANE" "<:3 SPACES>4. TRIPLE ( DOUE TORM) " G "TYPE OF WINDOW FRAME" " iZ spaces:!. WOOD" "{3 SPACES>2. METAL OR JAL "C3 SPACES>3. FIXED" F 6, F) ( I ) +S (J) *DT/RM M " {CLEAR> <DOWN} " ; 0.01S.*DT»IW(IX,F)«CW ORS SUBROUTINE PK>1 THEN 2080 " fCLEARJ- tDOWN>NUMBER OF DO N "SIZE DF DOORS (H.W) FT"; H. W *W*N W) *N "<:D0WN>TYPE OF DDORS" "{3 SPACES>1. WOOD" 2110 2120 2130 2 140 2150 21 60 2170 2180 2190 2200 22 10 3000 30 10 3020 3030 PRINT "£3 SPACESJ3. METAL URETHA NE CORE" PRINT "{3 SPACES>4. METAL POLYST YRENE CORE" INPUT T R < I ) =D ( T) Q ( I ) =A ( I ) *DT/R ( I ) DW=13a PRINT "CDOWNJARE DDORS WEATHERST RIPPED" ; INPUT DW* IF DW*="Y" THEN DW=69 IN( I)=0.0 18*DTtDW*CD RETURN REM WALLS SUBROUTINE 1=3: H 0=0. 17:HI=0.6B PRINT " tCLEAR} CDOWNJTYPE DF WALL CONSTRUCTION" PRINT "CDOWNltS SPACES! 1. BRICK VENEER" 3040 PRINT " {3 SPACESJ2. STONE" 3050 PRINT S" PRINT " {3 SPACES>3. WOOD SHINGLE 30 60 " {3 SPACES>4. STUCCO" 3070 PRINT K" PRINT " {3 SPACES: 5. MASONRY BLOC 3080 " <3 SPACES>6. LOG" 3090 PRINT " iZ SPACES}?. OTHER: " 3100 PRINT •• ib SPACES>ENTER CALCULATE 3110 31 20 3130 3140 3150 3160 3170 3180 3190 3200 32 lO 3220 3230 3240 32 50 3260 3270 3280 3290 3300 3310 3320 3330 3340 3350 3500 3510 3520 3530 DIRECTLY" SPACE3>WHEM ASKED R VALUE" FOR D R VALUE PRINT " {6 INSULATION INPUT TY ON TY GOTO 3140,3150,3160,3170.3 180, 3190, 3200 RM=0. 2»3. 5; GOTO 3210:REM BRICK RM=0. 08*5; GOTO 3210:REM STONE RM=0.87:GDTD 3210:REM WOOD RM=0. 2*2; GOTO 3210:REM STUCCO RM = 2:G0TD 3210.-ReM MASONRY RM=1 . 25«B: GOTO 3210;REM LOG RM=0:REM OTHER PRINT "{3 SPACESJFOR LIST DF R V ALUES FOR INSULATION- PRINT "<:3 SPACESJENTER -1 FOR IN SULATION R VALUE" PRINT "INSULATION R VALUE"; INPUT RI IF RKO THEN GOSUB 3500:60T0 323 0 R < I ) =HO+RM+RI+HI : IF PK>1 THEN 33 4 0 PRINT "HOW MANY STORIES IN HOUSE INPUT NT PRINT "WHAT T (FT>"; INPUT CH PRINT "WHAT FT) " ; INPUT P A (I > =NT«CH*P-A ( 1 ) Q<I )=A ( I) *DT/R C I > IS THE CEILING HEI6H IS TOTAL PERIMETER ( A (2) RETURN REM LIST OF INSULATION R VALUES PRINT " {CLEAR} <:DDWN>LIST OF INSU LATION R VALUES, WALLS" PRINT "CDOWNJte SPACESJNO INSULA TION (AIR> = .94" PRINT "{4 SPACESJBATT INSULATION IN WALL = 11" 9S COMMJTH JOnuarv.lPea 3540 PRINT " C4 SPACES>HALF INCH ASPHA LT BOARD = 2.4" 3550 PRINT "CS SPACESJl/2 IN GYPSUM 0 R PLASTER = 1.39" 3560 PRINT "{4 SPACESJl/4 IN WOOD FIB ER BOARD = 1.12" 3570 PRINT " £6 SPACES>FIR OR PINE SHE ATHING = 1.92" 3580 PRINT "{6 SPACESJ3/4 IN PLYWOOD PANELS = l.SB" 3590 PRINT "tl3 SPACESJl/2 IN PLYWOOD = 1,57" 3600 PRINT :PRINT 3610 RETURN 4000 REM CEILING ROUTINE 4 O 1 O 1=4 4020 HI=0. 61 : H0=0. 61 : IF PK>I THEN 406 O 4030 PRINT " {CLEAR> tDOWNJWHAT IS TOTA L CEILING AREA" 4040 PRINT "OF THE HOUSE"; 4050 INPUT TEMP: A< I ) =TEMP 4060 PRINT "HOW MANY INCHES OF INSULA TIDN IN CEILING"; 4070 INPUT CI 4080 PRINT "TYPE OF INSULATING MATERI AL" 4090 PRINT "CDOWNJ 1. FIBERGLASS" 4100 PRINT " 2. MINERAL WOOL" 4110 PRINT " 3. VERMICULITE OR PERLI TE" 4120 PRINT " 4. CELLULOSE FIBER" 4130 PRINT " 5, U-F FOAMtDOWN}" 4140 INPUT T 41S0 RM=CI*IC(T) 4160 R< I ) =HO+RM+HI 4170 Q< I ) =A ( I ) *DT/R ( I ) 4180 RETURN 5000 REM FLOOR ROUTINE 5010 1=5: IF PK>1 THEN 5040 5020 PRINT " {CLEAR><:DDWN>WHAT IS TOTA L FLOOR AREA"; 5030 INPUT TEMP: A < I ) =TEMP 5040 PRINT "HOW MANY ITEMS OF INSULAT ION IN FLOOR"; 5050 INPUT FI:IF PK>1 THEN 51 lO 5060 PRINT "TYPE OF FOUNDATION" 5070 PRINT " tS SPACES>1. OPEN CRAWLSP ACE" 5080 PRINT "<:3 SPACESJ2. ENCLOSED CRA WLSPACe OR BASEMENT" 5090 PRINT "<:3 SPACES>3. CONCRETE SLA B" 5100 INPUT TF 5110 R < I ) =HO+FI »3. 1+RF <TF> +HI 5120 D ( I ) =A ( I ) t (DT-TC (TF) ) /R < I ) 5130 RETURN 5200 REM DUCTS 5210 DI=0. 1 5220 IF TF=3 THEN KD=3: RETURN 5230 PRINT "tDOWNJIS YOUR DUCTWORK IN SULATED"; 5240 INPUT D«:IF PK>1 THEN 5310 5250 PRINT " fDOWN3 LOCATION OF HEAT DU CTS: " 5260 PRINT "{4 SPACES> 1 . ATTIC OR CRA WLSPACE" 5270 PRINT "<:4 SPACESJ2. UNCONDITIONE D BASEMENT" 5280 PRINT "C4 SPACES:3. IN SLAB FLDO R" 5290 PRINT "t4 SPACES>4. INSIDE CONDI TIONED SPACE" 5300 INPUT KD 5310 6000 60JO 6020 6030 6040 6050 6O60 6070 60B0 6090 6100 61 10 6120 6130 6140 6150 6160 61 70 6180 6190 6200 6205 6210 6220 6230 6240 6250 6260 6270 6280 6290 6300 6310 6320 6330 7000 7010 7012 7014 7030 7040 7050 7060 7070 7080 7090 7100 7110 7 120 7 130 7 140 7150 7160 7165 7 170 7175 7180 RETURN REM WRITE A REPORT PRINT " <:CLEAR>" , "HEAT LOSS EVALU ATION" PRINT PRINT , "HEAT PRINT T FOR 1 = PRINT :TD=0 ■ ITEM"," AREA' LOSS" " SQ.FT.", R-VALUE" BTU/HR":PRIN iB R > " : ? INT (TA) , , INT <TQ 1 TO 5 A(I) = INT(A<I) «lOO + 0.5) /I 00 R(I)=INT(R(I)*100+0.5)/100 Q (I )=INT (Q ( I ) +0. 5) PRINT N* (I «10~9, < I-l ) »10+NL ( I ) ) , A(I),R<I),Q<I> TA = TA + A < I ) :TQ = TD + G ( I ) NEXT I REM PRINT INFILTRATION LOSS PRINT "INFILTRATION" ,, INT < ( IN C 1 ) +IN<2) ) /2+0. 5) TQ=TQ+(IN(l>+IN(2))/2 REM CALCULATE DUCT LOSS X = TQ/ <A (5> «CH*NT) : J = 3: K = 3 IF X<45 THEN K=2 IF X<35 THEN K=l D1=0, 15 + 0. 05« <3-K) IF D*="N" AND KD<2 THEN 6240 IF KD>2 THEN DI=0:GOTO 6240 IF OT<15 THEN J=2 IF 0T<0 THEN J=i DI=DM<KD, J+K*4) PRINT "DUCT LOSS", ,, INT (DltTQ+O. 5) TQ=TQ+TQ«DI PRINT ,"C8 RJ PRINT " TOTAL ) PRINT PRINT PRINT TEMP: PRINT EMP: " PRINT DT RETURN REM FIND YS DD=2961 : DD*="ATLANTA E1 = INT CQ1«DD*24> E2=INT (Q2»DDt24) PRINT "tCLEAR>TYPE OF EL USED" PRINT " 1. ELECTRICITY" PRINT " 2. NATURAL GAS" PRINT " 3. FUEL OIL" INPUT FT:PC=0.55 ON FT GOTO 7100,7200,7300 GOTO 7030 REM ELECTRICITY PRINT "IS HEATING UNIT A HEAT PU MP" ; INPUT HP*:ER=3413 IF HP*<>"Y" THEN 7 150 PRINT "ENTER EER OF HEAT PUMP";: INPUT ER: ER=ER*1000 PRINT "AVERAGE * COST PER KWH";: INPUT CD:FU*="KWH" E1=INT (El /ER+0. 5) M1=E1 *C0 E2=INT (E2/ER+0.5) M2=E2*CO MS=M1-M2 "DESIGN CONDITIONS;" "t3 SPftCESJOUTSIDE DESIGN ;0T "{4 SPACES>INSIDE DESIGN T IT "TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE:"; SAVINGS USING DEGREE-DA GA* HEATING FU Januaiv.wea COMPUTEI 99 7190 7 200 72 10 7220 7225 7230 7235 7240 7250 7300 731 O 7320 7325 7330 7335 7340 7400 7410 7420 7430 7440 7450 7460 7470 7480 7490 7500 7510 7520 7530 7540 7550 7560 75.70 75B0 7590 7600 7610 7620 7630 7640 8000 801 O 8020 8030 8040 8050 8060 ao7o 8080 8090 GOTO 7400 REM NATURAL GAS PRINT "AVERABE ♦ COST PER THERM OF NATURAL 6ftS";; INPUT CO E1=INT(E1/ <1 03000 «PC) +0, 5) ril=El *CD E2=INT (E2/ ( 10 3000*PC> +0.5) M2=E2»CO MS=M1-M2 FU*="THERMS" : GOTO 7400 REM FUEL OIL PRINT "AVERAGE « COST PER GALLON OF FUEL OIL";: INPUT CD E1=INT(E1/ (138000*PC)+0.5) M1=E1 *C0 E2=INT(E2/<1 38000KPC) +0. S) M2=E2*Ca MS=M1-M2: FU*=" GALLONS" REM GIVE RESULTS M1=INT (Ml « lOO) / 100 M2=INT(M2*100> /lOO MS=INT (MS* 100> /lOO: IF MS=0 THEN MS=1 . OE-05 PRINT " <:D0WN>TDTAL * COST OF YOU R IMPROVEMENTS"; : INPUT CI PB=INT(CI/MS«lo6o) /lOOO REM REPORT SAVINGS AND PAYBACK- PRINT "<CLEAR> ROVEMENTS" "ANALYSIS OF IMP PRINT PRINT PRINT U* PRINT U« PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT ARS" PRINT , "ENERGY ■ORIGINAL NEEDED' HOUSE ' IMPROVED HOUSE El ; E2: " { 9 R : " ; •SAVINGS' .ei-e: , , "OPER. COSTS" "ORIGINAL HOUSE" , ' " IMPROVED HOUSE" , ' , , " { 9 R J " : ? , "SAVINGS" , "*";MS : PRINT . "PAYBACK ' FU* : Ml M2 FACTORY PRICING IN STOCK! IMMEDIATE DELIVERY! S^^^"-"" ,PB-. " YE PRIN PRIN R OF PRIN RETU REM PRIN POKE POKE POKE to: <: POKE fL> < POKE <:o> f POKE <:y> { CB> " POKE RETU T :PRINT T "ABOVE OPERATI T "IN " ; RN DRAW HOU T SPRINT 85, 8: ? 85, 8: ? 85, S: ? I : { O > { I > 85, 8: ? K> {:l> <K> 85, 8: ? I > <:o> <: I > 85,8:? K> fL> fK> 85, 7: ? RN IS ON" DD« SE : PR ; " <:5 " { H J " t V J <.o: c " cv> CLX " {:v> fox: " <:vj CL> <: BASED ON ONE YEA INT :PRINT SPACES> CI 3 <:o> " no @ECI3^{J>" <:i>CD}ci><:o><:ij BJ " <KJ {LJ {K>{L> CKJ B; C5 aj;M*i><^J>' <:i> CD> <i>fo> ci> bjcijc4 u>{b>" <:k>{l>{k>{l><:6s> " < 2 I M > " To receive additiono! information from advertisers m ttiis issue, use the tiandy reader service cards in the back of the magazine 100 COMPUTE! JonuOrv,»83 PLUS • MPS 6550 RAM for PET • MPS 6530-002, -003 for KIM-1 • MANUALS • KIM-3 8K STATIC RAM MEMORY BOARD • KIM-4 MOTHERBOARD • KIM PROMMBR KIM-1 & 4 Compatible Eprom Programmer • KIMATH Chips with Listing • KIMEX-1 EXPANSION BOARD KIM-1 Plugable PROM, Ram and I/O Board • RS-232 ADAPTER For KIM-1 • POWER SUPPLIES • KIM REPLACEMENT KEYPAD STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS • UARTs •FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLERS • BAUD RATE GENERATORS •CRT CONTROLLERS FALK-BAKER ASSOCIATES 382 FPJANKLIN AVE. • NUTLEY. NEW JERSEY 07110 (201) 661-2430 WRITE OR CALL FOR CATALOG Warehouse Automation With Personal Computers Timothy Stryker, Pompono Beoch, FL While this is not a home application - it does demonstrate the capabilities and sophistication of today's personal compitters. This is the stor\/ ofhoio a Commodore 8032 runs a large warehouse. Maybe you use your personal computer for bal- ancing your checkbook, or maybe you use it mainly for playing games. Maybe you even use it to control your furnace or air conditioning system. But did you ever use a personal computer to con- trol a sophisticated industrial automated ware- housing system? We did, and it worked out great. Today's personal computers are sometimes belittled by professional engineers who feel that any computer suitable for home use could not possibly be appropriate for use in an industrial environment. In many cases, they are right: some personal computers are not designed, mechani- cally, for a great deal of wear and tear, and others have numerous games-related features that would prove less than valuable in an industrial setting. Some personal machines, however, are reliable enough, both mechanically and electrically, not ony to survive, but also to excel when used in industry. The Commodore CBM 8032 is one such machine. The Project Our customer originally started out with an ancient (vintage 1974) automated warehousing system based largely on hard-wired controls. The system consisted of three automatic "cranes" running along tracks in the floors of three separate "aisles," one crane per aisle {see Figure 1). Each crane could move horizontally up and down its aisle, and had a "bed" that could be moved vertically up and down a 20 foot "mast" to reach packages at different heights (see Figure 2). Packages were arrayed in racks on both the left and the right face of each aisle, and each bed in- corporated a "shuttle" which could move left and right, energizing an electromagnet when neces- sary to pull a package on board. Each of the three cranes communicated, over a 300-baud asynchronous link, with a single mas- Figure 1: The Warehouse Layout Motors, etc. Mast Bed Control Pane! Typical Bins At "Picking Stations" l>~- The -- "HAT" 1 1 ter controller, which sent out commands to the cranes to retrieve various packages, replace others, and so forth. The packages being stored and re- trieved contained bins of loose parts. The idea was to fill orders for these loose parts by bringing their respective bins to the front of the aisles, where human "parts pickers" would extract the appropriate parts and then send the bins back into the racks until the next time they were needed. Our mission was to replace virtually all of the electronic portions of this system with modern, programmable equipment. This involved replac- ing each of the hard-wired control systems in the cranes with microprocessor-based hardware, as well as coming up with a new master controller, a so-called "Head-of- Aisle Terminal" (HAT). The HAT would have to communicate with jQnuQJV.1983 COMPUTf! 101 f jf/ij* Figure 2: 1/ 1; \ A crane, as seen from the front of an aisle, with) its bed partway up its mast each of the three cranes, and would in addition have to communicate over a r: JaWS"" |— m.^v.i«m 4800-baud "bisync" M -'^mB- - — flMBP4H[ '^'^^ with the cus- ' tomer's remote IBM mainframe. Simul- taneouslv, it would have to provide for operator input of bin requests, display of system status, diagnostics, and the like. We had had good results previously with a Motorola 6800-based approach to the replacement of the crane hardware, so this is what we used for the cranes. When it came to replacing the HAT, however, we were momentarily stumped. We knew we wanted a CRT console for operator input, and it had to be reliable. In addition, the computer part of it had to be easy for us to program, and it had to be fast. We would need the ability to augment the basic system with things like special-purpose syn- chronous (bisync) communications hardware. We considered the possibility of using an M6800 in an EXOR-bus configuration, with a high-speed asyn- chronous line going out to a semi-intelligent ter- minal of some kind, but we realized that this would tend both to bog down the display and to overload the processor. What we eventually settled on was, of course, the CBM 8032. This fine personal computer com- bines a 6502 processor, 32K of RAM, a couple of spare 2532-compatible ROM sockets, and a com- plete memory-mapped video driver circuit, in- cluding the CRT tube itself, in a single enclosure. One major advantage of the 8032, from my standpoint, was that 1 could use it to write most of the software needed in RPL, a language of my own design that I had specifically optimized for the development of high-speed, memory-critical applications like this one. You may have seen Robert Baker's review of RPL in the February 1982 issue of Microcomputing; everything he says in that review is the gospel truth. By using RPL, I could see that I would have the luxury of writing virtually all of the code in high-level terms, resorting to assembly language only for extraordinarily time-critical functions such as interrupt servicing, block POKEs to the 102 COMPUrei Jongorv.19S3 screen, and the like. In addition, the use of the RPL Symbolic Debugger would allow me to test and debug the software in record time, which, since I was working on a fixed-price contract basis, was important. So, we cut our costs significantly by making use of the machine we planned to sell as its own development system. The fact that the video was memory-mapped meant that updating of the dis- play could proceed at processor speed, yielding instant, random screen updating without any interrupt overhead. The fact that the computer and its display were integrated in a single cabinet lessened the potential mechanical problems of upset and breakage. Also, the 8032's "memory expansion bus" allowed us to augment the machine's built-in capabilities with boards and other components of our own design, physically located in a separate enclosure. Figure 3 shows the external appearance of the resulting HAT: sharp and professional look- ing enough for the most discriminating of tastes. Trials And Tribulations No project of this magnitude, of course, is without its share of problems. The first was that we would need at least 8K of ROM space, thus consuming the two spare 4K ROM sockets, for our control software. Not only did this consume the available Figure 3: Ttie hat ATDQnnn- the versatile 4mhz zso double density n I nOUUU. DISK interface for the atari® 800/400 Connect the ATR8000 to convert your ATARI 800/400 into a viable business machine. Open the doors to a further dimension by adding the 64K CP/M upgrade— then you can enter the vast CP/M marketplace to select programs tailored to your specific needs. The ATRBOGO is versatile, so it can grow as you need it to. Its handling of disk drives is revolutionary ... it runs four 5Va" or 8" drives, single or double or quad density, single or double-sided AND allows you to mix them! SPECS: 4MHz ZSO processor • 16k RAM standard • Connects to expansion port of the ATARI 800/400 • 121/2" x 11 V2" x 2'/2" gray and beige enclosure • Runs four drives of mixed definition • Centronics parallel and RS-232 serial port (and printer drivers) • Runs single density ATARI DOS and existing ATARI software • With OSA+, Ver. 4, is double density • 64K upgrade includes CP/M. PRICING: ATR8000 5'/j" Drive 64K Upgrade (with CP/M) S499.95 $399.95 OSA+, Ver. 4 Printer Gabie 5V«" Drive Cable 8" Drive Adapter $49.95 $29.00 $35.00 -CALL- $250.00 CONTACT: SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS, INC. 250O E, Randol Mill Rd., Suite 125 Arlington, TX 76011 (817) 469-1181 ATARI is a regislered trademark of ATARI. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research. Inc. LETS GET SERIOUS The ATARI® is a Powerful Personal Computer. It's time to get down to business. FORECASTER - Disk - $49.00 STAT PLUS - Disk - $49.00 Forecast future events based on past informa- tion. Forecast profits, costs, sales trends, prices, test scores, virtually anything. Edit, save on disk and test various elements to determine the outcome. Forecaster effectively uses the ATARI® color and sound capabilities. Forecas- ter is a powerful "what if" program - a must for business. 24K disk. Stat Plus is the most powerful statistic tool we have seen. Run sample space, mean, variance and standard deviation. Do probabilities using binomial, poisson or normal distribution. Also, do students' t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi Square. Do linear regressions; may use 1- 12 independent variables. Interact a sample from one module to another, edit, rank and print out. Minimum 24K. The Programmers Workshop 5230 Clark Ave., Suite 23 Lakewood, CA 90712 Phone Orders (213) 804-1475 TO ORDER: VISA/MasterCard, check or money order accepted, if charge, please in- clude expiration date of card. Add $1.50 for shipping and handling. California residents add sales tax. Phone or mail. ATARI is a reqistered trademark of Warner Communications Figure 4: 8032 Memory Map 0-$3FF OP SYS RAM $400 - S7FFF User RAM $8000 - $8FFF Video RAM S9000 - SAFFF User ROM Sockets sockets, but, more importantly, it also con- sumed (so we thought) the only remaining, non- dedicated portion of the 8032's address space. As shown in Figure 4, Commodore supplies the 8032 with 32K of user RAM occupying addresses 0 through S7FFF, the memory-mapped video dis- play RAM from $8000 to $8FFF, and the main operating system and BASIC interpreter ROMs from $B000' through SFFFF. Now, there is actually a little gap, running from $E800 to $EFFF, which the 8032 decodes as I/O space rather than ROM. It is in this range that Commodore has placed its PIAs ("Peripheral In- ^"^^^^^^^"^^^ terface Adapters", i.e., parallel I/O ports) and VIAs ("Versatile Interface Adapters", another flavor of same) for communi- cating with the outside worlcl via keyboard, tapes, the IEEE bus, etc. What we did not real- ize at first is that not all of the address space up there is consumed by Commo- dore's built-in devices: in particular, the range from $EAOO up would appear to be available for user use. By the time we perceived this, though, we had already committed to a bank-switched approach involving the $CO00 ROM {win/ it had to be the $CdOO ROM is too compli- cated to go into here). In so doing, however, we ran afoul of another little peculiarity of the 8032's design, which you may need to know about if you attempt anything like this yourself. This applies whether you use the $EAOO area for I/O or not. What it is, is that the 74LS244's (8-bit tri-state bus drivers) that Commodore uses to bidirectionaily buffer the memory expansion data bus are hard-wired to point in the CPU-write direction for all memory accesses to addresses SAGOO and above (for ad- dresses in the $9000 to $9FFF range, interestingly enough, this is jumper-selectable). This leads to the disconcerting problem that, whenever you try to read from anything above $A000 on the memory expansion bus, the data comes in as garbage because the bidirectional bus drivers are stupidly driving the wrong way. Our solution to this was to jumper the direction-control inputs of the 74LS244's to a signal we generated off-board which "knew" when a read to the ex- pansion bus was occurring and inverted the drive 104 COMPUni Jonuaiv.1iJ83 SBOOO - SFFFF Operating System (BASIC) ROMs $E800 - SEFFF I/O Space direction appropriately. Another little quirk worth noting (forgive me if I'm being overly technical here, but these little insights will he worth about S2000 apiece to you if you ever get involved in this sort of thing) is that the R/W inputs to the ROMs in the 8032 are hard- wired to V^.^., implying that you cannot expect a ivrite to a ROM address to disable the ROM, or for that matter to do anything reasonable at all. Why would you want to write to ROM, you may ask? Well, suppose you wanted to substitute a 2532-compatible RAM chip for one of the ROMs, for example? It won't work unless vou jumper the socket's R/W line to the CPU's R/W line (and, of course, cut the V^^ trace while you're at it). Re- membering this can save you days of frenzy and heartburn, when the time comes. Once these problems were out of the way, the rest of the project went fairly smoothly. Figure 5 shows what the display looked like during actual operation. If you are a Commodore buff, you will notice that some of the characters in the "Bisync Communications Line" box are not part of the standard Commodore character set - this was achieved by substituting a custom 2532 EPROM for the standard character generator chip in the 8032. This is remarkably easy to do if your character generator chip is socketed (some of the newer ones, unfortunately, are not): you just pop out the existing chip, copy it, with whatever changes you like, into a 2532 (or, if you like, a 2716), and pop the 2532 into the socket. We used a model 2704 PROM programmer/editor from Micro-Link, Inc., of Carmel, Indiana, and found it easy as pie and very satisfying at that. Software Design As you can see in Figure 5, our HAT has to keep track of a fair number of things at once. In order to make the system easy for operators to control, I used the "soft-key" technique for input of com- Figure 5: a Closeup of the hat's screen -.:.: . - :;ni3- 1 - lint ior sUSi mpm H'nN:ifi! ■ WK-^ 1 i^B ■«"? ; m 4533 ?l2c j 1 ^^^^^^^^^|l[^g[^g^^|B BATTERIES mCLUOED $ 150 00 per unit village by the grange, 71 mccaul st. (f6) toronto m5t 2x1 telephone 596-1405 ARBITER 1.4 MULTI-USER DISK SYSTEM FOR COMMODORE 4.0 COMPUTERS OVER THREE HUNDRED IN USE ACROSS ONTARIO Since September 1981 BATTERIES INCLUDED has been installing the ARBITER system in classrooms of Commodore BASIC 4.0 computers. The computers are connected to CBM Disk Drives and pnnters. All users have access to all disk drives and printers plus a host of commands to make this system configuration really usable! THE ARBITER 1 .4 SYSTEM IS READY TO GO! FEATURES 1) Easy installation. 2) Uses no RAM or Utility Sockets. 3) Up to 32 computers in one system 4) System self initializes on power up. 5) Operation is completely transparent to the user. 6) Extended commands allow a friendly multi-user environment. 7) System design virtually eliminates interleaved printer output. SPECIAL COMMANDS f"S- Allows students to protect files witfi a five character password, A three character user ID is forced into the file name. (<i L- Allows the students to load protected files if the password code is known. LISTC-Used to produce program listings with a Commodore printer. Clumsy OPEN. CMD. LIST, PRINT*. CLOSE sequence not needed. It over- comes the listing problems found on other multi-user hardware systems. LISTP - Used to get program listings on systems which have an ASCII printer. The cursor control characters are expanded and displayed in brackets, e.g. <home> ALL FILE TYPES ARE SUPPORTED - During relative or sequential file access a delay has been built in so the computer will retain control of the system until the file is closed. TEACHER UTILITY-Autility is supplied on disk to allow the teacherto produce a hardcopy listing andoutputfrom any of the protected or unprotected files selected. Once the files are chosen from the disk directory the teacher may do other tasks while the job is completed. IF YOUR CLASSROOM WAS DESIGNED TO TEACH COMPUTER LITERACY OR STRUCTURED BASIC THEN THIS SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED FOR YOU. Arbiter and Arbiter 1 .4 are copyrights of Batteries Included. Announcing . . . THE WHOLE PET CATALOG A two year compendium of the Midrtite Software Gazette and other resources for users of Commodore, CBM, PET, and VIC computers. The Whole PET Catalog contains: • Over 500 independent reviews of commercial products. • Over 700 education programs reviewed & organized by course. • Over 200 reviews of free games. • Information on over 1 ,800 free programs. • Information about dozens of PET and VIC user groups. • Many pages of tilnts and lieips for all Commodore users. • "Commodore's Family Tree", by Jim Butterfield. • Completely reorganized and greatly expanded edition. • Typeset and printed full-size on bond paper. • In all, 320 pages of useful information. If you've seen Midnite before, directly or reprinted in theTorPET newsletter, here it is, complete in one volume, completely reorganized for easy reference, and greatly expanded with new information from members of the Toronto PET Users' Group. "I still use my copy of The Best of the PET Gazette regularly. It was a treasure trove of information, and a great bargain for $1 0 tfiree years ago. I hope you'll feel the same way about my Whole PET Catalog someday. Considering tfiat it's tfiree times as long, completely organized by topic, printed on bond paper instead of newsprint, typeset instead of dot matrix printed, bound instead of stapled, and still only $1 0, in spite of inflation, I'm sure you will." —Jim Strasma, Contributing Editor, Micro Whole PET Catalog $8 252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar. PA 18915 215-822-7727 A B Computers WRITE FOR CATALOG Add S1 25 per order for shipping We pay balance ol UPS surface cnarges on an prepaid orders Pnces listed are on cash discount tiasis Regular prices sligtitiy higher Puces suDiecI to ctiange mands. This unsung ht?ro of a technique, used by Hewlett-Packard in much of their equipment, will, I predict, become the standard command- input technique oi the future. The idea behind it is to combine the best features of menu-driven operation with the best features of random- command-driven operation by providing a set of "soft-keys," which, in effect, present the operator with a menu of the currently allowable command options at all times. Normally, a keyboard must be designed with soft-key operation in mind in order to be so used, but one can sometimes improvise. In the case shown here, for example, the soft-keys are the keys 1 through 9 in the 8032's numeric keypad. The little block of legends in the k>wer right-hand corner of the display can be thought of as appear- ing directly on the keys themselves, and the only difference between these legends and normal, "hard" legends is that these legends chaiii^c once you have hit a particular soft-key. For example, if you hit the "enable" soft-key on the HAT, the word "enable" is echoed onto the bottom line of the "Text Area" shown to the left, and the soft-key legends change to offer you the option of enabling aisle one, aisle two, or aisle three. When you select the aisle you want enabled, your choice is echoed to the Text Area, and the soft-key legends change again to tell you that the only thing you can now do is to hit RETURN (or CLEAR, in case you have changed your mind). Once you hit RETURN, the command is ex- ecuted, and the Text Area display scrolls up, re- taining a record for you of what you did, in the king's English. Very little possibility for confusion here, especially when you consider that this ar- rangement makes it pin/siailly impossible for you to enter a command with invalid syntax! A fair amount of "human-engineering" (that always sounds to me like android design) also went into the rest of the display shown in Figure 5. The "Bisync Communications Line" box acts as a continuous windoiv onto the line connecting the HAT with its remote IBM mainframe, so that communications problems can be easily diagnosed and corrected. Bytes received are displayed here in normal field (green on black), while bytes transmitted are displayed in reverse field. Since the HAT is on a multi-drop, shared communications line, it is "polled" in various ways by a network controller. These polling se- quences cause the little circles beside the legends POLL, ACTIVATE, and DATA to light up from time to time. This ability to easily simulate LEDs, discrete scrolling windows, and so forth — as though designing a real, mechanical front panel - is one of the big advantages of a direct memory- mapped video display. I made the most of it. The upper part of the HAT display is devoted 106 COMMIIE! January, 1983 to system status, which is logically grouped by aisle. A queue of pending bin requests is main- tained for each side of each aisle, and bins cur- rently active in each case are highlighted through the use of reverse field. Aisle mode and status are displayed in English, with highlighting where appropriate. These fields are all continuously updated in realtime on the screen - the memory-mapped video of the 8032 makes it possible to maintain a high data rate to the lube with very little processor overhead, while the graphics and reverse field capabilities of the machine allow this information to be organized and presented in a clear and aesthetically pleasing way. The fact that the 8032's display is a full 80 columns wide was certainly a boon to us too, as you can see. No static photograph can really give you an adequate idea of what the HAT screen looks like when the system is in operation. The bytes in the bisync window are constantly whizzing around, while the status fields for each of the aisles are continually changing as the cranes go through their paces. Meanwhile, the bin queues are con- stantly filling up and emptying out, allowing you to watch as each bin request gradually moves up in sequence until it becomes current. The little POLL, ACTIVATE, and DATA lights blink on and off like mad. And, in spite of all this activity, the operator can enter commands to add new queue entries, purge old onc^, enable and disable aisles, and so forth whene\'er he or she likes, without regard to what else the system might be doing at the time. Operating the HAT actually has a lot in common with playing a realtime video arcade game. It's (dare I say it?) actually fun. Everybody's Happy There is a good deal more to the HAT, and to the system as a whole, than 1 have been able to address here, but 1 hope that this has given you some feel for what a personal computer is really capable of when pressed to its limits. The HAT and its M6800- controlled cranes have been in operation for sev- eral months now and, so far, have run virtually trouble-free. Oin* customer reports system throughput on the order of double what it was before, and his operators are happy because their jobs are now easier and less confusing. All of this makes my boss happy that we went with the CBM 8032, and that makes me happy. because I'm the one that talked him into it. I'm also happy that I could use this project to demon- strate the viability of RPL in a highly demanding and cost-sensitive application. The next time you're designing a process control system for serious industrial use, think twice about the pos- sibility of rounding it out with a "personal" computer. © THE BUSkHESS mfinfiGER... FULLY INTERACTIVE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM. NO DISKETTE CHANGING! FINALLY ALL THE FEATURES YOUVE BEEN WAITING FOR - IN ONE COMPLETE INTERACTIVE SYSTEM. FULL SOFTWARE SYSTEM ONLY $995.°° r MANUAL ONLY ^ 540 OD REFUNDABLE UPON SYSTEM PURCHASE. (^ UESTAR INTERNAriONAL INC HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Commodore Model 8032 or SuperPET or 8096 Micro-computer Commodore Model 8050 One Megabyte Dual Disk Drive Commodore Model 4022 (or Larger) Printer . Commodore PET — IEEE cable Commodore IEEE — IEEE cable J VERSACALC VERSACALC VERSACALC VERSACALC TUTORIAL UTILITIES AND FILE MANAGER Everything you always wanted to do' with Visicalc , (but thought you couldn't). VERSACALC VERSACALC VERSACALC LC H^^' .^sO ro^^ .^.vSVC ^v pS> MOW YOU CAN: SORT a Visicalc screen on any column, ascendinq or descending; all related formulas and labels are sorted too. put the entire disk CATALOG on the screen at once! easily do Year-To-Date accumulations! "pound" formulas to expose the full formulas in place on the screen!' append two Visicalc files'' print the contents of a /SS file! print the contents of a /PF file! AND our EASEL BINDER is so nice that you will put .your other manual in it! I Apple W PET & CBM-' IBM PC ' Apple 111' ■specify DOS Si 00 125 150 150 If you use Visicalc" but you are bumping into its limitations, then you need Versacalc"! Versacalc runs within Visicalc but uses no extra memory; in fact, it effectively increases memory by letting you call in modules from disk as needed. A Tutorial section makes clear such features as ^LOOKUP, DIF, SNA, TERROR, which are not well explained in the Visicalc manual . A Utilities section makes it easy to create your own menu-driven modules which condense hundreds of commands into four keystrokes. You can build in sophist- icated error checking (e.g. Is the input value between certain limits?). Now It is possible for people untrained in Visicalc to perform the weekly updating without constant instruction. Anthro-Digital Software P.O. Bos 1385 Pillsfidd, MA 01202 413.448-8278 Appe II il ■ UaOfrtfi, a' Appi*' Ctn^pulf 'nc VEisacaic 'S M Kaatmatx oi Versacalc Enieipnies. inc VlI'CJIC 1 • I'idFmjra Ql Vmcorp Inc J FRIENDS OF THE TURTLE David D Thornburg, Associate Editor Turtle Graphics For The VIC Judging from the amount of mail I have received on this topic, there are thousands of VIC owners who are waiting for the chance to see turtle graphics on their computer. It was thus with ex- citement that I viewed the chance to try the Turtle Graphics program cartridge from HES. This cartridge comes nicely packaged with a thorough manual that contains both a tutorial and a reference section. The cartridge contains an 8K byte program that loaded immediately when the VIC was turned on. Since the program worked on my vintage VIC from Japan, I'm sure it works on every VIC ever made. I have used this program for a month and am quite ambivalent about it. As someone who uses turtle graphics packages of all sizes and vintages for a host of computers, I confess to having a pre- defined set of expectations. In order to help you assess my review, it is only fair that I list what I feel are the important aspects of WSFN, Atari PILOT, Apple SuperPILOT, Logo, and the Big Track toy with a felt-tip pen attached to the back: 1. Turtle graphics is just that - a graphics environment. It is capable of drawing con- tinuous lines on a screen (or a sheet of paper). 2. Turtle graphics is richlv endowed with commands that allow the incremental move- ment along a heading and the incremental rotation of the heading by amounts whose values can be stored in variables. 3. The highly interactive and experimental nature of those who use turtle graphics most effectively requires that graphics commands and user-defined procedures be capable of execution directly from the keyboard. A true immediate mode is present in all my favorite turtle systems - including the $40 Big Trak. Unfortunately, the Turtle Graphics package from HES fails all these tests - and I could have made the list longer with the same result. My biggest complaint is that this program does not use the VIC graphics mode at all, but builds pic- tures bv printing trails of characters on the 22 column by 23 row display screen. This restricts one to very primitive pictures. 1D8 CtJMPUni .lanuary, 1983 This does not mean that the program isn't useful. I feel that, under a new name, this program can find tremendous application in another field, but more on that later. Structurally, the program is quite nice. It contains its own line editor that performs some error checking before accepting each line. The language itself uses English language commands that, in most cases, are instantly understood by the user. For example, TURTLE COLOR RED changes the turtle's color to red. When the system is turned on, the user is presented with a menu that allows the addition, insertion, deletion and replacement of program lines, the listing and printing of programs, and the execution and tracing of programs. All aspects of this menu driven system work well. To get a feel for the language's syntax, let's examine a simple program from the manual: SCREEN COLOR YELLOW BORDER COLOR PURPLE TURTLE COLOR BLUE PEN DOWN TEXT HI THERE PEN UP CHARACTER TO + TURTLE COLOR GREEN MOVE TO 6-3 PEN DOWN RIGHTS DOWNS LEFTS UPS STOP The first three commands set colors. Any of the standard VIC colors can be used. The turtle starts with the pen up (unlike all the other turtle systems with which I am familiar), so if vou want to see something, you must remember to put the pen down first. The TEXT command functions some- what like the PILOT T: command in that it prints whatever follows the command. It does not, how- ever, allow you to print out the contents of vari- ables, so it can't be used to print out the results of calculations. Also, unfortunately, there is no INPUT command to allow data to be entered inter- actively during the execution of a program. Apple* * Franklin* KrelTs College Board SAT* Preparation Series New for '83 A COMPREHENSIVE PREPARATION PACKAGE / MORE THAN 40 PROGRAMS 1 . Diagnostic analysis Z. Prascription of individual study plans 3. Coverage of all SAT* sidils 4. Uniimitsd drill and praclice 5. SAT* Exam Qjestion simulator e. All questions in SAT* formal and at SAT* difficultv level 7. Instantaneous answers, explanations and scaring for problems e. Worl«sheet generation and parlormance monitoring - (optional) 9. A compMe recwd management systsm- (optional) 10. Systematic instruction in pertinent matt), verbal & test taking sicills - (optional) Krel's unique logical design pnmdes personal- ized instruction for each student according to individual needs. Krell's College Board SAT* 81/82 Prep. Series has demonstrated a mean com- bined math and verbal score increase o< more than 100 points by using sophis- ticated drill & practice techniques alone. This new series is much expanded and updated. In addition extra cost options are now available to provide worksheet generation, record management, and systematic instruction in all math and verbal areas tested by the SAT*. All versions of Krell College Board SAT* Preparation Series provide answers, explanations and instantaneous raw scor- ing, Standard package $299.95 APPLE. ATARI. COMMODORE, CP/M. IBM, AND RADIO SHACK- SWORD OF ZEDEK Fight to overthrow Ra, The Master of Evil. Treachery, deceit, and witch- craft must be faced in your struggles as you encounter wolves, dwarves, elves, dragons, etc. Each of the twelve treasures will enhance your power by making you invisible, invulnerable, etc. Each game is unique in this spectacular and complex world of fantasy. $24.95 Atari* * Commodore* * IBM* * TRS-80* LOGO ©M.I.T. 1981 $99 NO FRILLS for Apple II ® NO FRILLS PAK 1 . Two copies of Kreils LOGO for Apple II * Z. Utility Disk with M.l.T.'s valuable demo programs including Dynalrack 3. Tlie official M.I.T technical manual LOGO FOR APPLE II by H. Abelson & L. Klotz No Frills Turtle Price $99.00 LOGO FRILLS ONLY FRILLS FOR LOGO / Support Pak for: M.I.T. LOGO. KRELL & TERRAPIN INC. 1. Krell utility disk 2. Alice in LOGOLANO 3. LOGO tor Apple II - by H. Abelson 4. Alice in Logoland Primer 5. Comprehensive wall chart 6. LOGO & Educational Computiny Journal $89.95 NO FRILLS LOGO AND ALL THE FRILLS COMBO FOR APPLE II* S149.95 SPRITES NOW AVAILABLE FOR LOGO Call for InformiHon Prim tllghtty hlghar outildB U.S. TIME TRAVELER Using the Time Machine, players must face a challenging series of environments that include: The Athens of Pericles, Imperial Rome, Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon, Ikhnaton's Egypt, Jerusalem at the time of the crucifixion. The Crusades, Machiavelli's Italy, the French Revolution, the American Revolution, and the English Civil War. Deal with Hitler's Third Reich, Vikings, etc. Players may set level of difficulty. Each game is unique. $24.95 Shelby Lyman j^ Chess* Shelby's Socrates Chess Tutorial Series uses the latest Al techniques to customize each lesson for you. Instruction modules cover every aspect at the game. For all micro's. Call or write lor details. Amazing Ben The Royal Road to Artificial Intelligence. $79.95 Connections A complete game system. Learn the principles ot scientific reasoning in your choice of game formats. Expand minds at all ages. Subject areas include: Geography, Biology, Everyday Objects, etc. Game System $99.95 Data Base, $24.95 per subject, 3 for $50 Isaac Newton + F.G. Newton Perhaps the most lasclnallng and valuable educational game ever devised - ISAAC NEWTON challenges the players to assemble evidence and discern the underlying "Laws ol Nature". FULL GRAPHICS NEWTON - presents all data in graphic form. This game is suitable for children. Players may select difficulty levels challenging to the most skilled adults. Both Games $49,95 Pythagoras and the Dragon Mathematics in a fantasy game conteitt. Baaed on THE SWORD OF ZEDEK Introduces Pythagoras as a mentor to the player when called on for aid, Pythagoras poses math questions and depending on the speed and accuracy ot response, confers secret information. With Pythagoras as an ally, the quest to overthrow Ra, The Master of Evil, assumes a new dimension ot com- plexity. Depending on the level chosen problems range from arithmetic through plane geometry. APPLE, TRS-eO, PET, ATARI* 32K $39.95 SOFTWARE CORR 1330 SltftT B/OOh RoKllSlofTyBltiafcNr 117«) T*tKrfion*Ste-7St»13« flr«ll SoFtwirt Ctfp n»i n« s^ficui Im «>th ihi Coiltfe inutKt EiinhntroA Swd a ttK EtfvcMoul fesrint 5trna Krrii 11 tnmrm t uppl^r ol pnriucn id tht H S 'ffMtmwIu at Aq(M Comp Ctfp Tandi Corp CotTMnodve Cve [>|ittl RfievcA Dv? I B Ji< Aran C«p Titw* itK Socrates Chess Corp. N Y S rtwtfctts Jfld ate «' m The command CHARACTER TO + tells the turtle to leave a trail of + marks as it moves. It is better to think of the turtle as carrying a rubber stamp rather than a pen. As it moves, it stamps images of characters on the screen. The command MOVE TO 6-3 moves the turtle to the sixth column and third row of the screen. The commands RIGHT, DOWN, LEFT, UP move the turtle the indicated number of spaces in the indicated direc- tion. Note that RIGHT and LEFT are );of turn com- mands. They shift the turtle to the right or left. Movement is allowed to take place only along columns or rows, and there is no command that lets the turtle move incrementally along a diagonal. The user can create labeled procedures with this system and can then invoke the procedures with the USE command. Among other valuable features, the user can have the program check to see if a particular symbol is underneath the turtle. This allows the creation of simple maze-following programs, and is quite valuable. The conditional branching command, IF, is quite non-standard in its use. Consider this ex- ample from the manual: IF(X>2) SCREEN COLOR BLUE JUMP DONE LABEL FALSE SCREEN COLOR RED LABEL DONE If the value of X is greater than 2, then the com- mands immediatelv following the IF command will be executed. If it is false, execution branches to the next label. I would guess that the reason this was done was to make sure that each program hne did only one thing. The IF command then starts to look like the Logo TEST command. I would have been happier if HES had used TEST, IFT and IFF, as does TI Logo. The present con- struction is quite convoluted and cumbersome, in my opinion. While no fault of HES, the aspect ratio of the display screen makes any accurate correspon- dence between a procedure and a drawn figure hard to detect. Suppose, for example, that a child draws a square on a sheet of paper and then trans- lates this square to the procedure: LABEL SQUARE RIGHT 10 DOWN 10 LEFT 10 UP 10 ROUTINE END When this procedure is executed, a wide rectangle will be drawn on the screen. The proce- dure should give a square, but the aspect ratio of 110 COMPUni Janyorv.1983 the VIC's character screen will never let you plot a square with this procedure. Does this adversely affect the child's understanding of programming? I think so. This hunch has been reinforced by mv limited testing of this package with an eight-year- old boy who certainly knew what a square looked like. This might seem like a minor point to some, unless they are expecting to use this program in an educational environment. On the positive side, I think that Turtle Graphics is an excellent program lor the creation of animated titles and text displays. The user can create musical sounds and can adjust the rate at which characters are placed on the screen. Anv VIC owner who makes home video tapes or who needs an inexpensive, eye-catching attraction for a retail display can benefit from this package. In fact, the cost of the VIC plus the $39.95 Turtle Graphics program is far less expensive than the titling systems presently being sold to VCR own- ers. The VIC's video output connects easily to all VCR's, making this a natural application for the system. My recommendation is for HES to market this program to the massive numberof home video users who can use it to title their recordings. HES should use the proceeds from these sales to devel- op a true turtle graphics package for the VIC. It is sorely needed. [Sec manufacturer's sialement , p. 111.] Microwoflds For Atari PILOT I recently heard from Martin Suey, an elementary school teacher in Tulare, California who has been making good use of Atari's turtle graphics in his second grade classroom. After reading about the creation of microworlds - user-controlled envi- ronments which one can change at will - he de- cided to see if he could implement such an envi- ronment with Atari PILOT. His program. Day ami Ni^ht, is designed for primary-aged children. The computer displays a scene showing a house with a movable pet (dog or cat) that can be made to walk in front of or behind the house. Pressing the button on the joystick changes the scene slowly from day to night (or from night to day). Of technical interest to those of you who use this language, Martin's program uses player graphics, priority data registers, and color regis- ters. The program is controlled with a joystick in port #1. Holding the joystick to the left or right moves the player in the indicated direction (with wraparound). Pushing the joystick up moves the player "behind" the playfield image (behind the house, for example), and pulling the joystick down moves the player to the front of the image. Pressing the button causes the scene to change from day to Cardco, Inc. announces five Ail-American ways to . . Expand your VIC at affordable prices A universal Centronics parallel printer interface for the VIC-20 & C-64 computers. Obeys all standard VIC print commands. Suggested Reatil — $79.95 A universal cassette interface for the VIC-20 & C-64 computers. Emulates all functions of the data cassette. Suggested Retail - $29.95 The CARDBOARD 3 is a fuse protected, economy expansion interface designed to allow ttie user to access more than one of the plug-in-type memory or utility cartridges \nov<i available. It will accept up to three cartridges at once. Suggested Relail — 529.95 A light pen for the VIC-20 and C-64 computers with a switch on the barrel and 6 good programs. Suggested Retail — $29.95 All Cardco products are Made in the U.S.A. and are individually tested to ensure quality and reliability. Superior technological engineering optimizes the value/performance ratio of all of our products. The CARDBOARD 6 is a fuse protected expansion interface designed to allow the user to access more than one of the plug-in-type memory or utility cartridges now available. Additionally it allows switch selection of games and other programs now available in the cartridge format, without the necessity of turning the computer off and on again, thereby saving a great deal of stress on your VIC-20 and on your television or monitor. Suggested Retail — $139.95 Specifications and prices subject to change. Cardco, Inc. • 3135 Bayberry . Wichita, KS 67226 • {316> 685-9536 CompuServe® E-Mai! Address: Cardco, Inc. • 73575, 1325 Dealer inquiries invited. fi,vir;-20 is a reaistered ©VIC-20 is a registered trademark of Commodore Manufacturer's Reply In the interests of providing readers with a fair and balanced report on the features of a product, we asked the manufacturer of VIC Turtle Graphics to reply to David Thornburg's remarks. The fol- lowing comments are from the author of VICTurtle Graphics, David Malmberg, and from Human Engineered Software. While I was developing VIC Turtle Graphics, I had a number of design objectives in mind. Specifically, I wanted TURTLE to be: • Inexpensive to buy, yet offer a good value for the price, • Easy to use, yet "bullet proof" and friendly enough for first-time program- mers not to get frustrated when they make a mistake, • Usable with a standard VIC with only 3.5K of available user memory and no disk drive, • Capable of fully exploiting the VlC's great sound, color and graphics characters, • An effective vehicle for teaching pro- gramming concepts to children and other first-time programmers, • Fun and educational to use. On the whole, I believe these objectives have been met or exceeded in the final TURTLE product, Specifically, at $39.95 for a cartridge-based system with a 72-page tuto- rial instruction manual, TURTLE is an economical and highly effective means of introducing programming concepts. However, several of the above design objectives are clearly incompatible with Mr. Thornburg's "predefined set of expecta- tions." The most significant incompatibility is obvit>usly TURTLE'S lack of high-resolution graphics. This omission was a conscious decision on my part. Hi-res graphics would have required that approximately 4K of the 3.5K available to the user in a standard VIC be set aside for a bit-mapped video display area. This would mean that it would take extra memory and a cartridge slot e,xpander for it to work. None of the Atari or Apple Logo oi' PILOT systems that Mr. Thornburg cites as his standards of comparison had to deal with the VIC's limited memory - all have at least 16K of usable memory and several are 64K with a required system disk drive. As a result, such a comparison is quite unfair. Had the de- velopers of these systems had only 3.5K to work with, they probably would not have opted for hi- res either. Furthermore, it is not cleeir that hi-res is as important to the child who is being intro- duced to programming concepts as it is to Mr. Thornburg. Does the novice programmer learn more and/or have more fun if his turtle draws a line in hi-res than if it draws a "line" made of VIC graphic characters, such as red hearts or green diamonds? I think not. The acts of planning and debugging the drawing seem to me to be much more important to developing skills in the child than the aesthe- tics or resolution of the lines used. Let me correct a few possible misun- derstandings that might result from reading the review: 1. The VIC, like all Commodore com- puters, has an extensive gpraphic charac^ ter set. When combined with the VIC's palette of eight colors, it is possible to create some dramatic displays. Only if you lack imagination would you be restricted to "very primitive pictures." 2. TURTLE does have turn commands; and the square in the example could also have been drawn with: LOOP 4 FORWARD 5 TURN RIGHT (OR TURN LEFT) LOOP END 3. Movement on the diagonal is possible bv using the MOVE TO ROW - COL- UMN (not COLUMN - ROW as explained by Mr. Thornburg). This com- mand causes the Turtle to move to the specified location by the most direct path. If the PEN is DOWN, a trail of graphic characters will be left behind. 4. If someone is bothered by the VIC display screen's aspect ratio and its ina- bility to draw perfectly square squares, I suggest they relabel the procedure as BOX, rather than SQUARE. The aspect ratio is certainly not enough of a problem to conclude that TURTLE has no value in an educational environment - as Mr. Thornburg implies. Even though I disagree with the overall tenor and conclusions of the review, Mr. Thornburg did make several good observa- tions. His identification of the need for INPUT and PRINT statements that can han- dle variables is quite valid. His suggestions on ways to improve the IF statement are good. These and other improvements are currently being incorporated into a version of Turtle Graphics for the Commodore 64. 112 COMPUTB Jonuory,1983 TYPE-SHARE TYPESETTING EDUCATIONAL SPECIALISTS SILICON OFFICE SPECIALISTS ONE STOP CENTER for fioop SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MAINTENANCE CENTER FOR COMMODORE EQUIPMENT ^s commodore VIC-VILLE'" SOFTWARE division of Data Equipment Supply Corporation BOSS (c) by Kavan Software Exclusive distributors of Kavan Software M^ JJ m sT IH ■TT" m s^H ■1 'a' H w 1 D IE 1 F \G\ o • • • it • ■si- • 0 . ©: 15 SIH 2O00 o , ©o . eo r/7e Definitive Ciiess Game for the VIC-20 10 Levels of Play Beats Sargon II Tw/o Clocks Wide range of opening moves En passant, queening, castling Change screen and board colors Cassette Requires 8K minimum expansion 100% macliine language $39.95 BONZO (c) by Kavan HOPPER PIT (c) by Kavan Commodore 64 YAHTZEE |gt ;.::;@ :: Ml Mi 6^ "jajcnrxjzT-n-L^nrr I i rrju -3^-Li^a^ One of the most popular garnes in Europe. You conirol BONZO as rte climbs the ladders and picks up the point blocks. Watqh out for the alien guards. lOOVa machine language, cassette based. Joystick or keyboard, minimum flk ex- pansion. $20.00 -LA J. 1 Avoid the cars, dragsters, buildlnes. lofls and oiher obstacles to bfing ih© frog safely home. Machine language for fast and smooth arcade action. Joystick, stan* dard VIC. $20.00 I i .asfV'tu ',i,*' mm '. HB-ffiC M BONZO strikes again as he takes money bags out of the pit, Avoid Ihe alien rain by standing under the shields. Every succes- sfully removed bag of money reinforces your sheilds. lOO^/a machine language, cassette based. Joystick or keyboard, standard VIC. $18.00 Commodore 64 version of the famous dice game. 10 player capacity. Watch dice roll across the screen. Automatic tabulation of score and bonuses. Sprite graphics and sound. Cassette based. $20.00 Night Crawler $25>00 by Inleresling Sottwara Shoot dovs'n centipedes, spiders, mushrooms and ad Kinds of bugs before they get you, Machine language arcade action on standard VIC with joystick, The Black Caslle (20.00 Adventure, travel the countryside, fight demons, buy goods, storm {he castle, flequlres 3k or more expan- sion. A Maza Ing $12.00 Travel through the maze. Game or skill and tense ac- tion. Standard viC. Gobbler $11.00 Sounds easy? You have 25 seconds to get him and the time gets shorter at each higher ievel. Standard VIC. Hang U SI 2.00 Traditional Hangman plays against the VICs 250 word dictionary or another person, Standard VIC. Coggle S11.00 Compu^e^^2ed version of Boggle, Standard VIC. Gold Brick $14.00 Many levels of play, sound, and coior. Complete descriptive catalog $2.00 3-D Labyrinth $14.00 Escape irorn the labyrinth. Shown in 3'D perspective view with randomly generated mazes. Standard VIC. Air Strike $11.00 F[y the new super bomber V-20 on a mission. Stan- dard VIC. Attack on Silo III $12.00 You are Ihe commander of Silo III. Defend your country. Standard VIC Baseball Strategy $12.00 The excitement of baseball as a vtdeo strategic game. Standard Vic. Vic Poker $14.00 Play poker against the viC. Hi-res graphics and sound. Standard VIC, Frogger by (c) Kavan $14.00 Eat the Mies and avoid the car. Standard ViC. Space PhreekB $25.00 by Intereitlng Software Pilot the spaceship "Inlinity" and fight the "Space Phreeks". 15 different attack patterns, 33 levels. Machine language, arcade quality. Standard ViC, joystick. Dealers Welcome - Authors Wanted ! Mall Ing Ll>l S2S.00 Keep mailing list, prtni reports, labels. Bk expansion or 16k expansion required. Aglro-Mlnera S17.00 Hi-res graphics and sound space game. Requires 3k or Bk expansion. Paruar Attack $14,00 Enemy tanks are attacking and you must destroy them. Hi-res graphics. Standard VIC. Pedeatrlan Polo $14.00 Drive your car thru the streets. Based upon Death Race. Standard VIC. YalitzM $12.00 Solitaire version ot this famous dice game. Standard ViC, Commodsra 64 Software Available Now II 64 Monopoly from AP Software 64 Malllns Ulal from VIC-VIUE" Soltware 64 Flninca from VIC-VILLE'" Software 64 Time Manager 2.0 horn TOIL Software Look for more 64 Software from VIC-VILLE'" & got on our mailing list for all 64 updates and users' group. Add $3.00 for shipping & handling Network your CBM, VIC and COMMODORE 64 with the PET SWITCH and VIC SWITCH from DATATRONICS. Distributors for Datatronic AB (714) 778-5455 Data Equipment Supply Corp. (213) 8315 Firestone Blvd., Downey, CA 90241 923-9361 night or vice versa. Michael is interested in hearing from those of you interested in those types of educational applications. 1 will gladly forward any comments to him. 10 GRiQUIT 20 R: WRITTEN SEPTEMBER 11,1982 30 C:3B1373=16 40 C:3>B1374 = 2 50 WRITEiS; 60 WRITEjS; 70 WRITEsS; 80 WRITE:S;{4 SPACES>Day and Night 90 WRITE:S; lOO WRITE:S;C9 SPACES>by 1 iO WRITE: S; 120 WRITE:S;<:5 SPACES} Mar t i n Suey 130 «COUNT 140 C:#C=#C+1 150 J («C=500) : *CLEAR 160 J: *COUNT 170 «CLEAR 180 6R: CLEAR 190 *TURTLE 200 C;3B70S=20 210 C:3B709=196 220 C:3710=16 C; «L=126 ♦ LITE 250 C:ttP=0 260 C;#L = #L-t-2 270 C:3B712=#L 280 J <ttL=134) : tDAV 290 *KNT 300 C:#P=«P+1 310 J <ttP=100) : *LITE 320 J:»KNT 330 »DAY 340 BR; PEN ERASE 590 GR DR 230 240 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 4SO 490 500 510 GR: BO GRsGO GR: GO GR:GO GR: GO GR: GO BR: PE GR:GO GR:2 ( 90) GR:PE BR: SO BR: 3 ( GR:FI 6R: PE BR: GO GR:2 ( 90) GR: GO TO - TO - TO - TO O TO 5 TO 7 N RE TO 1 DRAW N BL 30; DRAW LL 3 N YE TO 2 DRAW TO 74,10;5(DRAW 4 ; TURN 144) 50,30;5(DRAW BjTURN 144) 30,15;5<DRAW S;TURN 144) ,40;5(DRAW SjTURN 144) 0,25;5(DRAW BjTURN 144) 4,42;5<DRAW 4iTURN 144) D 0,-20jTURNT0 O 30;TURN 90;DRAW 40;TURN UE TURN 30 ' 40; TURN 120) 9 LLOW 6,-20;TURNT0 O 10;TURN 90;DRAW 10;TURN -79, -32; FILL 1 1 10 520 GR:GOTO 26,-20;FILL 530 GR:PEN RED 540 GR:GDTO 10.-20;FILL 30 550 GR:GOTO 36,-20;FILL 10 560 GR:60T0 -30 , -20 ; TURNTO 0 570 GR:iO(DRAW 5;TURN 90;G0 2;TURN 90 ;DRAW 5;TURN -90;G0 2;TURN -90) 5B0 GR:GOTO 51, -20; TURNTO 0 600 610 620 630 C: 640 C: 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 C: 870 »M 880 J ( 890 J ( 900 J ( 910 J i 920 J < 930 J : 940 «L 950 C: 960 970 980 *R 990 C: lOOO C 1010 J 1020 * C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: C: J: : a (D AW 5 S)B55 #1=3 SB54 S>B53 3B70 3B53 3B53 ttJ = # #Y = « 3B»Y ttY = « SB»Y ttY = « 3B#Y ttY = « »»B#Y ♦»Y = # 3B#Y ttY = # 3B#Y #Y = # 3B#Y «Y = « 3B#Y «Y = # 3B#Y #X = 1 OVET ■/.Ta= 7.J0 = 7.JO = 7.JO = 7.J0 = «MOV EFTT ttX=# 3B53 «MOV IGHT «X=# :3B5 : *M0 PLAY RAW ;TU 9 = 6 BIO 279 277 4 = 2 256 248 1*2 J + 1 = 3 J + I ^5 J + l = 6 J + I = 58 J + l = io J + l = 21 J + l = 76 J + l = 12 J + l = 20 5;TURN 90;G0 2;TURN 90; RN -90;G0 2s TURN -90) 2 6-32 = «I = 3 OB = 0 = 125 56+1024 60 61 63 64 O 65 2 66 67 6 68 2 1 ) : *CAT 2) : JPLAYERT 1 ) : «PFT 4) : tLEFTT 8) : *RIGHTT ET = «X X-i 248 = ET T X + 1 324B=#X VET ERT 1030 104 0 1 050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1 lOO 1 1 lO 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 1 190 1200 1210 1220 J230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 C: SB J: *M *PFT C: 3B J: tM »CAT C: 3B C: 3B C: 3B C: #D *DAR C: #P C: «D C: S>B J (#D «KOU C: #P J (#P J: «K »NIT C: *E «BLA C: #P C: #B C: S)B J (#B *CNT 623=1 OVET 623 = 8 OVET 708=228 709=192 7 10=16 = 134 K = o = #D-2 712=#D =12B) : *NITE NT = I*P + 1 =100) : «DARK OUNT E = 4 CK = 0 = #B-2 712=#B =0) : «SCENE 1M «»MPUIS! Jaruory.1983 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 14B0 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1 740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 184 0 laso 1860 1870 laso 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 C:#P=«P+1 J («P=100) : «BLACK J: «CNT (SCENE 6R:PEN RED GR:BDTO -74 , 1 O ; 5 ( DRA W 4 ; TURN ) GR:GOTO -SO , 30; 5 ( DRA W S;TURN ) GR:60T0 -30 , 1 5 ; 5 (DRAW S;TURN ) GRiGOTQ 0,40; 5 (DRAW 6; TURN 1 GR:GOTD 50,25;5(DRAW 8;TURN GR:GOTD 74,42;5(DRAW 4;TURN GR:GDTO 1 0 , -20; TURNTD O eR:2(DRAW 30;TURN 90;DRAW 40 N 90) GR:PEN ERASE GRzGOTO -30, -20; TURNTO O GR:10(DRftW 5;TURN 90 ; GO 2;TU 0;DRAW 5;TURN -90;G0 2;TURN GR:GOTO 51 , -20; TURNTQ 6 BR:a(DRAW 5;TURN 90;G0 2;TUR ;DRAW S;TURN -90;G0 2;TURN - GR:PEN BLUE GR5GO 30;TURN 30 GR:3(DRAW 40;TURN 120) GR-. FILL 39 GR:PEN YELLOW GRiGOTO 26, -20;TURNTa O GR:2(DRAW 10;TURN 90;DRAW 10 N 90) GRiGOTD -79,-32;FILL 11 GR:60T0 26,-20;FILL lO GR:PEN RED GR:GOTO 10,-20;FILL 30 GR:GOTD 36,-20;FILL 10 C: S)B559 = 62 C: «I=3B1 06-32 C: S>B54279 = «I C: 3B53277=3 C: 3B704=6 C: »B53256=0 C: 3853240=1 25 C: #J = *I t256+1024 C: «Y = #J + 160 C: 3BitY=10 C:#Y=»J+161 C: 3B«Y=14 C: «Y = «J + 162 C: 3B«Y=21 C: #Y = ltJ + 163 C: 3B#Y=219 C: «Y=»J+164 C: 3B«Y=6a C: «Y=»J+165 C: 3B«Y=124 C: *Y=*tJ + 166 C: 3B«Y= 124 C: «Y = «J + 167 C:5)B#Y = 68 C: «Y=«J+169 C: 3B#Y=170 C: «Y = «J + 168 C: 3B«Y=202 C:#X=125 JMOVE J (■/.TS=t ) : *TURTLE J <7.JO=2) : tPLAYER J (7.JO=l ) : *PF J (7.J0 = 4> : tLEFT J <7.J0 = 8) : «RIGHT J: tMOVE 1960 «LEFT 1970 C: «X=«X-1 19 BO C: 3653248= = »X 1990 J: »MDVE 2000 tRIGHT 144 2010 C: «X=«X + 1 2020 C: 3853248= =»x 144 2030 J: *MQVE 2040 tPLAYER 144 2050 C:3B623=1 2060 J: »MOVE 44) 2070 tPF 144) 2080 C: 3B623=B 144) 2090 J: *MOVE ;TUR RN 9 -90) N 90 90) ; TUR VIC-20USERS FINALLY! The idea VIC users have been looking fori A place to turn to for help & information devoted exclusively to the VlC-20! Write TODAY for free details! NATIONAL VIC-20USERS GROUP P.O. BOX 34575 OMAHA, NE 68134 (y\C^ Reg. TM of Commodore) EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE FOR YOUR m Choose From Programs Such As: • DIVISION DERBY • ALPHABET TUTOR • GEOGRAPHY SMASH ASK FOR COMM*DATA SOFTWARE AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER ^For FREE Program Catalog Coll or Write: CDrnm+DPyifi campuTEPi HDusE, inc. P n. BUH 331. IIIIIMIHD. illlLHIUHn '1/11141' [ni:i] Rflf, nm We Handle Games For Your VIC, Too! CAVES OF ANNOD • ESCAPE MCP SKETCH AND PAINT 'AND MORE! • PET and 64 Software Also Available • Jdnuo(¥,«83 COMPtJIB 115 THE WORLD INSIDE THE COMPUTER A New, Improved Computer Friend For Your Apple Fred D'tgnazto, Associate Editor This column catches me in the midst of a move from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to Roanoke, Virginia. Most of my dozen computers are still in Chapel Hill being looked after by a trusted babysitter. My roof leaks, my shower floods the bathroom floor, my study is buried in boxes, and Catie and Eric just came down with ear infections. In addition to their sore ears, Catie and Eric are going through something you might call "com- puter-starvation shock." They think they are still a multi-computer family, and they brag about it to all their friends. They gather a horde of neigh- borhood kids with the promise of a dozen beeping, flashing computers. They climb the stairs, peek into my study, and what do they see? One lone computer. A rather sad-looking machine, vintage 1977. It doesn't talk, doesn't make pictures, doesn't play music. What a letdown! Thanks, Chuck! It's times like these when you readers come in handy. Thanks to one reader - Chuck Johnston of Manhattan Beach, California - I can still provide Fred D'Igiiazio is m cotiipiiter eiitlnisiasl and author of several books on coiiifniters for i/ouiig peopjie. He is presently working on two major projects: he is writing a series of books on how lo create graphics-and-soiind adventure games. He is also working on a computer mystery-and-ndventure series for young people. As the father of two young children, Fred has become concerned with introducing the computer to children as a wonderful tool rather than as a forbiddiiig electronic device. His column appears monthly in COMPUTE!. 116 COMPUrei janucirY,1983 you with a useful column this month. Chuck recently sent me a program he wrote that modifies my "Talking Head" program for the Apple. In my opinion, Chuck's program is a sub- stantial improvement on the original version. It's exactly the kind of feedback I'd like to get from my readers. Thanks, Chuck! Below is Chuck's letter and his program: / a)u writing in regard to your cohinni zi^hicli appears iu the Scpleuibcr ;ssi;t' 0/ COMPUTE! Magazine. I found your article interesting, but the cha)igcs you suggest for the Apple II were, in my opinion, niadequate. The Apple is incapable of printi)ig a reverse slash (as is this ancient typewriter}, so the head shape you designed does not ivork. Also, you suggest deleting the souihI stdwutifie, but it tnakcs the program iinich more hiteresting. I have revised your program to run on the Apple and thought you might like to see if. I also failed to understaiui why you didn't draw the head usifig graphics; as you can see, the resulting aniniatio}i is much more effective. Included also is a sound driver program for the Apple in line 20, since, as lue know, the Apple is only capable of rudimei}tary buzzes and clicks in Applesoft. It is POKEd into memory at $0300 and the POKEs in the sound subroutines are as follows: POKE 768, x (where X is a number between 1 and 255) sets the tone frequency. POKE 769, y (y also between 1 and 255) sets the tone duration . In the program enclosed I used the same values as the original program; whether it sointds the same is unlikely, but with some adjustment it could come close. Well, I hope you like the program and thank you for your time. Chuck Johnston 10 REH t»» POKE SOUND DRIVER INTO MEMORY 20 FDR I = 770 TO 795: READ M: POKE I.M: NEXT THE LEARNING CENTER "Perhaps the finest educational software that I have ever had the pleasure of reviewing. Ifs easy for kids to use and effective in teaching basic concepts and skills.... fvly kids are learning with it right now!" Fred D'Ignazio, Associate Editor— Compute.', Associate Editor— Soffs/o'e, Author of bestseller— /Ca//e and the Computer